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Nakad Z, Saab Y. Precision dosing for patients on tricyclic antidepressants. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2024; 34:117-125. [PMID: 38465522 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to develop a personalized dosing tool for tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) that integrates CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 gene variants and their effects while also considering the polypharmacy effect. METHODS The study first adopted a scoring system that assigns weights to each genetic variant. A formula was then developed to compute the effect of both genes' variants on drug dosing. The output of the formula was assessed by a comparison with the clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium recommendation. The study also accounts for the effect of the co-administration of inhibitors and inducers on drug metabolism. Accordingly, a user-friendly tool, Clinical Dosing Tool ver.2, was created to assist clinicians in dosing patients on TCAs. RESULTS The study provides a comprehensive list of all alleles with corresponding activity values and phenotypes for both enzymes. The tool calculated an updated area under the curve ratio that utilizes the effects of both enzymes' variants for dose adjustment. The tool provided a more accurate individualized dosing that also integrates the polypharmacy effect. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, the literature misses such a tool that provides a numerical adjusted dose based on continuous numerical activity scores for the considered patients' alleles and phenoconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahi Nakad
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Lebanon
| | - Yolande Saab
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Lebanon
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2
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Chidiac L, Yazbeck H, Mahfouz R, Zgheib NK. Pharmacogenomics in Lebanon: current status, challenges and opportunities. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2024; 24:16. [PMID: 38778046 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-024-00336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) research and applications are of utmost relevance in Lebanon considering its population genetic diversity. Moreover, as a country with regional leadership in medicine and higher education, Lebanon holds a strong potential in contributing to PGx research and clinical implementation. In this manuscript, we first review and evaluate the available PGx research conducted in Lebanon, then describe the current status of PGx practice in Lebanon while reflecting on the local and regional challenges, and highlighting areas for action, and opportunities to move forward. We specifically expand on the status of PGx at the American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center as a case study and guide for the further development of local and regional comprehensive PGx research, teaching, and clinical implementation programs. We also delve into the status of PGx knowledge and education, and prospects for further advancement such as with online courses and certificates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Chidiac
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hady Yazbeck
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rami Mahfouz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nathalie K Zgheib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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3
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Saab Y, Nakad Z. A software tool to adjust codeine dose based on CYP2D6 gene-pair polymorphisms and drug-drug interactions. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2023; 23:217-224. [PMID: 37940650 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-023-00318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Codeine is metabolized by the CYP2D6 enzyme, and individuals with certain genetic variations of the CYP2D6 gene may metabolize codeine differently, leading to variable efficacy and toxicity. Drug-drug interactions can also affect the metabolism of codeine. A tool to adjust codeine dose based on these factors does not currently exist. Healthcare providers should use their clinical judgment and reference different established dosing guidelines to determine the appropriate dose of codeine for individual patients. The study provides a tool that assists prescribers in adjusting codeine dose based on CYP2D6 gene-pair polymorphisms and drug-drug interactions. Highlighted is the need to consider pharmacogenetics and drug-drug interactions when determining the appropriate dosing of codeine and provide a framework for implementing individualized dosing based on these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolande Saab
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
| | - Zahi Nakad
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
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4
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El Khoury A, Butchakdjian ZM, Lagha E, Semaan P, Soueidy M. Acute Multiple In-Stent Thromboses in a Patient With Clopidogrel-Fluconazole Interaction. Cureus 2022; 14:e23718. [PMID: 35510000 PMCID: PMC9060737 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clopidogrel is an anti-platelet that exerts its function by selectively inhibiting the binding of adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) to the P2Y12 receptor. Fluconazole is a fungistatic agent that alters fungal cell membranes. Both of these drugs act on the cytochrome P450 2C19. We report the case of an 83-year-old male that presented two days following coronary angioplasty with stent thrombosis, following the concomitant use of clopidogrel and fluconazole. We aim to study the interaction between clopidogrel and fluconazole. We hypothesize that fluconazole decreases the therapeutic level of clopidogrel, requiring an increase in dosage to achieve the same anti-thrombotic effect.
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Yao J, Zhang Z, Huang X, Guo Y. Blocker displacement amplification mediated PCR based screen-printed carbon electrode biosensor and lateral flow strip strategy for CYP2C19*2 genotyping. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 207:114138. [PMID: 35334330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide variants in CYP2C19*2 are associated with clopidogrel resistance in coronary heart disease. In order the guidance the dosage of drug and personalized medicine, blocker displacement amplification was first used to specific amplify G site and A site alleles. For electrochemical strategy, forward primers were labeled electrochemical active methyl blue and ferrocene, generates signals on -0.26 for G site and 0.22 V for A site. For lateral flow strip assay, primers with specific modification were used to generates unique color in test line 1 for G site and test line 2 for A site. In conclusion, we developed a sensitive screen-printed carbon electrodes based electrochemical sensor and gold nano particle based lateral flow strip assay strategy to successfully genotyping CYP2C19*2 GG, GA and AA genotype. The proposed method can realize CYP2C19*2 analysis from multiple biological samples including whole blood, buccal swab, saliva and hair root, and showed good consistency with Sequencing. Due to the fact our proposed strategy merely relies on thermal cycler instrument and visual strip detection, this platform shows great potential in source-limited regions genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Xiaoling Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Yongcan Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China.
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Zheng LJ, Liu N, Yang K, Wang AF, Tan ZR, Li X. Clinical application and importance of one-step human CYP2C19 genotype detection. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:4965-4973. [PMID: 30360673 PMCID: PMC6300956 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518787718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To directly achieve cytochrome P450 2C19 gene ( CYP2C19) classification using one-step real-time fluorescent PCR detection and to verify the capabilities of this method with nucleic acid extracted from whole blood samples. METHODS A human CYP2C19 genotyping kit based on one-step real-time fluorescent PCR detection was used to analyze whole blood or genomic DNA samples. This method was compared with pyrosequencing and another quantitative (q)PCR kit for its accuracy, repeatability, detection range analysis, sensitivity, specificity, and anti-interference analysis. RESULTS The one-step real-time PCR method achieved a 100% accuracy rate compared with pyrosequencing and the other qPCR kit. When detecting different concentrations of known genes, concentrations of each sample ranging from 0.2 to 125 ng/µL could be correctly detected. The genotypes of samples treated with anticoagulants, including EDTA and sodium citrate, and chyle blood samples could be correctly detected. CONCLUSION The one-step detection method demonstrated high accuracy and a wide detection range. It also had high levels of repeatability, sensitivity, and specificity for the assessment of genomic DNA test samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jie Zheng
- 1 Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ning Liu
- 2 Coyote Bioscience Co., Ltd., Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Yang
- 2 Coyote Bioscience Co., Ltd., Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Feng Wang
- 1 Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Tan
- 3 Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Li
- 2 Coyote Bioscience Co., Ltd., Haidian District, Beijing, China
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7
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Saiz-Rodríguez M, Romero-Palacián D, Villalobos-Vilda C, Caniego JL, Belmonte C, Koller D, Bárcena E, Talegón M, Abad-Santos F. Influence of CYP2C19 Phenotype on the Effect of Clopidogrel in Patients Undergoing a Percutaneous Neurointervention Procedure. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018. [PMID: 29536505 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This observational retrospective study assessed the antiplatelet response and clinical events after clopidogrel treatment in patients who underwent percutaneous neurointervention, related to CYP2C19 metabolizer status (normal (NM), intermediate/poor (IM-PM), and ultrarapid (UM); inferred from *2, *3, and *17 allele determination). From 123 patients, IM-PM had a higher aggregation value (201.1 vs. 137.6 NM, 149.4 UM, P < 0.05) and lower response rate (37.5% vs. 69.8% NM, 61.1% UM), along with higher treatment change rate (25% vs. 5.7% NM, 10.5% UM). The highest ischemic events incidence occurred in NM (11.3% vs. 6.3% IM, 10.5% UM) and hemorrhagic events in UM (13.2% vs. 0% IM and 3.8% NM). No differences were found regarding ischemic event onset time, while hemorrhagic event frequency in UM was higher with shorter onset time (P = 0.047). CYP2C19 no-function and increased function alleles defined the clopidogrel response. UM patients had increased bleeding risk. Therapeutic recommendations should include dose reduction or treatment change in UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Saiz-Rodríguez
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Romero-Palacián
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Villalobos-Vilda
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Caniego
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Belmonte
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain.,UICEC Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Plataforma SCReN (Spanish Clinical Reseach Network), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dora Koller
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Bárcena
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Talegón
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Abad-Santos
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain.,UICEC Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Plataforma SCReN (Spanish Clinical Reseach Network), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Pharmacogenomic Impact of CYP2C19 Variation on Clopidogrel Therapy in Precision Cardiovascular Medicine. J Pers Med 2018; 8:jpm8010008. [PMID: 29385765 PMCID: PMC5872082 DOI: 10.3390/jpm8010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability in response to antiplatelet therapy can be explained in part by pharmacogenomics, particularly of the CYP450 enzyme encoded by CYP2C19. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function variants help explain these interindividual differences. Individuals may carry multiple variants, with linkage disequilibrium noted among some alleles. In the current pharmacogenomics era, genomic variation in CYP2C19 has led to the definition of pharmacokinetic phenotypes for response to antiplatelet therapy, in particular, clopidogrel. Individuals may be classified as poor, intermediate, extensive, or ultrarapid metabolizers, based on whether they carry wild type or polymorphic CYP2C19 alleles. Variant alleles differentially impact platelet reactivity, concentration of plasma clopidogrel metabolites, and clinical outcomes. Interestingly, response to clopidogrel appears to be modulated by additional factors, such as sociodemographic characteristics, risk factors for ischemic heart disease, and drug-drug interactions. Furthermore, systems medicine studies suggest that a broader approach may be required to adequately assess, predict, preempt, and manage variation in antiplatelet response. Transcriptomics, epigenomics, exposomics, miRNAomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, and mathematical, computational, and molecular modeling should be integrated with pharmacogenomics for enhanced prediction and individualized care. In this review of pharmacogenomic variation of CYP450, a systems medicine approach is described for tailoring antiplatelet therapy in clinical practice of precision cardiovascular medicine.
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Binsaleh NK, Wigley CA, Whitehead KA, van Rensburg M, Reynisson J, Pilkington LI, Barker D, Jones S, Dempsey-Hibbert NC. Thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives are potent anti-platelet drugs, inhibiting platelet activation, aggregation and showing synergy with aspirin. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1997-2004. [PMID: 29129512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Drugs which inhibit platelet function are commonly used to prevent blood clot formation in patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) or those at risk of stroke. The thieno[3,2-c]pyridine class of therapeutic agents, of which clopidogrel is the most commonly used, target the P2Y12 receptor, and are often used in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Six thieno[2,3-b]pyridine were assessed for in vitro anti-platelet activity; all derivatives showed effects on both platelet activation and aggregation, and showed synergy with ASA. Some compounds demonstrated greater activity when compared to clopidogrel. These compounds, therefore, represent potential novel P2Y12 inhibitors for improved treatment for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif K Binsaleh
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Catherine A Wigley
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | | | | | - Lisa I Pilkington
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Sarah Jones
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Nina C Dempsey-Hibbert
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
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Amin AM, Sheau Chin L, Azri Mohamed Noor D, SK Abdul Kader MA, Kah Hay Y, Ibrahim B. The Personalization of Clopidogrel Antiplatelet Therapy: The Role of Integrative Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacometabolomics. Cardiol Res Pract 2017; 2017:8062796. [PMID: 28421156 PMCID: PMC5379098 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8062796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual antiplatelet therapy of aspirin and clopidogrel is pivotal for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. However, the variable platelets reactivity response to clopidogrel may lead to outcome failure and recurrence of cardiovascular events. Although many genetic and nongenetic factors are known, great portion of clopidogrel variable platelets reactivity remain unexplained which challenges the personalization of clopidogrel therapy. Current methods for clopidogrel personalization include CYP2C19 genotyping, pharmacokinetics, and platelets function testing. However, these methods lack precise prediction of clopidogrel outcome, often leading to insufficient prediction. Pharmacometabolomics which is an approach to identify novel biomarkers of drug response or toxicity in biofluids has been investigated to predict drug response. The advantage of pharmacometabolomics is that it does not only predict the response but also provide extensive information on the metabolic pathways implicated with the response. Integrating pharmacogenetics with pharmacometabolomics can give insight on unknown genetic and nongenetic factors associated with the response. This review aimed to review the literature on factors associated with the variable platelets reactivity response to clopidogrel, as well as appraising current methods for the personalization of clopidogrel therapy. We also aimed to review the literature on using pharmacometabolomics approach to predict drug response, as well as discussing the plausibility of using it to predict clopidogrel outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa M. Amin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Lim Sheau Chin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Yuen Kah Hay
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Baharudin Ibrahim
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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11
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Chen M, Zhou Q. The use of oral suspension and rationally prescribing alternatives may be supplemental to the implementation of clopidogrel new algorithm comprising CYP2C19 pharmacogenetics and drug interactions. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2016; 12:351-2. [PMID: 27042080 PMCID: PMC4780398 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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