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Hang J, Wang J, Lu M, Xue Y, Qiao J, Tao L. Protein O-mannosylation across kingdoms and related diseases: From glycobiology to glycopathology. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112685. [PMID: 35149389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-translational glycosylation of proteins by O-linked α-mannose is conserved from bacteria to humans. Due to advances in high-throughput mass spectrometry-based approaches, a variety of glycoproteins are identified to be O-mannosylated. Various proteins with O-mannosylation are involved in biological processes, providing essential necessity for proper growth and development. In this review, we summarize the process and regulation of O-mannosylation. The multi-step O-mannosylation procedures are quite dynamic and complex, especially when considering the structural and functional inspection of the involved enzymes. The widely studied O-mannosylated proteins in human include α-Dystroglycan (α-DG), cadherins, protocadherins, and plexin, and their aberrant O-mannosylation are associated with many diseases. In addition, O-mannosylation also contributes to diverse functions in lower eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Finally, we present the relationship between O-mannosylation and gut microbiota (GM), and elucidate that O-mannosylation in microbiome is of great importance in the dynamic balance of GM. Our study provides an overview of the processes of O-mannosylation in mammalian cells and other organisms, and also associated regulated enzymes and biological functions, which could contribute to the understanding of newly discovered O-mannosylated glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Minzhen Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuchuan Xue
- The First Department of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Signaling in Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186588. [PMID: 32916872 PMCID: PMC7554799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (HSPGs) have been an intriguing subject of study for their complex structural characteristics, their finely regulated biosynthetic machinery, and the wide range of functions they perform in living organisms from development to adulthood. From these studies, key roles of HSPGs in tumor initiation and progression have emerged, so that they are currently being explored as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancers. The multifaceted nature of HSPG structure/activity translates in their capacity to act either as inhibitors or promoters of tumor growth and invasion depending on the tumor type. Deregulation of HSPGs resulting in malignancy may be due to either their abnormal expression levels or changes in their structure and functions as a result of the altered activity of their biosynthetic or remodeling enzymes. Indeed, in the tumor microenvironment, HSPGs undergo structural alterations, through the shedding of proteoglycan ectodomain from the cell surface or the fragmentation and/or desulfation of HS chains, affecting HSPG function with significant impact on the molecular interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment, and tumor cell behavior. Here, we overview the structural and functional features of HSPGs and their signaling in the tumor environment which contributes to tumorigenesis and cancer progression.
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Larsen ISB, Narimatsu Y, Clausen H, Joshi HJ, Halim A. Multiple distinct O-Mannosylation pathways in eukaryotes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 56:171-178. [PMID: 30999272 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein O-mannosylation (O-Man), originally discovered in yeast five decades ago, is an important post-translational modification (PTM) conserved from bacteria to humans, but not found in plants or nematodes. Until recently, the homologous family of ER-located protein O-mannosyl transferases (PMT1-7 in yeast; POMT1/POMT2 in humans), were the only known enzymes involved in directing O-Man biosynthesis in eukaryotes. However, recent studies demonstrate the existence of multiple distinct O-Man glycosylation pathways indicating that the genetic and biosynthetic regulation of O-Man in eukaryotes is more complex than previously envisioned. Introduction of sensitive glycoproteomics strategies provided an expansion of O-Man glycoproteomes in eukaryotes (yeast and mammalian cell lines) leading to the discovery of O-Man glycosylation on important mammalian cell adhesion (cadherin superfamily) and signaling (plexin family) macromolecules, and to the discovery of unique nucleocytoplasmic O-Man glycosylation in yeast. It is now evident that eukaryotes have multiple distinct O-Man glycosylation pathways including: i) the classical PMT1-7 and POMT1/POMT2 pathway conserved in all eukaryotes apart from plants; ii) a yet uncharacterized nucleocytoplasmic pathway only found in yeast; iii) an ER-located pathway directed by the TMTC1-4 genes found in metazoans and protists and primarily dedicated to the cadherin superfamily; and iv) a yet uncharacterized pathway found in metazoans primarily dedicated to plexins. O-Man glycosylation is thus emerging as a much more widespread and evolutionary diverse PTM with complex genetic and biosynthetic regulation. While deficiencies in the POMT1/POMT2 O-Man pathway underlie muscular dystrophies, the TMTC1-4 pathway appear to be involved in distinct congenital disorders with neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Here, we review and discuss the recent discoveries of the new non-classical O-Man glycosylation pathways, their substrates, functions and roles in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Signe Bohse Larsen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hiren J Joshi
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Adnan Halim
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Spina A, De Pasquale V, Cerulo G, Cocchiaro P, Della Morte R, Avallone L, Pavone LM. HGF/c-MET Axis in Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Formation. Biomedicines 2015; 3:71-88. [PMID: 28536400 PMCID: PMC5344235 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines3010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastases are responsible for approximately 90% of all cancer-related deaths. Metastasis formation is a multistep process that requires acquisition by tumor cells of a malignant phenotype that allows them to escape from the primary tumor site and invade other organs. Each step of this mechanism involves a deep crosstalk between tumor cells and their microenvironment where the host cells play a key role in influencing metastatic behavior through the release of many secreted factors. Among these signaling molecules, Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) is released by many cell types of the tumor microenvironment to target its receptor c-MET within the cells of the primary tumor. Many studies reveal that HGF/c-MET axis is implicated in various human cancers, and genetic and epigenetic gain of functions of this signaling contributes to cancer development through a variety of mechanisms. In this review, we describe the specific types of cells in the tumor microenvironment that release HGF in order to promote the metastatic outgrowth through the activation of extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammation, migration, angiogenesis, and invasion. We dissect the potential use of new molecules that interfere with the HGF/c-MET axis as therapeutic targets for future clinical trials in cancer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Spina
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Cerulo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Cocchiaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Rossella Della Morte
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Exposure-response analysis of rilotumumab in gastric cancer: the role of tumour MET expression. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:429-37. [PMID: 25584489 PMCID: PMC4453660 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rilotumumab, an investigational, monoclonal antibody, inhibits MET-mediated signalling. In a randomized phase 2 trial of rilotumumab±epirubicin/cisplatin/capecitabine in gastric or oesophagogastric junction cancer, patients receiving rilotumumab showed a trend towards improved survival, especially in MET-positive patients, but no clear dose-response relationship was observed. Exposure-response and biomarker analyses were used for dose selection and to differentiate patient subpopulations that may benefit most from treatment. Here, we analyse rilotumumab exposure-survival and exposure-safety and the impact of MET expression on these relationships. METHODS Individual rilotumumab exposure parameters were generated using population pharmacokinetic modelling. Relationships among rilotumumab dose (7.5 and 15 mg kg(-1)), exposure, and clinical outcomes (progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS)) were evaluated with Cox regression models and Kaplan-Meier plots. MET status and other baseline covariates were evaluated in subgroup and multivariate analyses. Treatment-emergent adverse events were summarised by exposure. RESULTS Among MET-positive patients, higher rilotumumab exposure, vs placebo and low exposure, was associated with improved median PFS (80% CI: 7.0 (5.7-9.7) vs 4.4 (2.9-4.9) and 5.5 (4.2-6.8) months) and OS (13.4 (10.6-18.6) vs 5.7 (4.7-10.2) and 8.1 (6.9-11.1) months) without increased toxicity. No rilotumumab benefit was seen among MET-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS Rilotumumab had an exposure-dependent treatment effect in patients with MET-positive gastric or oesophagogastric junction cancer.
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Northrup AB, Katcher MH, Altman MD, Chenard M, Daniels MH, Deshmukh SV, Falcone D, Guerin DJ, Hatch H, Li C, Lu W, Lutterbach B, Allison TJ, Patel SB, Reilly JF, Reutershan M, Rickert KW, Rosenstein C, Soisson SM, Szewczak AA, Walker D, Wilson K, Young JR, Pan BS, Dinsmore CJ. Discovery of 1-[3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5-oxo-5H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)methanesulfonamide (MK-8033): A Specific c-Met/Ron dual kinase inhibitor with preferential affinity for the activated state of c-Met. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2294-310. [PMID: 23379595 DOI: 10.1021/jm301619u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This report documents the first example of a specific inhibitor of protein kinases with preferential binding to the activated kinase conformation: 5H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-5-one 11r (MK-8033), a dual c-Met/Ron inhibitor under investigation as a treatment for cancer. The design of 11r was based on the desire to reduce time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 (TDI) by members of this structural class. A novel two-step protocol for the synthesis of benzylic sulfonamides was developed to access 11r and analogues. We provide a rationale for the observed selectivity based on X-ray crystallographic evidence and discuss selectivity trends with additional examples. Importantly, 11r provides full inhibition of tumor growth in a c-Met amplified (GTL-16) subcutaneous tumor xenograft model and may have an advantage over inactive form kinase inhibitors due to equal potency against a panel of oncogenic activating mutations of c-Met in contrast to c-Met inhibitors without preferential binding to the active kinase conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan B Northrup
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, BMB-3, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Virgilio A, Spano D, Esposito V, Di Dato V, Citarella G, Marino N, Maffia V, De Martino D, De Antonellis P, Galeone A, Zollo M. Novel pyrimidopyrimidine derivatives for inhibition of cellular proliferation and motility induced by h-prune in breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 57:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kanteti R, Krishnaswamy S, Catenacci D, Tan YHC, EL-Hashani E, Cervantes G, Husain AN, Tretiakova M, Vokes EE, Huet H, Salgia R. Differential expression of RON in small and non-small cell lung cancers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 51:841-51. [PMID: 22585712 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.21968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
RON is a MET related receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and its natural ligand is macrophage stimulating protein (MSP). RON plays a very important role in the regulation of inflammation. Several studies have previously reported overexpression of RON in a variety of cancers including lung and identified numerous RON alternate splice forms that very likely contribute to tumor growth and metastasis. Here, we have analyzed the expression of total RON protein as well as its kinase-active form (phospho-RON) in 175 archival lung tumor FFPE (formalin fixed paraffin embedded) samples that included non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and their metastatic forms. The frequency and intensity of RON protein expression was much higher in lung tumors of neuroendocrine origin such as SCLC and in secondary tumors that metastasized to brain. In addition, the majority of the expressed RON protein was phospho-RON. We also identified 62, and 30 kDa isoforms of RON (GenBank accession numbers are JN689381 and JN689382) using RNA isolated from pooled lung cancer cell lines and RT-PCR. A majority of the NSCLC cell lines expressed a 150 kDa band that corresponded to the RON β chain and 120 kDa band in the panel of SCLC cell lines tested. RON was expressed on the cell surface in NSCLC cell lines. Finally, knock down of RON expression resulted in a significant loss in viability as well as motility in lung cancer cells suggesting that RON is a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Kanteti
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Dheur J, Dendane N, Desmet R, Dahmani F, Goormachtigh G, Vicogne J, Fafeur V, Melnyk O. Polysaccharide microarrays: application to the identification of heparan sulphate mimetics. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 808:231-240. [PMID: 22057529 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-373-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of polysaccharides with proteins modulates or triggers many biological effects. In particular, heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) have multiple regulatory interactions with growth factors, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, and some components of the extracellular matrix. The important role played by HSPGs has motivated the synthesis and selection of HSPG mimetics for modulating the biological activity of HS-binding proteins. We present hereinafter an efficient polysaccharide microarray method that allows the screening of HS-mimetic libraries towards HS-binding growth factors, a major class of polypeptides whose inhibition or potentiation is of high medical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Dheur
- CNRS UMR 8161, Université Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR 142 Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Lille, France
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Kawas LH, Yamamoto BJ, Wright JW, Harding JW. Mimics of the dimerization domain of hepatocyte growth factor exhibit anti-Met and anticancer activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 339:509-18. [PMID: 21859930 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.185694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin IV analog norleual [Nle-Tyr-Leu-ψ-(CH(2)-NH(2))-Leu-His-Pro-Phe] has been shown recently to act as a hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/Met antagonist capable of blocking the binding of HGF to the Met receptor, inhibiting HGF-dependent activation of Met, and attenuating HGF-dependent cellular activities. In addition, norleual exhibited marked anticancer activity. Homology between norleual and the dimerization domain (hinge region) of HGF led to the hypothesis that norleual acts by interfering with HGF dimerization/multimerization and functions as a dominant-negative hinge region mimic. To test this hypothesis we investigated the ability of norleual to bind to and inhibit the dimerization of HGF. To further evaluate the idea that norleual was acting as a hinge region mimic, we synthesized a hexapeptide representing the HGF hinge sequence and established its capacity to similarly block HGF-dependent activation of Met and HGF-dependent cellular functions. The hinge peptide not only bound with high affinity directly to HGF and blocked its dimerization but it also inhibited HGF-dependent Met activation, suppressed HGF-dependent cellular functions, and exhibited anticancer activity. The major implication of this study is that molecules targeting the dimerization domain of HGF may represent novel and viable anticancer therapeutic agents; the development of such molecules should be feasible using norleual and the hinge peptide as synthetic templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen H Kawas
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative, Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6520, USA
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Cui JJ, Tran-Dubé M, Shen H, Nambu M, Kung PP, Pairish M, Jia L, Meng J, Funk L, Botrous I, McTigue M, Grodsky N, Ryan K, Padrique E, Alton G, Timofeevski S, Yamazaki S, Li Q, Zou H, Christensen J, Mroczkowski B, Bender S, Kania RS, Edwards MP. Structure based drug design of crizotinib (PF-02341066), a potent and selective dual inhibitor of mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) kinase and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). J Med Chem 2011; 54:6342-63. [PMID: 21812414 DOI: 10.1021/jm2007613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 654] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Because of the critical roles of aberrant signaling in cancer, both c-MET and ALK receptor tyrosine kinases are attractive oncology targets for therapeutic intervention. The cocrystal structure of 3 (PHA-665752), bound to c-MET kinase domain, revealed a novel ATP site environment, which served as the target to guide parallel, multiattribute drug design. A novel 2-amino-5-aryl-3-benzyloxypyridine series was created to more effectively make the key interactions achieved with 3. In the novel series, the 2-aminopyridine core allowed a 3-benzyloxy group to reach into the same pocket as the 2,6-dichlorophenyl group of 3 via a more direct vector and thus with a better ligand efficiency (LE). Further optimization of the lead series generated the clinical candidate crizotinib (PF-02341066), which demonstrated potent in vitro and in vivo c-MET kinase and ALK inhibition, effective tumor growth inhibition, and good pharmaceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jean Cui
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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Intracellular signaling cascades triggered by the NK1 fragment of hepatocyte growth factor in human prostate epithelial cell line PNT1A. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1961-71. [PMID: 21777671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)/c-MET signaling has an emerging role in promoting cell proliferation, survival, migration, wound repair and branching in a variety of cell types. HGF plays a crucial role as a mediator of stromal-epithelial interactions in the normal prostate but the precise biological function of HGF/c-Met interaction in the normal prostate and in prostate cancer is not clear. HGF has two naturally occurring splice variants and NK1, the smallest of these HGF variants, consists of the HGF amino terminus through the first kringle domain. We evaluated the intracellular signaling cascades and the morphological changes triggered by NK1 in human prostate epithelial cell line PNT1A which shows molecular and biochemical properties close to the normal prostate epithelium. We demonstrated that these cells express a functional c-MET, and cell exposure to NK1 induces the phosphorylation of tyrosines 1313/1349/1356 residues of c-MET which provide docking sites for signaling molecules. We observed an increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, Akt, c-Src, p125FAK, SMAD2/3, and STAT3, down-regulation of the expression of epithelial cell-cell adhesion marker E-cadherin, and enhanced expression levels of mesenchymal markers vimentin, fibronectin, vinculin, α-actinin, and α-smooth muscle actin. This results in cell proliferation, in the appearance of a mesenchymal phenotype, in morphological changes resembling cell scattering and in wound healing. Our findings highlight the function of NK1 in non-tumorigenic human prostatic epithelial cells and provide a picture of the signaling pathways triggered by NK1 in a unique cell line.
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