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Kwon S, Judson MA. Clinical Pharmacology in Sarcoidosis: How to Use and Monitor Sarcoidosis Medications. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1250. [PMID: 38592130 PMCID: PMC10932410 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
When sarcoidosis needs treatment, pharmacotherapy is usually required. Although glucocorticoids work reliably and relatively quickly for sarcoidosis, these drugs are associated with numerous significant side effects. Such side effects are common in sarcoidosis patients, as the disease frequently has a chronic course and glucocorticoid treatment courses are often prolonged. For these reasons, corticosteroid-sparing and corticosteroid-replacing therapies are often required for sarcoidosis. Unfortunately, many healthcare providers who care for sarcoidosis patients are not familiar with the use of these agents. In this manuscript, we provide a review of the pharmacotherapy of sarcoidosis. We discuss the mechanism of action, dosing, side-effect profile, approach to monitoring and patient counselling concerning glucocorticoids, and the common alternative drugs recommended for use in the recent European Respiratory Society (Lausanne, Switzerland) Sarcoidosis Treatment Guidelines. We also discuss the use of these agents in special situations including hepatic insufficiency, renal insufficiency, pregnancy, breastfeeding, vaccination, and drug-drug interactions. It is hoped that this manuscript will provide valuable practical guidance to clinicians who care for sarcoidosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Kwon
- Samuel S. Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Marc A. Judson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
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2
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Gibson S, Johnson N, Simpson Brown S, Hartley S, Maloney K, Gossell-Williams M, Hunter T. Pregnancy outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus: experience from a Caribbean center. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2023; 36:2204392. [PMID: 37127567 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2204392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune multi-system disorder frequently affecting black women of childbearing age. No published data exist on the obstetric outcomes in a Caribbean population. OBJECTIVE We analyzed pregnancy outcomes in an Afro-Caribbean cohort of women with SLE at a tertiary university hospital. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed of all pregnant women with SLE prior to pregnancy from January 1990 to December 2021 at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI), Jamaica. Maternal rheumatologic, obstetric, fetal/neonatal data were analyzed. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed. To determine if outcomes were associated with various factors, Spearman's rho was followed by logistic regression analysis to estimate unadjusted odds ratios with statistical significance at p < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 56 pregnancies in 47 women were identified with SLE. Live births were 87.5%, with 10.7% spontaneous miscarriages and no neonatal deaths. Prednisone was the most used drug in 67.9% of patients. 85% of women had an adverse outcome with an adverse fetal outcome occurring in 55% of cases. Prednisone was associated with an adverse fetal/neonatal outcome (Spearman's rho = 0.38; p = .004). CONCLUSION In this first Caribbean series on SLE in pregnancy, reasonably successful pregnancy outcomes are achievable in Afro-Caribbean women managed in multidisciplinary centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanea Gibson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston
| | - Nadine Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston
| | - Simone Simpson Brown
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston
| | - Shwantay Hartley
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston
| | - Keisha Maloney
- Department of Medicine, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston
| | | | - Tiffany Hunter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston
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Vesce F, Battisti C, Crudo M. The Inflammatory Cytokine Imbalance for Miscarriage, Pregnancy Loss and COVID-19 Pneumonia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:861245. [PMID: 35359975 PMCID: PMC8961687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy can be defined a vascular event upon endocrine control. In the human hemo-chorial placentation the chorionic villi penetrate the wall of the uterine spiral arteries, to provide increasing amounts of nutrients and oxygen for optimal fetal growth. In any physiological pregnancy the natural maternal response is of a Th1 inflammatory type, aimed at avoiding blood loss through the arteriolar wall openings. The control of the vascular function, during gestation as in any other condition, is achieved through the action of two main types of prostanoids: prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane on the one hand (for vasoconstriction and coagulation), prostacyclin on the other (for vasodilation and blood fluidification). The control of the maternal immune response is upon the responsibility of the fetus itself. Indeed, the chorionic villi are able to counteract the natural maternal response, thus changing the inflammatory Th1 type into the anti-inflammatory Th2. Clinical and experimental research in the past half century address to inflammation as the leading cause of abortion, pregnancy loss, premature delivery and related pulmonary, cerebral, intestinal fetal syndromes. Increased level of Interleukin 6, Interleukin 1-beta, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alfa, Interferon-gamma, are some among the well-known markers of gestational inflammation. On the other side, COVID-19 pneumonia is a result of extensive inflammation induced by viral replication within the cells of the respiratory tract. As it may happen in the uterine arteries in the absence of an effective fetal control, viral pneumonia triggers pulmonary vascular coagulation. The cytokines involved in the process are the same as those in gestational inflammation. As the fetus breathes throughout the placenta, fetal death from placental thrombosis is similar to adult death from pulmonary thrombosis. Preventing and counteracting inflammation is mandatory in both conditions. The most relevant literature dealing with the above-mentioned concepts is reviewed in the present article.
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Pagan ME, Ramseyer AM, Whitcombe DD, Doiron TE, Magann EF, Sandlin AT, Hughes DS. Management of Critically Ill Pregnant Patients with COVID-19 Infection in a Rural State. Am J Perinatol 2022; 39:165-171. [PMID: 34775583 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1739292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is limited data on the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pregnancy. Arkansas saw an increase in COVID-19 cases in June 2020. The first critically ill pregnant patient was admitted to our institution on May 21st, 2020. The objective of this study was to evaluate outcomes in critically ill pregnant women with COVID-19 at a single tertiary care center who received remdesivir and convalescent plasma (CCP). STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective observational review of critically ill pregnant women with COVID-19 who received remdesivir and CCP. This study was approved by the institutional review board (#261354). RESULTS Seven pregnant patients with COVID-19 were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). All received remdesivir and CCP. Six received dexamethasone. The median ICU length of stay (LOS) was 8 days (range 3-17). Patient 1 had multi-organ failure requiring vasopressors, renal dialysis, and had an intrauterine fetal demise. Patients 4 and 6 required mechanical ventilation, were delivered for respiratory distress and were extubated at 2 and 1 days postpartum, respectively. The only common risk factor was obesity. There were no adverse events noted with remdesivir or CCP. CONCLUSION There is little data regarding the use of remdesivir or CCP for the treatment of COVID-19 in pregnant women. In our cohort, these were well tolerated with no adverse events. Previously reported median ICU LOS in critically ill pregnant women with COVID-19 was 8 days (range 4-15).1 Our study found a similar ICU LOS (8 days; range 3-17). Patient 1 did not receive remdesivir or CCP until transport to our facility on hospital day 3. Excluding patient 1, median ICU LOS was 6.5 days (range 3-9). Our institution's treatment of pregnant women with critical illness with remdesivir, CCP and dexamethasone combined with delivery in select cases has thus far had good outcomes. KEY POINTS · Combined therapy: remdesivir, CCP, dexamethasone.. · Remdesivir, CCP and dexamethasone was effective in treating critically ill pregnant women with COVID-19.. · No adverse events were associated with combined therapy.. · Delivery improved respiratory status..
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Pagan
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for the Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Abigail M Ramseyer
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for the Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Dayna D Whitcombe
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for the Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Tucker E Doiron
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for the Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Everett F Magann
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for the Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Adam T Sandlin
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for the Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Dawn S Hughes
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for the Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Rudder M, Lefkowitz EG, Ruhama T, Firoz E. A review of pruritus in pregnancy. Obstet Med 2021; 14:204-210. [PMID: 34880932 PMCID: PMC8646210 DOI: 10.1177/1753495x20985366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pruritus is a common dermatologic complaint during pregnancy. Pruritus is reported by 23-38% of women during pregnancy, and 2% report severe pruritus. In addition to interfering with sleep and reducing overall quality of life during pregnancy, pruritus may be the first, or only, symptom of an underlying disorder that may impact maternal and fetal outcomes. It is therefore critical for all providers caring for pregnant women to be familiar with pregnancy-specific and non-specific conditions associated with pruritus to most effectively manage this unique population. In this review, we discuss clinical classification of pruritus, a practical approach to the differential diagnosis of pruritus in pregnancy, and focus on updates in the clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of pregnancy-specific causes of pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Rudder
- Department of Medicine, Women & Infants’ Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Emily G Lefkowitz
- Department of Dermatology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Tereda Ruhama
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Elnaz Firoz
- Department of Dermatology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Cheloufi M, Kazhalawi A, Pinton A, Rahmati M, Chevrier L, Prat-Ellenberg L, Michel AS, Dray G, Mekinian A, Kayem G, Lédée N. The Endometrial Immune Profiling May Positively Affect the Management of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656701. [PMID: 33841443 PMCID: PMC8024694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The endometrial immune profiling is an innovative approach based on the analysis of the local immune reaction occurring in the endometrium at the time of the embryo implantation. By documenting the local immune activation during the period of uterine receptivity, we aim to detect and correct potential imbalances before and at the very beginning of placentation. The main objective of the study was to analyze in women with a history of repeated pregnancy loss (RPL) the association of personalized strategies based on immune dysregulations with live birth rates. The secondary objective was to highlight the main prognostic factors for live births. Methods This is an observational retrospective analysis of 104 patients with RPL, included between January 2012 and December 2019. Inclusion criteria included a spontaneous fertility with at least three miscarriages, an assessment including a three-dimension ultrasound scan, an endometrial biopsy for uterine immune profiling and a follow-up over at least 6 months with personalized care if indicated after the complete assessment. We defined as a success if the patients had a live birth after the suggested plan, as a failure if the patient either did not get pregnant or experienced a new miscarriage after the targeted therapies. Results Uterine immune profiling was the only exploration to be significantly associated with a higher live birth rate (LBR) if a dysregulation was identified and treated accordingly (55% vs 45%, p=0.01). On the contrary, an absence of local dysregulation (resulting in an apparently balanced immune environment) was associated with a higher risk of a new miscarriage, suggesting that the cause inducing RPL still needed to be identified. Independently of age and AMH level, dysregulated immune profile is significatively associated with 3 times higher LBR than a non-deregulated profile (OR=3.4 CI 95%1.27-9.84) or five times in case of an overactive profile treated by immunotherapy (OR=5 CI 95% 1.65-16.5). The usage of ART was significantly associated with lower LBR regardless of the presence of a subfertility factor (p=0.012). Personalization of medical care using natural cycle or simple hormonal stimulation is associated with a significantly higher LBR than personalization including ART treatments regardless of maternal age and AMH level (OR= 2.9 CI 95% 1.03-8.88). Conclusion Our study suggests that some endometrial immune profiles with targeted management of RPL are associated with a higher rate of LBR. ART may be negatively associated with LBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryam Cheloufi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne Université, FHU PREMA, Paris, France
| | - Alaa Kazhalawi
- MatriceLAB Innove SARL, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Anne Pinton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne Université, FHU PREMA, Paris, France
| | | | - Lucie Chevrier
- MatriceLAB Innove SARL, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Laura Prat-Ellenberg
- Centre d'Assistance Médical á la Procréation Bluets-Drouot, Hôpital Les Bluets, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Michel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne Université, FHU PREMA, Paris, France.,Centre d'Assistance Médical á la Procréation Bluets-Drouot, Hôpital Les Bluets, Paris, France
| | - Geraldine Dray
- Centre d'Assistance Médical á la Procréation Bluets-Drouot, Hôpital Les Bluets, Paris, France
| | - Arsène Mekinian
- Hôpital Saint-Antoine Groupe Hospitalier AP-HP, Sorbonne Université (Paris), Paris, France
| | - Gilles Kayem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne Université, FHU PREMA, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Lédée
- MatriceLAB Innove SARL, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre d'Assistance Médical á la Procréation Bluets-Drouot, Hôpital Les Bluets, Paris, France
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7
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Lédée N, Petitbarat M, Prat-Ellenberg L, Dray G, Cassuto GN, Chevrier L, Kazhalawi A, Vezmar K, Chaouat G. The uterine immune profile: A method for individualizing the management of women who have failed to implant an embryo after IVF/ICSI. J Reprod Immunol 2020; 142:103207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Polić A, Običan SG. Pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1115-1125. [PMID: 32902202 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic illness that often affects women of reproductive age. The objectives of this article are to review the impact of SLE on pregnancy and current management strategies, including commonly used therapies. METHODS We conducted a review of available literature on the clinical course of SLE, diagnosis, management and pregnancy complications. RESULTS SLE has a variable clinical course characterized by flares and periods of remission and can present unique challenges in the management of obstetric patients. Pregnancy in patients with SLE is associated with multiple risks, including fetal loss, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and hypertensive disease. With advancements in disease treatment, many women have favorable pregnancy outcomes, but appropriate preconception counseling and disease management remain important tools in reducing complications. CONCLUSION Given the implications SLE can have on women of reproductive age and in pregnancy, understanding the disease course and management is important in order to optimize pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Polić
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah G Običan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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9
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Lédée N, Petitbarat M, Prat-Ellenberg L, Dray G, Cassuto GN, Chevrier L, Kazhalawi A, Vezmar K, Chaouat G. Endometrial Immune Profiling: A Method to Design Personalized Care in Assisted Reproductive Medicine. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1032. [PMID: 32582163 PMCID: PMC7287127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess the efficiency of the endometrial immune profiling as a method to design personalized care to enhance the pregnancy rate in a large heterogeneous infertile population. We hypothesized that some reproductive failures could be induced by a uterine immune dysregulation which could be identified and corrected with a targeted plan. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Multicentric study. Intervention(s) and Main outcome measure(s): One thousand and seven hundred thirty-eight infertile patients had an immune profiling on a timed endometrial biopsy between 2012 and 2018. This test documented the absence or the presence of an endometrial immune dysregulation and identified its type. In case of dysregulation, a targeted personalized plan was suggested to the treating clinician aiming to supply the anomaly. One year after the test, the clinician was contacted to provide the outcome of the subsequent embryo transfer with the applied suggested plan. Result(s): After testing, 16.5% of the patients showed no endometrial immune dysregulation, 28% had a local immune under-activation, 45% had a local immune over-activation, and 10.5% had a mixed endometrial immune profile. In patients with a history of repeated implantation failures (RIF) or recurrent miscarriages (RM), the pregnancy rate was significantly higher if an endometrial dysregulation was found and the personalized plan applied, compared to the patients with an apparent balanced immune profile (respectively 37.7 and 56% vs. 26.9 and 24%, p < 0.001). In contrast, in good prognosis IVF (in vitro fertilization) subgroup and patients using donor eggs, this difference was not significant between dysregulated and balanced subgroups, but higher pregnancy rates were observed in absence of dysregulation. For patients with immune over-activation, pregnancy rates were significantly higher for patients who had a test of sensitivity, regarding the type of immunotherapy introduced, when compared to the ones who did not (51 vs. 39.9%, p = 0.012). Conclusion(s): Local endometrial immunity appears to be a new and important parameter able to influence the prognosis of pregnancy. Targeted medical care in case of local immune dysregulation resulted in significantly higher pregnancy rates in RIF and RM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lédée
- MatriceLAB Innove, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre d'Assistance Médicale à la Procréation, Hôpital des Bluets, Paris, France
| | - Marie Petitbarat
- MatriceLAB Innove, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Laura Prat-Ellenberg
- Centre d'Assistance Médicale à la Procréation, Hôpital des Bluets, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Dray
- Centre d'Assistance Médicale à la Procréation, Hôpital des Bluets, Paris, France
| | - Guy N Cassuto
- Centre d'Assistance Médicale à la Procréation, Hôpital des Bluets, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Drouot, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Chevrier
- MatriceLAB Innove, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Alaa Kazhalawi
- MatriceLAB Innove, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Katia Vezmar
- MatriceLAB Innove, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Eckenstein M, Thomas AA. Benign and malignant tumors of the central nervous system and pregnancy. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 172:241-258. [PMID: 32768091 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64240-0.00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are rare entities, typically affecting the very young or the very old, but span a spectrum of disease that may present in any age group. Women of reproductive age are more likely to be affected by benign tumors, including pituitary adenomas and meningiomas, and aggressive intracranial malignancies, such as brain metastases and glioblastoma, rarely present in pregnancy. Definitive management of CNS tumors may involve multimodal therapy, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, and each of these treatments carries risk to the mother and developing fetus. CNS tumors often present with challenging and morbid symptoms such as headache and seizure, which need to be managed throughout a pregnancy. Decisions about timing treatment during pregnancy or delaying until after delivery, continuing or electively terminating a pregnancy, and future family planning and fertility are complex and require a multidisciplinary care team to evaluate the implications to both mother and baby. There are no guidelines or consensus recommendations regarding brain tumor management in pregnancy, and thus, individual treatment decisions are made by the care team based on experiential evidence, extrapolation of guidelines for nonpregnant patients, and patient values and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Eckenstein
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Alissa A Thomas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States.
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Cai E, Czuzoj-Shulman N, Abenhaim HA. Maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnancies with long-term corticosteroid use. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:1797-1804. [PMID: 31429349 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1649392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Long-term corticosteroids are administered in pregnant patients with an array of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Our objective is to determine whether long-term corticosteroid use is associated with increased maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project-national Inpatient Sample from the USA. All pregnant patients on long-term corticosteroids were identified using International Classification of Disease-9 coding from 2003 to 2015. The effect of long-term corticosteroid use on maternal and neonatal outcomes was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Out of the 10,491,798 births included in our study, 3999 were among women with long-term use of steroids, for an overall prevalence of 38 per 100,000 births. There was a steady increase in chronic steroid use from 2 to 81 per 100,000 births over the 13-year study period (p < .0001). Women on long-term steroids were more likely to have pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia, 1.72 (1.30-2.29) and were at greater risk of preterm premature rupture of membranes, 1.63 (1.01-2.44), pyelonephritis, 4.81 (1.18-19.61), and venous thromboembolisms, 2.50 (1.32-4.73). Neonates born from mothers on long-term steroids were more likely to suffer from prematurity, 1.51 (1.13-2.05), and lower weight for gestational age, 2.10 (1.34-3.30). CONCLUSION Long-term corticosteroids use in pregnancy is associated with maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. These patients would benefit from close follow-up throughout their pregnancy to minimize complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicholas Czuzoj-Shulman
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Haim A Abenhaim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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12
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ACOG Committee Opinion No. 776: Immune Modulating Therapies in Pregnancy and Lactation. Obstet Gynecol 2019; 133:e287-e295. [DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Jevjdovic T, Dakic T, Kopanja S, Lakic I, Vujovic P, Jasnic N, Djordjevic J. Sex-Related Effects of Prenatal Stress on Region-Specific Expression of Monoamine Oxidase A and β Adrenergic Receptors in Rat Hearts. Arq Bras Cardiol 2018; 112:67-75. [PMID: 30569948 PMCID: PMC6317614 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20190001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal stress may increase risk of developing cardiovascular disorders in adulthood. The cardiotoxic effects of catecholamines are mediated via prolonged adrenergic receptor stimulation and increased oxidative stress upon their degradation by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). OBJECTIVES We investigated long-term effects of prenatal stress on β (1, 2, 3) adrenergic receptors and MAO-A gene expression in the hearts of adult rat offspring. METHODS Pregnant rats were exposed to unpredictable mild stress during the third week of gestation. RNA was isolated from left ventricular apex and base of adult offspring. Quantitative PCR was used to measure gene expression in collected ventricular tissue samples. The level of significance was set to p < 0.05. RESULTS β3 adrenergic receptor mRNA was undetectable in rat left ventricle. β1 adrenergic receptor was the predominantly expressed subtype at the apical and basal left ventricular myocardium in the control females. Male offspring from unstressed mothers displayed higher apical cardiac β1 than β2 adrenergic receptor mRNA levels. However, β1 and β2 adrenergic receptor mRNAs were similarly expressed at the ventricular basal myocardium in males. Unlike males, prenatally stressed females exhibited decreased β1 adrenergic receptor mRNA expression at the apical myocardium. Prenatal stress did not affect cardiac MAO-A gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results show that prenatal stress may have exerted region- and sex-specific β1 and β2 adrenergic receptor expression patterns within the left ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Jevjdovic
- Faculty of Biology - University of Belgrade, Belgrado - Sérvia
| | - Tamara Dakic
- Faculty of Biology - University of Belgrade, Belgrado - Sérvia
| | - Sonja Kopanja
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine - Medical University of Vienna, Viena - Áustria
| | - Iva Lakic
- Faculty of Biology - University of Belgrade, Belgrado - Sérvia
| | - Predrag Vujovic
- Faculty of Biology - University of Belgrade, Belgrado - Sérvia
| | - Nebojsa Jasnic
- Faculty of Biology - University of Belgrade, Belgrado - Sérvia
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Impact of prednisone in patients with repeated embryo implantation failures: Beneficial or deleterious? J Reprod Immunol 2018; 127:11-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Hay S, Burchett S, Odejide O, Cataltepe S. Septic Episodes in a Premature Infant After In Utero Exposure to Rituximab. Pediatrics 2017; 140:peds.2016-2819. [PMID: 28768852 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rituximab is an increasingly used immunotherapeutic agent for women of reproductive age for treatment of autoimmune diseases, leukemias, and lymphomas. Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that targets B-cell surface antigen CD20 and can cross the placenta. Current evidence of the impact of this medication on the developing fetus is limited, but there is little to suggest that fetal exposure to this medication places an infant at increased risk of immunosuppression and subsequent infection. Here we report a case of in utero rituximab exposure that was associated with 2 severe septic episodes with Enterococcus faecalis, in a premature infant of 29 weeks' gestational age with a birth weight of 820 g. The patient had a critically depressed B-lymphocyte subset of 10% and undetectable immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgM, and IgA levels at 37 weeks' postmenstrual age. Interestingly, both episodes of sepsis coincided with transition from donor human milk to formula feeds. She was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, antibiotics, and donor human milk. We postulate that placental transfer of rituximab, prematurity, and the low levels of protective maternal antibodies increased the susceptibility of this patient to sepsis by E faecalis, a resident of the normal gut flora, whereas the secretory IgA in donor human milk may have played a protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hay
- Divisions of Newborn Medicine and .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sandra Burchett
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Infectious Disease, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Oreofe Odejide
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Sule Cataltepe
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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16
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Schneiderman M, Czuzoj-Shulman N, Spence AR, Abenhaim HA. Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies in women with Addison's disease: a population-based cohort study on 7.7 million births. BJOG 2016; 124:1772-1779. [PMID: 27981742 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess if pregnancies among women with Addison's disease (AD) are at higher risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. DESIGN Population-based retrospective cohort study. SETTING/POPULATION All births in the United States' Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project-Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2003 to 2011. METHODS Baseline characteristics were compared between women with AD and those without, and prevalence over time was measured. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of AD on maternal and neonatal outcomes by calculating the crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS We calculated a prevalence of AD in pregnancy of 5.5/100 000, increasing from 5.6 to 9.6/100 000 (P = 0.0001) over the 9-year study period. Compared with women without AD, women with AD were more likely to deliver preterm (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.16-1.95), deliver by caesarean section (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.08-1.61), have impaired wound healing (OR 4.28, 95% CI 2.55-7.18), develop infections (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.66-3.58) and develop thromboembolism (OR 5.21, 95% CI 2.15-12.63), require transfusions (OR 6.69, 95% CI 4.69-9.54), and have prolonged postpartum hospital admissions (OR 5.71, 95% CI 4.37-7.47). Maternal mortality was significantly higher than in the comparison group (OR 22.30, 95% CI 6.82-72.96). Congenital anomalies (OR 3.62, 95% CI 2.05-6.39) and small-for-gestational age infants (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.15-2.75) were more likely in these pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS Addison's disease significantly increases the risk of severe adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, so pregnant women with AD are best managed in tertiary-care centres. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Pregnancies complicated by Addison's disease have an increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schneiderman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - N Czuzoj-Shulman
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A R Spence
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - H A Abenhaim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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17
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How age, sex and genotype shape the stress response. Neurobiol Stress 2016; 6:44-56. [PMID: 28229108 PMCID: PMC5314441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to chronic stress is a leading pre-disposing factor for several neuropsychiatric disorders as it often leads to maladaptive responses. The response to stressful events is heterogeneous, underpinning a wide spectrum of distinct changes amongst stress-exposed individuals'. Several factors can underlie a different perception to stressors and the setting of distinct coping strategies that will lead to individual differences on the susceptibility/resistance to stress. Beyond the factors related to the stressor itself, such as intensity, duration or predictability, there are factors intrinsic to the individuals that are relevant to shape the stress response, such as age, sex and genetics. In this review, we examine the contribution of such intrinsic factors to the modulation of the stress response based on experimental rodent models of response to stress and discuss to what extent that knowledge can be potentially translated to humans. Effect of age in the stress response. Effect of sex in the stress response. Effect of genotype in the stress response.
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18
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Ozmen A, Unek G, Kipmen-Korgun D, Mendilcioglu I, Sanhal C, Sakıncı M, Korgun ET. Glucocorticoid effects on angiogenesis are associated with mTOR pathway activity. Biotech Histochem 2016; 91:296-306. [PMID: 27007885 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2016.1161234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) often are administered during pregnancy, but despite their widespread use in clinical practice, it remains uncertain how GC exposure affects pro-angiogenic factors and their receptors. We investigated the effects of GC on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PIGF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) protein and mRNA expressions and investigated the possible association of GC with the Akt/mTOR pathway. We incubated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with a synthetic GC, triamcinolone acetonide (TA). TA administration caused decreased cellular and soluble VEGF and VEGFR1 protein expressions and increased soluble VEGFR2 expression. VEGF, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 mRNA expressions were altered in a time and dose dependent manner. PIGF protein expression was unaffected by TA treatment, but PIGF mRNA expression decreased in a dose dependent manner after incubation for 48 and 72 h. Phospho-mTOR and phospho-Akt expressions were unaffected. Phospho-p70S6K and phospho-4EBP1 protein expressions and the vascular network forming capacity of HUVECs decreased in a dose dependent manner. We found that GC exert detrimental effects on angiogenesis by altering cellular and soluble angiogenic protein and mRNA levels, and vascular network forming capacities by the Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ozmen
- a Department of Histology , Embryology, Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey
| | - G Unek
- a Department of Histology , Embryology, Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey
| | - D Kipmen-Korgun
- b Department of Biochemistry , Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey
| | - I Mendilcioglu
- c Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey
| | - C Sanhal
- c Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey
| | - M Sakıncı
- c Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey
| | - E T Korgun
- a Department of Histology , Embryology, Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey
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19
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Lédée N, Petitbarat M, Chevrier L, Vitoux D, Vezmar K, Rahmati M, Dubanchet S, Gahéry H, Bensussan A, Chaouat G. The Uterine Immune Profile May Help Women With Repeated Unexplained Embryo Implantation Failure After In Vitro Fertilization. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 75:388-401. [PMID: 26777262 PMCID: PMC4849202 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
LABELED PROBLEM Embryo implantation remains the main limiting factor in assisted reproductive medicine (20% success rate). METHODS OF STUDY An endometrial immune profiling was performed among 394 women with the previous history of repeated embryo implantation failures (RIF). The endometrial immune profile documented the ratio of IL-15/Fn-14 mRNA as a biomarker of uNK cell activation/maturation (together with the uNK cell count) and the IL-18/TWEAK mRNA ratio as a biomarker of both angiogenesis and the Th1/Th2 balance. According to their profile, we recommended personalized care to counteract the documented dysregulation and assessed its effects by the live birth rate (LBR) for the next embryo transfer. RESULTS Endometrial immune profiles appeared to be dysregulated in 81.7% of the RIF patients compared to control. Overactivation was diagnosed in 56.6% and low activation in 25%. The LBR among these dysregulated/treated patients at the first subsequent embryo transfer was 39.8%. CONCLUSION Endometrial immune profiling may improve our understanding of RIF and subsequent LBR if treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lédée
- MatriceLAB Innove SARLSaint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
- Research CenterInstitut National de Santé et de Recherche MédicaleINSERM UMR‐976Saint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
- Paris Diderot UniversityParisFrance
| | | | | | - Dominique Vitoux
- Plateforme de Diagnostic Biologique Automatisé AP‐HPSaint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
| | - Katia Vezmar
- MatriceLAB Innove SARLSaint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
| | - Mona Rahmati
- Research CenterInstitut National de Santé et de Recherche MédicaleINSERM UMR‐976Saint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
- Paris Diderot UniversityParisFrance
| | - Sylvie Dubanchet
- Research CenterInstitut National de Santé et de Recherche MédicaleINSERM UMR‐976Saint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
- Paris Diderot UniversityParisFrance
| | - Hanne Gahéry
- Research CenterInstitut National de Santé et de Recherche MédicaleINSERM UMR‐976Saint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
- Paris Diderot UniversityParisFrance
| | - Armand Bensussan
- Research CenterInstitut National de Santé et de Recherche MédicaleINSERM UMR‐976Saint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
- Paris Diderot UniversityParisFrance
| | - Gerard Chaouat
- Research CenterInstitut National de Santé et de Recherche MédicaleINSERM UMR‐976Saint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
- Paris Diderot UniversityParisFrance
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20
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Pregnancy Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Immune Tolerance in Pregnancy and Its Deficiency in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus--An Immunological Dilemma. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:241547. [PMID: 26090485 PMCID: PMC4451247 DOI: 10.1155/2015/241547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a physiological condition that requires immune tolerance to the product of conception. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease with well-represented immune mechanisms that disturb immune tolerance. The association of pregnancy with systemic lupus erythematosus creates a particular immune environment in which the immune tolerance specific of pregnancy is required to coexist with alterations of the immune system caused by SLE. The main role is played by T regulatory (Treg) cells, which attempt to regulate and adapt the immune system of the mother to the new conditions of pregnancy. Other components of the immune system also participate to maintain maternal-fetal immune tolerance. If the immune system of pregnant women with SLE is not able to maintain maternal immune tolerance to the fetus, pregnancy complications (miscarriage, fetal hypotrophy, and preterm birth) or maternal complications (preeclampsia or activation of SLE, especially in conditions of lupus nephritis) may occur. In certain situations this can be responsible for neonatal lupus. At the same time, it must be noted that during pregnancy, the immune system is able to achieve immune tolerance while maintaining the anti-infectious immune capacity of the mother. Immunological monitoring of pregnancy during SLE, as well as of the mother's disease, is required. It is important to understand immune tolerance to grafts in transplant pathology.
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21
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Vesce F, Giugliano E, Bignardi S, Cagnazzo E, Colamussi C, Marci R, Valente N, Seraceni S, Maritati M, Contini C. Vaginal lactoferrin administration before genetic amniocentesis decreases amniotic interleukin-6 levels. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2014; 77:245-9. [PMID: 24642648 DOI: 10.1159/000358877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To verify the eventual efficacy of lactoferrin (LF), an iron-binding glycoprotein, to decrease the amniotic concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6). METHODS We prospectively enrolled 60 Caucasian patients at the 16th week of their singleton physiological gestation. A vaginal compound containing 300 mg of LF was administered randomly 4 or 12 h prior to amniocentesis, as to obtain 3 groups: A, 20 untreated patients; B, 20 treated 4 h before amniocentesis; C, 20 treated 12 h before amniocentesis. RESULTS A normal karyotype was registered in all cases. The comparison of the distribution of IL-6 among the 3 groups showed a highly significant difference (p = 0.001). The difference between mean values of group B and both groups C and A was shown to be highly significant (p = 0.006 and p = 0.03, respectively). In contrast, there was no significant difference between mean values of groups A and C. CONCLUSION Vaginal LF administration decreases amniotic IL-6 concentration. We therefore suggest that the glycoprotein may exert a protective role against ominous pregnancy complications linked to an increased level of the cytokine, such as abortion secondary to amniocentesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortunato Vesce
- Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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22
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Braun T, Challis JR, Newnham JP, Sloboda DM. Early-life glucocorticoid exposure: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, placental function, and long-term disease risk. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:885-916. [PMID: 23970762 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An adverse early-life environment is associated with long-term disease consequences. Adversity early in life is hypothesized to elicit developmental adaptations that serve to improve fetal and postnatal survival and prepare the organism for a particular range of postnatal environments. These processes, although adaptive in their nature, may later prove to be maladaptive or disadvantageous if the prenatal and postnatal environments are widely discrepant. The exposure of the fetus to elevated levels of either endogenous or synthetic glucocorticoids is one model of early-life adversity that contributes substantially to the propensity of developing disease. Moreover, early-life glucocorticoid exposure has direct clinical relevance because synthetic glucocorticoids are routinely used in the management of women at risk of early preterm birth. In this regard, reports of adverse events in human newborns have raised concerns about the safety of glucocorticoid treatment; synthetic glucocorticoids have detrimental effects on fetal growth and development, childhood cognition, and long-term behavioral outcomes. Experimental evidence supports a link between prenatal exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids and alterations in fetal development and changes in placental function, and many of these alterations appear to be permanent. Because the placenta is the conduit between the maternal and fetal environments, it is likely that placental function plays a key role in mediating effects of fetal glucocorticoid exposure on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis development and long-term disease risk. Here we review recent insights into how the placenta responds to changes in the intrauterine glucocorticoid environment and discuss possible mechanisms by which the placenta mediates fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal development, metabolism, cardiovascular function, and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Braun
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, 1280 Main Street West, HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1.
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23
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Lo JO, Kerns E, Rueda J, Marshall NE. Minimal change disease in pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 27:1282-4. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.852178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Effects of glucocorticoids on cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) expression in isolated human placental trophoblast. J Appl Biomed 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-012-0022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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