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Upaphong P, Thonusin C, Choovuthayakorn J, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. The Possible Positive Mechanisms of Pirenoxine in Cataract Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169431. [PMID: 36012695 PMCID: PMC9408903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. A diverse range of medication has been invented to prevent or treat cataract. Pirenoxine (PRX), a drug with strong antioxidant properties, has been used topically to treat cataract, and there is much evidence to demonstrate the beneficial effects of PRX on lens opacity from in vitro and in vivo models. In clinical use, PRX has been prescribed worldwide by ophthalmologists for over six decades; however, there is still controversy with regard to its efficacy, and thus PRX remains an off-label use for cataract treatment. This comprehensive review summarizes and discusses evidence pertinent to the mechanisms of PRX and its efficacy mainly on cataract models. The issues that have been deemed uncertain over the six-decade use of PRX are examined. The information summarized in this review should provide insights into contriving novel approaches for the treatment of cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phit Upaphong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chanisa Thonusin
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Janejit Choovuthayakorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +66-53-944-451; Fax: +66-53-222-844
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Gao C, Liu X, Fan F, Yang JN, Zhou XY, Mei HJ, Lin XL, Luo Y. Exosomal miR-29b found in aqueous humour mediates calcium signaling in diabetic patients with cataract. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1484-1491. [PMID: 34667723 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.10.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of exosomal miR-29b and Ca2+ in regulating the function of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs). METHODS Exosomes were isolated from human aqueous humour (AH) by ultracentrifugation, and visualized by nanoparticle tracking and transmission electron microscopy. Exosomal miRNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed miRNAs between diabetes with cataracts (DMC) group and age-related cataracts (ARC) group. TargetScan was used to predict potential target of certain miRNA. The expression of CACNA1C mRNA was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and CACNA1C protein was determined by Western blotting. Concentration of Ca2+ in human AH and the culture supernatant of cells were detected by the calcium assay kit. Cell counting kit-8 was used to determine cell viability. RESULTS Exosomes were isolated from human AH, which had a typical cup-shaped phenotype and a particle size distribution in accordance with micro extracellular vesicles. Exosomal miRNA sequencing revealed that miR-29b was significantly downregulated in DMC group compared with ARC. Ca2+ concentration of human AH in DMC was higher than that in ARC. The culture supernatant of cells transfected with miR-29b inhibitors had a higher concentration of Ca2+ than that transfected with miR-29b mimics. miR-29b reduced the viability of HLECs by upregulating CACNA1C expression. CONCLUSION Exosomes isolated from human AH contains abundant miRNAs. A significantly expressed miRNA, miR-29b, can affect the concentration of Ca2+ and regulate HLEC processes by upregulating CACNA1C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.,Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fan Fan
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jia-Ning Yang
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xi-Yue Zhou
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Heng-Jun Mei
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Lin
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200031, China
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Sprague-Piercy MA, Rocha MA, Kwok AO, Martin RW. α-Crystallins in the Vertebrate Eye Lens: Complex Oligomers and Molecular Chaperones. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 72:143-163. [PMID: 33321054 PMCID: PMC8062273 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090419-121428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
α-Crystallins are small heat-shock proteins that act as holdase chaperones. In humans, αA-crystallin is expressed only in the eye lens, while αB-crystallin is found in many tissues. α-Crystallins have a central domain flanked by flexible extensions and form dynamic, heterogeneous oligomers. Structural models show that both the C- and N-terminal extensions are important for controlling oligomerization through domain swapping. α-Crystallin prevents aggregation of damaged β- and γ-crystallins by binding to the client protein using a variety of binding modes. α-Crystallin chaperone activity can be compromised by mutation or posttranslational modifications, leading to protein aggregation and cataract. Because of their high solubility and their ability to form large, functional oligomers, α-crystallins are particularly amenable to structure determination by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and solution NMR, as well as cryo-electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Sprague-Piercy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA;
| | - Megan A Rocha
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Ashley O Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Rachel W Martin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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