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Yang C, Che X, Zhang Y, Gu D, Dai G, Shu J, Yang L. Hybrid FeWO 4-Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles as a Targeted Nanotheranostic Agent for Multimodal Imaging-Guided Tumor Photothermal Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:8023-8037. [PMID: 38164263 PMCID: PMC10758162 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s432533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Development of versatile nanoplatform still remains a great challenge due to multistep synthesis and complicated compositions. Therefore, it is significant to develop a facile method to synthesize a nanocomposite to achieve multimodal imaging and even imaging-guided cancer therapeutics. Methods and Results In our study, hyaluronic acid-functionalized iron (II) tungstate nanoparticles (HA-FeWO4 NPs) were successfully synthesized as a versatile nanoplatform by a facile one-pot hydrothermal procedure. The formed multifunctional HA-FeWO4 NPs were investigated via a series of characterization techniques, which demonstrated good biocompatibility, excellent dispersion, low cytotoxicity, active tumor-targeting ability and high photothermal efficiency. Furthermore, tumor was clearly visualized by HA-FeWO4 NPs with multimodal imaging of infrared thermal imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography imaging in 4T1 tumor bearing mice. More importantly, HA-FeWO4 could achieve multimodal imaging-guided photothermal therapy of 4T1 tumors. Conclusion The constructed HA-FeWO4 NPs have great potential as ideal nanotheranostic agents for multimodal imaging and even imaging-guided cancer theranostics in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Che
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First People’s Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, 644000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Didi Gu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guidong Dai
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Shu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Hollanda LR, de Souza JAB, Foletto EL, Dotto GL, Chiavone-Filho O. Applying bottom ash as an alternative Fenton catalyst for effective removal of phenol from aqueous environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:120763-120774. [PMID: 37943438 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, coal bottom ash from a thermoelectric plant was tested as an alternative Fenton catalyst for phenol degradation in water. The effect of operating parameters such as initial pH, catalyst dosage and H2O2 concentration were evaluated. The characterization results indicated that the material has a mesoporous structure, with active species (Fe) well distributed on its surface. Under the optimal reaction conditions (6 mM H2O2, 1 g L-1 of catalyst and pH = 3), 98.7% phenol degradation efficiency was achieved in 60 min, as well as 71.6% TOC removal after 150 min. Hydroxyl radical was identified as the main oxidizing agent involved on the cleavage of the phenol molecule. After four consecutive reuse cycles, phenol degradation efficiency was around 80%, indicating good reusability and stability of the catalyst. Therefore, the obtained results demonstrated that the bottom ash presents remarkable activity for application in the Fenton reaction towards phenol degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Rabelo Hollanda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, 59078-970, Brazil
| | | | - Edson Luiz Foletto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Luiz Dotto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Osvaldo Chiavone-Filho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, 59078-970, Brazil
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Akram F, Saeed M, Akhtar J, Raza Naqvi SA, Haq AU. Fabrication and characterization of Fe2O3, Bi2O3 and BiFeO3 and evaluation of their photo catalytic performances on degradation of methylene blue dye. Z PHYS CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2020-1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study reports the fabrication of Fe2O3, Bi2O3, and BiFeO3, characterization and evaluation of the photocatalytic performances for methylene blue dye degradation. The materials were synthesized by precipitation method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-rays analyses, and Fourier transform infrared analyses. The photocatalytic activities of Fe2O3, Bi2O3, and BiFeO3 were compared by performing degradation experiments with 50 mL of 100 mg/L methylene blue solution. The as-prepared BiFeO3 was found as 2.4 times and 1.7 times more effective than Fe2O3 and Bi2O3, with a 79, 47, and 57% catalytic activity, respectively. The degradation of methylene blue over the BiFeO3 catalyst was optimized in terms of pH, catalyst dosage, temperature, and methylene blue concentration. The Eley–Rideal mechanism was proposed to describe the reaction kinetics in terms of the first order and second order kinetics model. Activation energy E (kJ/mol), enthalpy ΔH (kJ/mol), entropy ΔS (J/mol) and free energy ΔG (kJ/mol) were calculated as 20.8, 18.2, 197.5 and −45.3 respectively. The negative value of free energy shows that photodegradation is favored in present conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiza Akram
- Department of Chemistry , Government College University , Faisalabad , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Chemistry , Government College University , Faisalabad , Pakistan
| | - Javaid Akhtar
- Department of Chemical & Material Engineering , College of Engineering, King Abdul Aziz University , Jeddah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ali Raza Naqvi
- Department of Chemistry , Government College University , Faisalabad , Pakistan
| | - Atta ul Haq
- Department of Chemistry , Government College University , Faisalabad , Pakistan
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4
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Mathematical modeling of E. coli inactivation in water using Fe-TiO2 composite in a fixed bed reactor. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Aragaw TA, Angerasa FT. Synthesis and characterization of Ethiopian kaolin for the removal of basic yellow (BY 28) dye from aqueous solution as a potential adsorbent. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04975. [PMID: 32995640 PMCID: PMC7505807 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present research, the kaolin adsorbents (beneficiated, raw powder, and calcined) were prepared from Ethiopian natural kaolin through mechanical, wet, and thermal processes. The geochemical and surface properties of kaolin adsorbent were characterized using FTIR, SEM/EDS, XRD, and XRF. In the batch experiment, basic operation parameters (initial dye concentrations, pH, temperature, contact time, and adsorbent dosage) were examined. Percentage removal efficiency basic yellow 28 (BY28) dye were recorded as 94.79%, 92.08%, and 87.08% onto beneficiated, raw, and calcined kaolin absorbents, respectively at an initial dye concentration of 20 mg/L, solution pH of 9, the temperature of 30 °C°C , and contact time of 60 min and adsorbent dosage of 1g/100L. The molar ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 was recorded as 2.911 Percent mass composition of Ethiopian kaolin which is higher than the expected pure kaolinite standard which allows us to classify the kaolin clay as a siliceous one. The calculated values of Δ G 0 for beneficiated adsorbent are -1.243, 1.576, and 4.396 kJ/mol at 303.15, 323.15, and 343.15 K, respectively for 20 mg/L of dye concentration and solution pH of 9, suggests that the thermodynamic behavior at lowest temperature is more feasible and spontaneous as compared with the higher temperature one. A similar fashion was calculated for raw and calcined adsorbents. The negative values of ΔHo and ΔS° suggest that the adsorption phenomenon is exothermic and the adsorbate molecules are organized on the solid phase in a more disordered fashion than the liquid phase. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models have been used to describe the kinetics in the adsorption processes. The Pseudo-second-order model has been fitted for the BY 28 dye adsorption in the studied concentration range. The adsorption of BY 28 dye for raw and calcined adsorbents follows the Langmuir isotherm and the Freundlich isotherm fitted for the beneficiated adsorbent. The amount of BY28 dye taken up by beneficiated, raw, and calcined kaolin adsorbents was found as 1.896, 1.842, and 1.742 mg/g, respectively at a contact time of 1.0 h, the adsorbent dosage of 1.0 g, initial dye concentration = 20 mg/L and solution pH = 9 at 30 °C. The results found that these raw and prepared local kaolin adsorbents have a capacity as low-cost alternatives for the removal of dyes in industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadele Assefa Aragaw
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Fikiru Temesgen Angerasa
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Wu S, Yu Y, Zhang C, Chen F. Colorimetric determination of amaranth followed enrichment and separation using buoyant adsorbents. J Anal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-020-0204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA buoyant solid-phase extraction adsorbent was prepared by sodium alginate-coated hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) modified with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (3-APTS) for the separation and enrichment of anionic dye amaranth. After adsorbing amaranth, these low-density adsorbents can float on the surface of the solution, so the separation between adsorbents and substrates can be carried out by flotation. Quantitative determination of amaranth after separation and enrichment can be achieved by combining spectrophotometry. Under the optimum conditions, the linear range and detection limit for amaranth detection were 0.02 mg L−1–2.0 mg L−1 and 0.0021 mg L−1, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of amaranth in different beverages, and the results were in good agreement with those by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The recoveries of amaranth in different beverages were between 97.93 and 105.91%. The floating adsorbent can be used as a conventional sample preparation method for the detection of low concentration analytes in complex samples.
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Haddaji D, Ghrabi-Gammar Z, Hamed KB, Bousselmi L. A re-circulating horizontal flow constructed wetland for the treatment of synthetic azo dye at high concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:13489-13501. [PMID: 30911962 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A re-circulating horizontal flow constructed wetland (RHFCW) system was developed in a greenhouse. This system was operated with Typha domingensis to study the phytoremediation capacity of this macrophyte species in different developing stages for synthetic textile wastewater with the pollutant type, the amaranth (AM) azo dye. Experiments were applied with a fixed flow rate Q = 10 L/h corresponding to a theoretical residence time of 3 h. The synthetic feeding to the RHFCW container was re-circulated back until the required water quality was achieved. The performance of this pilot-scale system was compared to an unplanted RHFCW. The effect of the initial dye concentration was studied using four dye concentrations (10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/L). The following parameters pH, color, COD, BOD5, NO3-, NO2-, and NH4+ were monitored during treatment. The maximum efficiencies obtained for discoloration, COD, NO3-, and NH4+ were 92 ± 0.14%, 56 ± 1.12%, 92 ± 0.34%, and 97 ± 0.17% respectively. Experiences demonstrate a decrease of removal efficiencies of studied parameters with the increase of dye concentrations, leading to an increase of the duration of treatment. Changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), ascorbic peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR)) and their relation to plant defense system against stress were studied. Enzymes were evaluated in leaves of T. domingensis during the remediation of the azo dye (amaranth). During treatment, an increase of enzymes activities was observed in accordance with the high removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Haddaji
- Laboratory of Wastewater and Environment, Centre for Water Researches and Technologies CERTE, B.P. 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Zeineb Ghrabi-Gammar
- National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia, University of Carthage, 43, Avenue Charles Nicolle, Cite Mahrajene, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Karim Ben Hamed
- Laboratory of extremophiles plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cédria (CBBC), 8020, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Latifa Bousselmi
- Laboratory of Wastewater and Environment, Centre for Water Researches and Technologies CERTE, B.P. 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia.
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8
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da Cruz Severo E, Dotto GL, Martínez-de la Cruz A, Cuellar EL, Foletto EL. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of BiVO 4 powders synthesized in presence of EDTA for the decolorization of rhodamine B from aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34123-34130. [PMID: 30284166 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) powders were successfully synthesized in presence of EDTA via microwave irradiation and used as photocatalysts in the oxidation reaction of rhodamine B (rhB) under visible light. Different concentrations of EDTA (0.5 to 10%) to chelate Bi3+ ions were employed on the BiVO4 synthesis. Under the presence of EDTA, a monoclinic crystalline structure was obtained, whereas a mixture of monoclinic and tetragonal phases was observed in the absence of EDTA. In addition, the use of different EDTA concentrations promoted the formation the different shapes of particles. The BiVO4 sample synthesized with low concentration of EDTA (0.5%) exhibited about 85% of rhB decolorization in 300 min at pH 7.5. Therefore, this high efficiency can be attributed to a combination of intrinsic properties such as the morphology type and monoclinic structure of BiVO4 particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric da Cruz Severo
- Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Luiz Dotto
- Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Azael Martínez-de la Cruz
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66451, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Enrique López Cuellar
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66451, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Edson Luiz Foletto
- Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
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9
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Hidalgo AM, Gómez M, Murcia MD, Serrano M, Rodríguez-Schmidt R, Escudero PA. Behaviour of polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane for dyes removal. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 77:2093-2100. [PMID: 29722695 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although ultrafiltration membranes have been used for the separation of macromolecules and colloids from solutions, this process has a limited application in the removal of dyes present in coloured discharges of textile industry, as these typically have much lower molecular weight than the molecular cut-off of the membranes (MWCO). In the present work, we have evaluated the behaviour of a polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane in the removal of different dyes from aqueous solutions (Congo red, methyl green and amaranth). Different variables (tangential flow rate, concentration of dye and pH of the feed) were studied to determine their influence on the separation processes (permeate flux and rejection coefficient). The results show that Congo red is easily removed with a GR60PP membrane (MWCO = 25 kDa), whereas methyl green and amaranth show rejection coefficient values of approximately 25.78% and 13.85%, respectively, at neutral pH. Also, an interesting effect is observed for the rejection coefficient for methyl green at different pH values. In addition, several treatments were performed to the membrane so as to modify its surface, trying to improve the values obtained for permeate flux and rejection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hidalgo
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain E-mail:
| | - M Gómez
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain E-mail:
| | - M D Murcia
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain E-mail:
| | - M Serrano
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain E-mail:
| | - R Rodríguez-Schmidt
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain E-mail:
| | - P A Escudero
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain E-mail:
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10
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Drumm FC, de Oliveira JS, Foletto EL, Dotto GL, Moraes Flores EM, Peters Enders MS, Müller EI, Janh SL. Response surface methodology approach for the optimization of tartrazine removal by heterogeneous photo-Fenton process using mesostructured Fe2O3-suppoted ZSM-5 prepared by chitin-templating. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2017.1402009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Caroline Drumm
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Edson Luiz Foletto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Luiz Dotto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edson Irineu Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luiz Janh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Foletto VS, Ferreira AB, da Cruz Severo E, Collazzo GC, Foletto EL, Dotto GL. Iron-based adsorbent prepared from Litchi peel biomass via pyrolysis process for the removal of pharmaceutical pollutant from synthetic aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10547-10556. [PMID: 28281077 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A porous iron-based adsorbent obtained from litchi peel via pyrolysis process was prepared in this work, in order to evaluate its adsorptive potential for the removal of a pharmaceutical dye (amaranth) from aqueous solution. The material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, and scanning electron microscopy. Several isotherm and kinetic models were tested aiming to represent the amaranth dye adsorption. The prepared sample presented magnetic property, and a mesoporous texture constituted of graphite and three iron-based phases. The adsorption kinetics of amaranth on the adsorbent followed the pseudo-second-order model, whereas the equilibrium data were in good agreement with the BET isotherm, being represented by a sigmoid-shaped adsorption isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity for the amaranth dye was found to be 44.87 mg g-1, demonstrating that the material prepared in this work showed to be a promising adsorbent for the removal of amaranth from aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Segabinazzi Foletto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Ananda Bulegon Ferreira
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eric da Cruz Severo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Carvalho Collazzo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Edson Luiz Foletto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Luiz Dotto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil.
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