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Zhao J, Xie Y, Meng Z, Liu C, Wu Y, Zhao F, Ma X, Christopher TA, Lopez BJ, Wang Y. COVID-19 and cardiovascular complications: updates of emergency medicine. Emerg Crit Care Med 2023; 3:104-114. [PMID: 38314258 PMCID: PMC10836842 DOI: 10.1097/ec9.0000000000000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-CoV-2 variants, has become a global pandemic resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by hypoxemia, hyper-inflammation, cytokine storm in lung. Clinical studies have reported an association between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Patients with CVD tend to develop severe symptoms and mortality if contracted COVID-19 with further elevations of cardiac injury biomarkers. Furthermore, COVID-19 itself can induce and promoted CVD development, including myocarditis, arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome, cardiogenic shock, and venous thromboembolism. Although the direct etiology of SARS-CoV-2 induced cardiac injury remains unknown and under-investigated, it is suspected that it is related to myocarditis, cytokine-mediated injury, microvascular injury, and stress-related cardiomyopathy. Despite vaccinations having provided the most effective approach to reducing mortality overall, an adapted treatment paradigm and regular monitoring of cardiac injury biomarkers is critical for improving outcomes in vulnerable populations at risk for severe COVID-19. In this review, we focus on the latest progress in clinic and research on the cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 and provide a perspective of treating cardiac complications deriving from COVID-19 in Emergency Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Zhao
- Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yaoli Xie
- Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhijun Meng
- Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caihong Liu
- Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yalin Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Fujie Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xinliang Ma
- Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Bernard J. Lopez
- Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yajing Wang
- Emergency Medicine Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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Desai R, Jain A, Singh S, Raina J, Itare V, Shivakumar J, Mansuri U, Rizvi B, Kumar G, Sachdeva R. Postinfluenza Cardiac Tamponade: A Review of Published Case Reports. SN Compr Clin Med 2023; 5:64. [PMID: 36721865 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-023-01412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Increased vaccination rates and better understanding of influenza virus infection and clinical presentation have improved the disease's overall prognosis. However, influenza can cause life-threatening complications such as cardiac tamponade, which has only been documented in case reports. We searched PubMed/Medline and SCOPUS and EMBASE through December 2021 and identified 25 case reports on echocardiographically confirmed cardiac tamponade in our review of influenza-associated cardiac tamponade. Demographics, clinical presentation, investigations, management, and outcomes were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Among 25 cases reports [19 adults (47.6 ±15.12) and 6 pediatric (10.1 ± 4.5)], 15 (60%) were females and 10 (40%) were male patients. From flu infection to the occurrence of cardiac tamponade, the average duration was 7±8.5 days. Fever (64%), weakness (40%), dyspnea (24%), cough (32%), and chest pain (32%) were the most prevalent symptoms. Hypertension, diabetes, and renal failure were most commonly encountered comorbidities. Sinus tachycardia (11 cases, 44%) and ST-segment elevation (7 cases, 28%) were the most common ECG findings. Fourteen cases (56%) reported complications, the most common being hypotension (24%), cardiac arrest (16%), and acute kidney injury (8%). Mechanical circulatory/respiratory support was required for 14 cases (56%), the most common being intubation (9 cases, 64%). Outcomes included recovery in 88% and death in 3 cases. With improving vaccination rates, pericardial tamponade remains an infrequently encountered complication following influenza virus infection. The complicated cases appear within the first week of diagnosis, of which nearly half suffer from concurrent complications including cardiac arrest or acute kidney injury. Majority of patients recovered with timely diagnoses and therapeutic interventions.
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3
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Norris T, Razieh C, Zaccardi F, Yates T, Islam N, Gillies CL, Chudasama YV, Rowlands AV, Davies MJ, McCann GP, Banerjee A, Lam CSP, Docherty AB, Openshaw PJ, Baillie JK, Semple MG, Lawson CA, Khunti K. Impact of cardiometabolic multimorbidity and ethnicity on cardiovascular/renal complications in patients with COVID-19. Heart 2022; 108:1200-1208. [PMID: 34911741 PMCID: PMC8678560 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-320047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using a large national database of people hospitalised with COVID-19, we investigated the contribution of cardio-metabolic conditions, multi-morbidity and ethnicity on the risk of in-hospital cardiovascular complications and death. METHODS A multicentre, prospective cohort study in 302 UK healthcare facilities of adults hospitalised with COVID-19 between 6 February 2020 and 16 March 2021. Logistic models were used to explore associations between baseline patient ethnicity, cardiometabolic conditions and multimorbidity (0, 1, 2, >2 conditions), and in-hospital cardiovascular complications (heart failure, arrhythmia, cardiac ischaemia, cardiac arrest, coagulation complications, stroke), renal injury and death. RESULTS Of 65 624 patients hospitalised with COVID-19, 44 598 (68.0%) reported at least one cardiometabolic condition on admission. Cardiovascular/renal complications or death occurred in 24 609 (38.0%) patients. Baseline cardiometabolic conditions were independently associated with increased odds of in-hospital complications and this risk increased in the presence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity. For example, compared with having no cardiometabolic conditions, 1, 2 or ≥3 conditions was associated with 1.46 (95% CI 1.39 to 1.54), 2.04 (95% CI 1.93 to 2.15) and 3.10 (95% CI 2.92 to 3.29) times higher odds of any cardiovascular/renal complication, respectively. A similar pattern was observed for all-cause death. Compared with the white group, the South Asian (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.29) and black (OR 1.53 to 95% CI 1.37 to 1.72) ethnic groups had higher risk of any cardiovascular/renal complication. CONCLUSIONS In hospitalised patients with COVID-19, cardiovascular complications or death impacts just under half of all patients, with the highest risk in those of South Asian or Black ethnicity and in patients with cardiometabolic multimorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Norris
- Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Cameron Razieh
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Francesco Zaccardi
- Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Thomas Yates
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Nazrul Islam
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Clare L Gillies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Yogini V Chudasama
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Alex V Rowlands
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Melanie J Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Gerry P McCann
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Amitava Banerjee
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Annemarie B Docherty
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - J Kenneth Baillie
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Claire Alexandra Lawson
- Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UK
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Moady G, Atar S. Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy—Considerations for Diagnosis and Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58020192. [PMID: 35208516 PMCID: PMC8875249 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with several cardiovascular manifestations including myocardial injury, myocarditis, arrhythmia, and pulmonary embolism. Rare cases of stress-induced cardiomyopathy, or takotsubo syndrome have also been reported during the acute infection, and secondary to stress following lockdown and self-isolation. Diagnosis in the setting of the acute infection is challenging since conventional imaging modalities such as transthoracic echocardiography and coronary angiography should be restricted to minimize physician-patient contact until the patients is tested negative for COVID-19. The use of point of care hand-held ultrasound is appropriate for this purpose. The overall course of the disease seems to be similar to takotsubo in the general population. Physicians should be familiar with the clinical presentation, possible complications, and management of takotsubo during COVID-19 outbreak. Here, we review the special considerations in the diagnosis and management of takotsubo syndrome during the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gassan Moady
- Department of Cardiology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 2221006, Israel;
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 5290002, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-4-9107273
| | - Shaul Atar
- Department of Cardiology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 2221006, Israel;
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 5290002, Israel
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5
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Singh T, Kite TA, Joshi SS, Spath NB, Kershaw L, Baker A, Jordan H, Gulsin GS, Williams MC, van Beek EJR, Arnold JR, Semple SIK, Moss AJ, Newby DE, Dweck M, McCann GP. MRI and CT coronary angiography in survivors of COVID-19. Heart 2022; 108:46-53. [PMID: 34615668 PMCID: PMC8503921 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the contribution of comorbidities on the reported widespread myocardial abnormalities in patients with recent COVID-19. METHODS In a prospective two-centre observational study, patients hospitalised with confirmed COVID-19 underwent gadolinium and manganese-enhanced MRI and CT coronary angiography (CTCA). They were compared with healthy and comorbidity-matched volunteers after blinded analysis. RESULTS In 52 patients (median age: 54 (IQR 51-57) years, 39 males) who recovered from COVID-19, one-third (n=15, 29%) were admitted to intensive care and a fifth (n=11, 21%) were ventilated. Twenty-three patients underwent CTCA, with one-third having underlying coronary artery disease (n=8, 35%). Compared with younger healthy volunteers (n=10), patients demonstrated reduced left (ejection fraction (EF): 57.4±11.1 (95% CI 54.0 to 60.1) versus 66.3±5 (95 CI 62.4 to 69.8)%; p=0.02) and right (EF: 51.7±9.1 (95% CI 53.9 to 60.1) vs 60.5±4.9 (95% CI 57.1 to 63.2)%; p≤0.0001) ventricular systolic function with elevated native T1 values (1225±46 (95% CI 1205 to 1240) vs 1197±30 (95% CI 1178 to 1216) ms;p=0.04) and extracellular volume fraction (ECV) (31±4 (95% CI 29.6 to 32.1) vs 24±3 (95% CI 22.4 to 26.4)%; p<0.0003) but reduced myocardial manganese uptake (6.9±0.9 (95% CI 6.5 to 7.3) vs 7.9±1.2 (95% CI 7.4 to 8.5) mL/100 g/min; p=0.01). Compared with comorbidity-matched volunteers (n=26), patients had preserved left ventricular function but reduced right ventricular systolic function (EF: 51.7±9.1 (95% CI 53.9 to 60.1) vs 59.3±4.9 (95% CI 51.0 to 66.5)%; p=0.0005) with comparable native T1 values (1225±46 (95% CI 1205 to 1240) vs 1227±51 (95% CI 1208 to 1246) ms; p=0.99), ECV (31±4 (95% CI 29.6 to 32.1) vs 29±5 (95% CI 27.0 to 31.2)%; p=0.35), presence of late gadolinium enhancement and manganese uptake. These findings remained irrespective of COVID-19 disease severity, presence of myocardial injury or ongoing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Patients demonstrate right but not left ventricular dysfunction. Previous reports of left ventricular myocardial abnormalities following COVID-19 may reflect pre-existing comorbidities. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04625075.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Singh
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Imaging Facility, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas A Kite
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Shruti S Joshi
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nick B Spath
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lucy Kershaw
- Edinburgh Imaging Facility, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew Baker
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen Jordan
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gaurav Singh Gulsin
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Michelle Claire Williams
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Imaging Facility, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Edwin J R van Beek
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Imaging Facility, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jayanth Ranjit Arnold
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Scott I K Semple
- Edinburgh Imaging Facility, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alastair James Moss
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - David E Newby
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Imaging Facility, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marc Dweck
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Imaging Facility, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gerry P McCann
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
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Desai R, Parekh T, Raina J, Itare V, Gandhi Z, Ghadri JR, Templin C, Paul TK, Sachdeva R, Kumar G. Takotsubo syndrome in patients with influenza infection or anti-influenza (Flu) vaccination. Aging and Health Research 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ahr.2021.100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Abstract
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents an ongoing medical challenge, as it involves multiple organs, including the cardiovascular system. Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) has been described in the context of COVID-19 in 2 different scenarios: as a direct complication of the infection, and as an indirect outcome secondary to the psychological burden of quarantine and social isolation (ie, stress-induced cardiomyopathy). Confirming the diagnosis of TTS in COVID-19 may be challenging due to the limited use of coronary angiography consistent with the recommended guidelines aimed at minimizing contact with infected individuals. The use of natriuretic peptide as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in this context may not be reliable as this peptide is already elevated in severe cases of COVID-19 regardless of TTS diagnosis. A relatively high incidence of complications has been reported in these cases, probably related to the severity of the underlying infectious disease. Although quarantine-induced stress cardiomyopathy is an unsurprising outcome of the powerful stress resulting from the current pandemic, conflicting results have been reported, and further studies are encouraged to determine the true incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gassan Moady
- Department of Cardiology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Shaul Atar
- Department of Cardiology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) dominantly infects the lungs, causing interstitial pneumonitis and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) however the cardiovascular implications of the infection are particularly significant, especially in their contribution to disease morbidity and mortality. SARS-CoV-2 enters the cardiovascular system by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. The pathogenic cardiovascular mechanism of the virus involves systemic inflammation via a cytokine storm and direct myocardial injury. The most frequently reported cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 include acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Also, pre-existing cardiovascular disease in COVID-19 patients is a prime marker for attaining severe disease and is associated with high mortality rates. Lastly, the medications under investigation for COVID-19 may have their individual cardiovascular adverse effects. We hereby present a concise literature review that summarizes recent peer-reviewed and pre-print articles published on the cardiovascular implications of COVID-19. The information on the subject is being updated frequently therefore latest literature needs to be added in newly published reports for a better understanding of the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Maab
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences.
| | - Faryal Mustafa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences.
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9
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Almas T, Khedro T, Haadi A, Ahmed R, Alshaikh L, Al-Awaid AH, Panhwar MS, Hassan Virk HU. COVID-19-induced takotsubo cardiomyopathy: Venturing beyond the obvious. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 65:102291. [PMID: 33981423 PMCID: PMC8082200 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Talal Almas
- RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tarek Khedro
- RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Abdul Haadi
- RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Reema Ahmed
- RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lamees Alshaikh
- RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Muhammad Siyab Panhwar
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hafeez Ul Hassan Virk
- Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Canalella A, Vitale E, Vella F, Senia P, Cannizzaro E, Ledda C, Rapisarda V. How the Heart Was Involved in COVID-19 during the First Pandemic Phase: A Review. Epidemiologia (Basel) 2021; 2:124-39. [PMID: 36417195 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia2010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first observed in Wuhan, Hubei Province (China) in December 2019, resulting in an acute respiratory syndrome. Only later was COVID-19 considered a public health emergency of international concern and, on 11 March 2020, the WHO classified it as pandemic. Despite being a respiratory virus, the clinical manifestations are also characterized by cardiological involvement, especially in patients suffering from previous comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, its complications being potentially serious or fatal. Despite the efforts made by the scientific community to identify pathophysiological mechanisms, they still remain unclear. A fundamental role is played by the angiotensin 2 converting enzyme, known for its effects at the cardiovascular level and for its involvement in COVID-19 pathogenesis. The goal of this paper was to highlight the mechanisms and knowledge related to cardiovascular involvement during the first pandemic phase, as well as to emphasize the main cardiological complications in infected patients.
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11
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Okpara IC, Oghagbon EK. Mitigating the Risk of COVID-19 Deaths in Cardiovascular Disease Patients in Africa Resource Poor Communities. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:626115. [PMID: 33665211 PMCID: PMC7920970 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.626115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has affected millions of patients in almost all countries with over one million cases recorded in Africa where it is a major health challenge. Covid-19 is known to have significant implications for those with pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and their cardiologists. Patients with pre-existing CVD are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from Covid-19 due to associated direct and indirect life threatening cardiovascular (CV) complications. Mitigating the risk of such Covid-19 deaths in resource poor communities requires the institution of preventive measures at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels of preventive phenomenon with emphasis at the first two levels. General preventive measures, screening and monitoring of CVD patients for complications and modification of drug treatment and other treatment methods will need to be implemented. Health policy makers and manager should provide required training and retraining of CV health care workers managing Covid-19 patients with CVD, provision of health education, personal protective equipment (PPE), and diagnostic kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihunanya Chinyere Okpara
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Efosa Kenneth Oghagbon
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi, Nigeria
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12
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly spread across the world. The disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which first appeared in Wuhan, China in December, 2019. Ever increasing data is continuing to emerge about the impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular tissue and other organ system. Clinical features associated with COVID-19 suggest that endothelial cell dysfunction and microvascular thrombosis are to a large extent contributing to resultant multi-organ complications. This review is aimed at highlighting the critical aspects associated with COVID-19 and its presumed microvascular angiopathic consequences on the cardiovascular system leading to multi-organ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Nalugo
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Linda J. Schulte
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Muhammad F. Masood
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mohamed A. Zayed
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Veterans Affairs St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, MO, United States
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13
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Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. SARS-CoV-2 caused COVID-19 has reached a pandemic level. COVID-19 can significantly affect patients' cardiovascular systems. First, those with COVID-19 and preexisting cardiovascular disease have an increased risk of severe disease and death. Mortality from COVID-19 is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension. Second, therapies under investigation for COVID-19 may have cardiovascular side effects of arrhythmia. Third, COVID-19 is associated with multiple direct and indirect cardiovascular complications. Associated with a high inflammatory burden related to cytokine release, COVID-19 can induce vascular inflammation, acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, arrhythmias, venous thromboembolism, metabolic syndrome and Kawasaki disease. Understanding the effects of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system is essential for providing comprehensive medical care for cardiac and/or COVID-19 patients. We hereby review the literature on COVID-19 regarding cardiovascular virus involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Han Siong Toh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Te Liao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Liang Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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14
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Abstract
The novel COVID-19 has had an unprecedented and devastating spread internationally. COVID-19 infection can lead to a number of cardiovascular sequelae, including heart failure, which may portend worse clinical outcomes. Here, we report a rare case of a 57-year-old woman who developed acute left ventricular systolic dysfunction with apical ballooning consistent with takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM), and mixed cardiogenic and septic shock in the setting of COVID-19 disease. We briefly review the pathophysiology and diagnosis of TCM (also described as apical ballooning syndrome and stress-induced cardiomyopathy). Additionally, this case highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to clinical decision-making and resource allocation in diagnosis and management of critical illness in the setting of the ongoing international COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gatha Nair
- Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Prema Nanavaty
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anupama Rao
- Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Tisha Suboc
- Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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15
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Kapoor MC. Respiratory and cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 infection and their management. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2020; 36:S21-S28. [PMID: 33100642 PMCID: PMC7574017 DOI: 10.4103/joacp.joacp_242_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 epidemic has put an enormous burden on the health-care system and the economy. The virus has very high infectivity and is crippling in patients developing severe disease. The disease caused by this infective agent, a novel RNA coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), was named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 usually enters the human body from the respiratory tract and gradually causes systemic disease. The disease is mild in 81% and severe in the balance. The virus causes multiorgan damage and primarily damages airway epithelium, small intestine epithelium, and vascular endothelium, which are organs with high angiotensin-converting enzyme (angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 [ACE2] expression). The most affected organ is the lungs, and the cardiovascular system follows it closely. Symptomatic hypoxic patients are initially treated with oxygen supplementation, but those with severe hypoxia need mechanical ventilation support. Patients with COVID-19 infection present as two phenotypes. The ventilation strategy should be based on the phenotype. The disease causes major hemodynamic disturbances in its invasion of the cardiovascular system. Strict personal protection protocols are needed to ensure the safety of health-care workers and nosocomial spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Chandra Kapoor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Max Smart Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India
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16
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Abstract
Influenza virus infection causes 3-5 million cases of severe illness and 250,000-500,000 deaths worldwide annually. Although pneumonia is the most common complication associated with influenza, there are several reports demonstrating increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. Several clinical case reports, as well as both prospective and retrospective studies, have shown that influenza can trigger cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction (MI), myocarditis, ventricular arrhythmia, and heart failure. A recent study has demonstrated that influenza-infected patients are at highest risk of having MI during the first seven days of diagnosis. Influenza virus infection induces a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and recruitment of immune cells as part of the host immune response. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in influenza-associated cardiovascular diseases will help to improve treatment plans. This review discusses the direct and indirect effects of influenza virus infection on triggering cardiovascular events. Further, we discussed the similarities and differences in epidemiological and pathogenic mechanisms involved in cardiovascular events associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared to influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Gopal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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17
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Hegde S, Khan R, Zordok M, Maysky M. Characteristics and outcome of patients with COVID-19 complicated by Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: case series with literature review. Open Heart 2020; 7:openhrt-2020-001360. [PMID: 33020258 PMCID: PMC7536639 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac involvement with COVID-19 is increasingly being recognised. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 complicated by secondary Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is poorly understood. Methods This retrospective case series was conducted between March and April 2020 at four hospitals of Steward Health Care Network of Massachusetts, USA. Seven patients out of 169 who had echocardiogram were identified to have features of TC. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, management and outcome were gathered from their electronic medical records. We also reviewed all the published cases of COVID-19 and TC in the literature to recognise their common clinical characteristics, risk factors and outcomes. Results In our series of seven patients, three typical, two inverted, one biventricular and one global TC were recognised. Three were females and four were males. The mean age was 71±11 years. In-hospital death was observed in 57% of patients. Patients who belonged to the high-risk group and had high-risk echocardiographic features in our series had a 100% mortality rate. Conclusions COVID-19 complicated by TC has a high mortality rate. Early identification of patients with COVID-19 who are at higher risk for developing secondary TC is important for the prevention of complications, and thus improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Hegde
- Cardiology, Caritas Saint Elizabeth's Medical Center, Brighton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rizwan Khan
- Cardiology, Caritas Saint Elizabeth's Medical Center, Brighton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Magdi Zordok
- Internal Medicine, Caritas Carney Hospital, Dorchester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Maysky
- Cardiology, Caritas Saint Elizabeth's Medical Center, Brighton, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Parlakpinar H, Gunata M. SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19): Cellular and biochemical properties and pharmacological insights into new therapeutic developments. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 39:10-28. [PMID: 32992409 PMCID: PMC7537523 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID‐19 caused by SARS‐COV‐2 first appeared in the Wuhan City of China and began to spread rapidly among people. Rapid progression of the outbreak has led to a major global public health problem of a potentially fatal disease. On January 30, 2020, WHO declared the pandemic as the sixth public health emergency of the world. Upon this, the whole country has started to take the necessary precautions. The new coronavirus uses membrane‐bound angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter into the cells, such as SARS‐CoV, and mostly affects the respiratory tract. Symptoms of COVID‐19 patients include fever (93%), fatigue (70%), cough (70%), anorexia (40%) and dyspnoea (34.5%). The elderly and people with underlying chronic diseases are more susceptible to infection and higher mortality. Currently, a large number of drugs and vaccines studies are ongoing. In this review, we discussed the virology, epidemiological data, the replication of the virus, and its relationship with cardiovascular diseases on COVID‐19 pandemics, treatment and vaccines. Thereby, this study aims to neatly present scientific data in light of many regarding literature that can be a clue for readers who research this disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Parlakpinar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of MedicineInonu UniversityMalatyaTurkey
| | - Mehmet Gunata
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of MedicineInonu UniversityMalatyaTurkey
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19
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Omar AS. Low dose corticosteroids in COVID-19 with refractory shock: We are not sure? World J Anesthesiol 2020; 9:1-2. [DOI: 10.5313/wja.v9.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low dose corticosteroids to adult patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and refractory shock was given some evidence, the evidence was of low quality given particularly for shock-reversal. Evidence. However bacterial sepsis may not provide a similar evidence like in a viral related one. We think that suggesting steroids for COVID-19 may not be adequate in the current time and future data analysis should be directed to find possible evidence in a matched population
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Salah Omar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery/Cardiac Anaesthesia and ICU, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef 71515, Egypt
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha 3050, Qatar
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20
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Kwenandar F, Japar KV, Damay V, Hariyanto TI, Tanaka M, Lugito NPH, Kurniawan A. Coronavirus disease 2019 and cardiovascular system: A narrative review. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2020; 29:100557. [PMID: 32550259 PMCID: PMC7266760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
At the end of 2019, a viral pneumonia disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2), emerged in Wuhan, China. This novel disease rapidly spread at an alarming rate that as a result, it has now been declared pandemic by the World Health Organization. Although this infective disease is mostly characterized by respiratory tract symptoms, increasing numbers of evidence had shown considerable amounts of patients with cardiovascular involvements and these were associated with higher mortality among COVID-19 patients. Cardiac involvement as a possible late phenomenon of the viral respiratory infection is an issue that should be anticipated in patients with COVID-19. Cardiovascular manifestation in COVID-19 patients include myocardial injury (MI), arrhythmias, cardiac arrests, heart failure and coagulation abnormality, ranging from 7.2% up to 33%. The mechanism of cardiac involvement in COVID-19 patients involves direct injury to myocardial cells mediated by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors as suggested by some studies, while the other studies suggest that systemic inflammation causing indirect myocyte injury may also play a role. Combination of proper triage, close monitoring, and avoidance of some drugs that have cardiovascular toxicity are important in the management of cardiovascular system involvement in COVID-19 patients. The involvement of the cardiovascular system in COVID-19 patients is prevalent, variable, and debilitating. Therefore, it requires our attention and comprehensive management.
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Key Words
- ACE2
- ACE2, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2
- ARDS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome
- CFR, Case-fatality rate
- CK-MB, Creatine Kinase Myocardial Band
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019
- CPVT, Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
- CVD, Cardiovascular disease
- Cardiovascular
- Coronavirus
- DIC, Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- FDP, Fibrin degradation products
- Hs-cTnI, High-sensitive cardiac troponin I
- LV, Left Ventricle
- MI, Myocardial Infarction
- NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide
- PCI, Percutaneous coronary intervention
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
- TnT, Troponin T
- VTE, Venous thromboembolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kwenandar
- Faculty of Medicine, Pelita Harapan University, Banten, Indonesia
| | | | - Vika Damay
- Faculty of Medicine, Pelita Harapan University, Banten, Indonesia
| | | | - Michael Tanaka
- Faculty of Medicine, Pelita Harapan University, Department of Cardiology, Siloam Hospital Lippo Village, Karawaci, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Nata Pratama Hardjo Lugito
- Faculty of Medicine, Pelita Harapan University, Department of Internal Medicine, Siloam Hospital Lippo Village, Karawaci, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Andree Kurniawan
- Faculty of Medicine, Pelita Harapan University, Department of Internal Medicine, Siloam Hospital Lippo Village, Karawaci, Banten, Indonesia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Internal Medicine, Pelita Harapan University, Boulevard Jendral Sudirman street, Karawaci, Tangerang, Banten 15811, Indonesia.
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21
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Bonanad C, García-Blas S, Tarazona-Santabalbina FJ, Díez-Villanueva P, Ayesta A, Sanchis Forés J, Vidán-Austiz MT, Formiga F, Ariza-Solé A, Martínez-Sellés M. [Coronavirus: the geriatric emergency of 2020. Joint document of the Section on Geriatric Cardiology of the Spanish Society of Cardiology and the Spanish Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology]. Rev Esp Cardiol 2020; 73:569-576. [PMID: 32292226 PMCID: PMC7129713 DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2020.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection, also known as COVID-19 (coronavirus infectious disease-19), was first identified in December 2019. In Spain, the first case of this infection was diagnosed on 31 January, 2020 and, by 15 April 2020, has caused 18 579 deaths, especially in the elderly. Due to the rapidly evolving situation regarding this disease, the data reported in this article may be subject to modifications. The older population are particularly susceptible to COVID-19 infection and to developing severe disease. The higher morbidity and mortality rates in older people have been associated with comorbidity, especially cardiovascular disease, and frailty, which weakens the immune response. Due to both the number of affected countries and the number of cases, the current situation constitutes an ongoing pandemic and a major health emergency. Because Spain has one of the largest older populations in the world, COVID-19 has emerged as a geriatric emergency. This document has been prepared jointly between the Section on Geriatric Cardiology of the Spanish Society of Cardiology and the Spanish Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bonanad
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - Sergio García-Blas
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | | | | | - Ana Ayesta
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, España
| | - Juan Sanchis Forés
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | | | - Francesc Formiga
- Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | - Albert Ariza-Solé
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | - Manuel Martínez-Sellés
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV, Universidad Europea, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España
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22
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Alsatli RA. Cardiovascular Complications Related to COVID-19 Disease. Anesth Essays Res 2020; 14:359-365. [PMID: 34092842 PMCID: PMC8159049 DOI: 10.4103/aer.aer_105_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a world epidemic disease and is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). In addition to the respiratory manifestations, it may also cause cardiovascular complications, such as, myocarditis, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and venous thromboembolic events. This review article will discuss in detail pathophysiology, manifestations, and management of these cardiac complications. A literature review was performed, it included meta-analyses studies, cohort studies, publications, and case series from the largest COVID-19 outbreak centers around the world. Cardiac complications of COVID-19 disease can lead to significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is important to recognize and treat these complications as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed A. Alsatli
- Department of Anesthesia, Section Cardiac Anesthesia, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Korakas E, Ikonomidis I, Kousathana F, Balampanis K, Kountouri A, Raptis A, Palaiodimou L, Kokkinos A, Lambadiari V. Obesity and COVID-19: immune and metabolic derangement as a possible link to adverse clinical outcomes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E105-E109. [PMID: 32459524 PMCID: PMC7322508 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00198.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have shown a strong association between obesity and the severity of COVID-19 infection, even in the absence of other comorbidities. After infecting the host cells, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may cause a hyperinflammatory reaction through the excessive release of cytokines, a condition known as "cytokine storm," while inducing lymphopenia and a disrupted immune response. Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and immune dysregulation, but the exact mechanisms through which it exacerbates COVID-19 infection are not fully clarified. The production of increased amounts of cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) lead to oxidative stress and defective function of innate and adaptive immunity, whereas the activation of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome seems to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the infection. Endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness could favor the recently discovered infection of the endothelium by SARS-CoV-2, whereas alterations in cardiac structure and function and the prothrombotic microenvironment in obesity could provide a link for the increased cardiovascular events in these patients. The successful use of anti-inflammatory agents such as IL-1 and IL-6 blockers in similar hyperinflammatory settings, like that of rheumatoid arthritis, has triggered the discussion of whether such agents could be administrated in selected patients with COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Korakas
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ignatios Ikonomidis
- Second Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Foteini Kousathana
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Balampanis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Kountouri
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Raptis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lina Palaiodimou
- Second Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine and Diabetes Center, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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24
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). While systemic inflammation and pulmonary complications can result in significant morbidity and mortality, cardiovascular complications may also occur. OBJECTIVE This brief report evaluates cardiovascular complications in the setting of COVID-19 infection. DISCUSSION The current COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over one million infected worldwide and thousands of death. The virus binds and enters through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). COVID-19 can result in systemic inflammation, multiorgan dysfunction, and critical illness. The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications. CONCLUSIONS Emergency clinicians should be aware of these cardiovascular complications when evaluating and managing the patient with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Long
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 3841 Roger Brooke Dr, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, United States.
| | - William J Brady
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States.
| | - Alex Koyfman
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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25
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Cau R, Bassareo P, Saba L. Cardiac Involvement in COVID-19-Assessment with Echocardiography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020;:1-7. [PMID: 32838139 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-020-00344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), started at the beginning of December 2019, in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Since then, the disease has been spreading quickly all over the world with dramatic consequences for global health. That is the reason why it was declared pandemic since March 11th, 2020. The clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 is quite variable. Respiratory symptoms dominate its clinical manifestations, but based on current observations, it can significantly affect the heart as well, thus leading to myocardial injury. Imaging plays a key role in the cardiovascular management of these patients, with the aim of improving their outcomes. This review article provides an overview as to strengths and weaknesses of cardiac magnetic resonance compared with echocardiography in the difficult management of these patients.
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26
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Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, Chuich T, Laracy J, Biondi-Zoccai G, Brown TS, Der Nigoghossian C, Zidar DA, Haythe J, Brodie D, Beckman JA, Kirtane AJ, Stone GW, Krumholz HM, Parikh SA. Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:2352-2371. [PMID: 32201335 PMCID: PMC7198856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1288] [Impact Index Per Article: 322.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 that has significant implications for the cardiovascular care of patients. First, those with COVID-19 and pre-existing cardiovascular disease have an increased risk of severe disease and death. Second, infection has been associated with multiple direct and indirect cardiovascular complications including acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, arrhythmias, and venous thromboembolism. Third, therapies under investigation for COVID-19 may have cardiovascular side effects. Fourth, the response to COVID-19 can compromise the rapid triage of non-COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular conditions. Finally, the provision of cardiovascular care may place health care workers in a position of vulnerability as they become hosts or vectors of virus transmission. We hereby review the peer-reviewed and pre-print reports pertaining to cardiovascular considerations related to COVID-19 and highlight gaps in knowledge that require further study pertinent to patients, health care workers, and health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Driggin
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Mahesh V Madhavan
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York
| | - Behnood Bikdeli
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Taylor Chuich
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Justin Laracy
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy; Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Tyler S Brown
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - David A Zidar
- Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jennifer Haythe
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Daniel Brodie
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Ajay J Kirtane
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York
| | - Gregg W Stone
- Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Harlan M Krumholz
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Health Policy and Administration, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sahil A Parikh
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York.
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27
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Bonanad C, García-Blas S, Tarazona-Santabalbina FJ, Díez-Villanueva P, Ayesta A, Sanchis Forés J, Vidán-Austiz MT, Formiga F, Ariza-Solé A, Martínez-Sellés M; Scientific societies of the authors. The contributing authors are members of the following scientific bodies. Coronavirus: the geriatric emergency of 2020. Joint document of the Section on Geriatric Cardiology of the Spanish Society of Cardiology and the Spanish Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 73:569-76. [PMID: 32446793 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection, also known as COVID-19 (coronavirus infectious disease-19), was first identified in December 2019. In Spain, the first case of this infection was diagnosed on 31 January, 2020 and, by 15 April 2020, has caused 18 579 deaths, especially in the elderly. Due to the rapidly evolving situation regarding this disease, the data reported in this article may be subject to modifications. The older population are particularly susceptible to COVID-19 infection and to developing severe disease. The higher morbidity and mortality rates in older people have been associated with comorbidity, especially cardiovascular disease, and frailty, which weakens the immune response. Due to both the number of affected countries and the number of cases, the current situation constitutes an ongoing pandemic and a major health emergency. Because Spain has one of the largest older populations in the world, COVID-19 has emerged as a geriatric emergency. This document has been prepared jointly between the Section on Geriatric Cardiology of the Spanish Society of Cardiology and the Spanish Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology.
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28
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Nakamura M, Nakagaito M, Hori M, Ueno H, Kinugawa K. A case of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy with cardiogenic shock after influenza infection successfully recovered by IMPELLA support. J Artif Organs 2019; 22:330-333. [DOI: 10.1007/s10047-019-01112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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29
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Abstract
Influenza infections are prevalent and have a large impact on our health system. They are associated with multiorgan complications that can have significant morbidity and mortality. Although influenza is a known etiology of myopericarditis, only a few case reports have documented influenza as a cause of takotsubo cardiomyopathy or stress-induced cardiomyopathy. We present a patient who developed a new left bundle branch block with positive cardiac markers, nonobstructive coronary arteries and a new cardiomyopathy that reversed within 48 hours of diagnosis of influenza A infection. This case highlights a rarer cardiovascular complication of influenza; one that would dictate medication changes, require close follow-up, and have a possibility of recurring.
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Madias JE. Influenza virus infection, myocarditis, "myocarditis", and Takotsubo syndrome: A need for scrutiny. Int J Cardiol 2016; 203:1127-8. [PMID: 26608013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John E Madias
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Division of Cardiology, Elmhurst Hospital Center, Elmhurst, NY, United States.
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