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Mosaferi M, Asadi M, Aslani H, Mohammadi A, Abedi S, Nemati Mansour S, Maleki S. Temporospatial variation and health risk assessment of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water (northwest Iran). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:8168-8180. [PMID: 33052571 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11063-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trihalomethanes (THMs) are one of the most common classes of disinfection by-products. In this study, the temporospatial trends and health risks due to exposure to THMs in the Tabriz water distribution network were investigated. THM series were analyzed using gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks due to exposure to THMs were calculated using Monte Carlo simulations. Mean concentrations of THMs in winter and spring were 10.2 ± 9.3 μg/l and 252 ± 185.9 μg/l, respectively. More than 80% of THMs identified were bromodichloromethane. The mean values of lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) of THMs were calculated as 4.23E-06 and 2.38E-04 for winter and spring, respectively. This study showed that there were noticeable levels of THMs in Tabriz water distribution network, especially in the center of the city. Although the non-cancer risk through THMs was below permissible recommended levels, the cancer risk likely remains due to high levels of THMs in some locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mosaferi
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Asadi
- School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Hassan Aslani
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammadi
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Sanaz Abedi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Nemati Mansour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Dobaradaran S, Shabankareh Fard E, Tekle-Röttering A, Keshtkar M, Karbasdehi VN, Abtahi M, Gholamnia R, Saeedi R. Age-sex specific and cause-specific health risk and burden of disease induced by exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) from drinking water: An assessment in four urban communities of Bushehr Province, Iran, 2017. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109062. [PMID: 31883495 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Health risk and burden of disease induced by exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs, four compounds) and haloacetic acids (HAAs, 5 compounds) from drinking water through ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation routes were assessed based on one-year water quality monitoring in four urban communities (Bandar Deylam, Borazjan, Bushehr, and Choghadak) of Bushehr Province, Iran. The total average concentrations of THMs and HAAs at all the communities level were determined to be 92.9 ± 43.7 and 70.6 ± 26.5 μg/L, respectively. The dominant components of the THMs and HAAs were determined to be tribromomethane (TBM, 41.6%) and monobromoacetic acid (MBAA, 60.8%), respectively. The average contributions of ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation routes in exposure to the chlorination by-products (CBPs) were respectively 65.0, 15.4, and 19.6%. The total average non-carcinogenic risk as the hazard index (HI) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of the CBPs at all the communities level were found to be 4.03 × 10-1 and 3.16 × 10-4, respectively. The total attributable deaths, death rate (per 100,000 people), age-weighted disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and age-weighted DALY rate for all ages both sexes combined at all the communities level were estimated to be 1.0 (uncertainty interval: UI 95% 0.3 to 2.8), 0.27 (0.08-0.75), 30.8 (11.3-100.1), and 8.1 (3.0-26.4), respectively. The average contribution of mortality (years of life lost due to premature mortality: YLLs) in the attributable burden of disease was 94.7% (94.4-95.6). Although in most of cases the average levels of the CBPs were in the permissible range of Iranian standards for drinking water quality, the average values of ILCRs as well as attributable burden of disease were not acceptable (the ILCRs were higher than the boundary limit of 10-5); therefore, implementation of interventions for reducing exposure to CBPs through drinking water especially in Kowsar Dam Water Treatment Plant is strictly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Elham Shabankareh Fard
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Agnes Tekle-Röttering
- Westfälische Hochschule Gelsenkirchen, Neidenburger Strasse 43, Gelsenkirchen, 45877, Germany
| | - Mozhgan Keshtkar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Vahid Noroozi Karbasdehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Abtahi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Gholamnia
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health and Safety, and Environment (HSE), School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health and Safety, and Environment (HSE), School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yousefi M, Ghalehaskar S, Asghari FB, Ghaderpoury A, Dehghani MH, Ghaderpoori M, Mohammadi AA. Distribution of fluoride contamination in drinking water resources and health risk assessment using geographic information system, northwest Iran. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 107:104408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Zhou X, Zheng L, Chen S, Du H, Gakoko Raphael BM, Song Q, Wu F, Chen J, Lin H, Hong H. Factors influencing DBPs occurrence in tap water of Jinhua Region in Zhejiang Province, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:813-822. [PMID: 30660975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the occurrence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and identify the related influencing factors in drinking water is essentially important to control DBPs risk. In this study, 64 tap water samples were collected from 8 counties (or county level cities) in Jinhua Region of Zhejiang Province, China. Results showed that the median (range) of trihalomethane (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones (HKs) and halonitromethanes (HNMs) were 23.2 (9.1-40.9), 15.3 (5.8-38.6), 2.2 (0.7-7.6), 2.1 (0.2-6.4) and 0.7 (0.2-2.9) µg/L, respectively. HAAs, HANs, HKs and HNMs levels were generally higher in summer than in winter or spring, while for THMs in most counties, higher levels occurred in winter than in summer or spring. Spatially, Yongkang, Yiwu and Dongyang had higher DBPs levels than Pujiang, Pan'an, Lanxi, Wuyi and Jinhua, which was generally consistent with their economy development (GDP). Correlation analysis showed that DBPs occurrence in tap water was significantly related with physicochemical parameters. Principle component analysis further suggested that organic matter (DOC and UVA254) are the major factors influencing the occurrence of THMs, HAAs, HANs and HKs in tap water, while for HNMs, both the organic (DOC and UVA254) and inorganic factors (e.g. Temp, NO2--N, pH, Br- and NH4+-N) played important role in its formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhou
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Lili Zheng
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Hongwei Du
- Jinhua Municipal Center Hospital, Jinhua 321000, PR China
| | | | - Qianyun Song
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Fuyong Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Jianrong Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Huachang Hong
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China.
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Zazouli MA, Kalankesh LR. Removal of precursors and disinfection by-products (DBPs) by membrane filtration from water; a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2017; 15:25. [PMID: 29234499 PMCID: PMC5721515 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-017-0285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) have heterogeneous structures which are suspected carcinogens as a result of reactions between NOMs (Natural Organic Matter) and oxidants/disinfectants such as chlorine. Because of variability in DBPs characteristics, eliminate completely from drinking water by single technique is impossible. The current article reviews removal of the precursors and DBPs by different membrane filtration methods such as Microfiltration (MF), Ultrafiltration (UF), Nanofiltration (NF) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) techniques. Also, we provide an overview of existing and potentially Membrane filtration techniques, highlight their strengths and drawbacks. MF membranes are a suitable alternative to remove suspended solids and colloidal materials. However, NOMs fractions are effectively removed by negatively charged UF membrane. RO can remove both organic and inorganic DBPs and precursors simultaneously. NF can be used to remove compounds from macromolecular size to multivalent ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Zazouli
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Laleh R. Kalankesh
- PhD student of Health Science, Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Science, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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