Bioprinting-Enabled Biomaterials: A Cutting-Edge Strategy for Future Osteoarthritis Therapy

Artificial Cell-Derived Vesicles: Extracellular Vesicle Mimetics for Chondrocyte Restoration in TMJOA Therapy

Purpose

Cartilage repair in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) remains a clinical challenge. Despite the strong repair potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs), their clinical use is constrained by yield and purification issues. This study explores artificial cell-derived vesicles (ACDVs) as a novel acellular strategy for cartilage repair, providing a promising alternative to EVs.

Methods

EVs and ACDVs were isolated from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, and their particle number and protein yield were compared. Mandibular condylar chondrocytes (MCCs) were treated with EVs/ACDVs after IL-1β stimulation to assess their effects on MCC apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and chondrogenic differentiation. Transcriptomic analysis was conducted to explore the therapeutic mechanisms of ACDVs. In a rat TMJOA model, local ACDV injection was evaluated for its effects on cartilage matrix synthesis and subchondral bone repair.

Results

ACDVs resembled EVs in morphology and particle size, but exhibited significantly higher particle counts and protein yields. Efficiently internalized by MCCs, ACDVs effectively mitigated IL-1β-induced apoptosis, while promoting MCC proliferation, migration, and chondrogenic differentiation. This effect was likely mediated by the activation of genes involved in extracellular matrix synthesis. In a rat model of TMJOA, local ACDV injection ameliorated subchondral bone damage and stimulated cartilage matrix synthesis.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that ACDVs, generated by stepwise extrusion, are produced at significantly higher yields than EVs and show equal or superior efficacy in cartilage matrix repair. These findings endorse ACDVs as a promising alternative to EVs for disease therapy and drug delivery.

Mesenchymal stem cells for osteoarthritis: Recent advances in related cell therapy

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that affects the entire joint and has been a huge burden on the health care system worldwide. Although traditional therapy and targeted cartilage cell therapy have made significant progress in the treatment of OA and cartilage regeneration, there are still many problems. Mesenchymal stem cells from various tissues are the most studied cell type and have been used in preclinical and clinical studies of OA, because they are more widely available, have a greater capacity for in vitro expansion, and have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties compared to autologous chondrocytes. This article will systematically review the latest developments in these areas. It may provide new insights for improving OA and cartilage regeneration.

Insights of biopolymeric blended formulations for diabetic wound healing

Diabetic wounds (DWs) pose a significant health burden worldwide, with their management presenting numerous challenges. Biopolymeric formulations have recently gained attention as promising therapeutic approaches for diabetic wound healing. These formulations, composed of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, offer unique properties such as controlled drug release, enhanced wound closure, and reduced scarring. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research and future prospects regarding the application of biopolymeric formulations for diabetic wound healing. The review begins by highlighting the underlying pathophysiology of DWs, including impaired angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and compromised extracellular matrix (ECM) formation. It further explores the key characteristics of biopolymeric materials, such as their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and tunable physicochemical properties, which make them suitable for diabetic wound healing applications. The discussion further delves into the types of biopolymeric formulations utilized in the treatment of DWs. These include hydrogels, nanoparticles (NP), scaffolds, films, and dressings. Furthermore, the review addresses the challenges associated with biopolymeric formulations for diabetic wound healing. In conclusion, biopolymeric formulations present a promising avenue for diabetic wound healing. Their unique properties and versatility allow for tailored approaches to address the specific challenges associated with DWs. However, further research and developments are required to optimize their therapeutic efficacy, stability, manufacturing processes, and regulatory considerations. With continued advancements in biopolymeric formulations, the future holds great promise for improving the management and outcomes of DWs.