1
|
Gandhi S, Shastri DH, Shah J, Nair AB, Jacob S. Nasal Delivery to the Brain: Harnessing Nanoparticles for Effective Drug Transport. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:481. [PMID: 38675142 PMCID: PMC11055100 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The nose-to-brain drug-delivery system has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome the challenges associated with conventional drug administration for central nervous system disorders. This emerging field is driven by the anatomical advantages of the nasal route, enabling the direct transport of drugs from the nasal cavity to the brain, thereby circumventing the blood-brain barrier. This review highlights the significance of the anatomical features of the nasal cavity, emphasizing its high permeability and rich blood supply that facilitate rapid drug absorption and onset of action, rendering it a promising domain for neurological therapeutics. Exploring recent developments and innovations in different nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and nanogels unveils their diverse functions in improving drug-delivery efficiency and targeting specificity within this system. To minimize the potential risk of nanoparticle-induced toxicity in the nasal mucosa, this article also delves into the latest advancements in the formulation strategies commonly involving surface modifications, incorporating cutting-edge materials, the adjustment of particle properties, and the development of novel formulations to improve drug stability, release kinetics, and targeting specificity. These approaches aim to enhance drug absorption while minimizing adverse effects. These strategies hold the potential to catalyze the advancement of safer and more efficient nose-to-brain drug-delivery systems, consequently revolutionizing treatments for neurological disorders. This review provides a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical-industry professionals seeking to advance the development of effective and safe therapies for central nervous system disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Gandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, K. B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, A Constituent College of Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Sarva Vidyalaya Kelavani Mandal, Gh-6, Sector-23, Kadi Campus, Gandhinagar 382023, Gujarat, India;
| | - Divyesh H. Shastri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, K. B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, A Constituent College of Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Sarva Vidyalaya Kelavani Mandal, Gh-6, Sector-23, Kadi Campus, Gandhinagar 382023, Gujarat, India;
| | - Jigar Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India;
| | - Anroop B. Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shery Jacob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, United Arab Emirates;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sastri KT, Gupta NV, M S, Chakraborty S, Kumar H, Chand P, Balamuralidhara V, Gowda D. Nanocarrier facilitated drug delivery to the brain through intranasal route: A promising approach to transcend bio-obstacles and alleviate neurodegenerative conditions. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
3
|
Lee D, Minko T. Nanotherapeutics for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery: An Approach to Bypass the Blood Brain Barrier. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122049. [PMID: 34959331 PMCID: PMC8704573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders has always been a significant challenge. The nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the penetration of therapeutic molecules to the brain after oral or parenteral administration, which, in combination with hepatic metabolism and drug elimination and inactivation during its journey in the systemic circulation, decreases the efficacy of the treatment, requires high drug doses and often induces adverse side effects. Nose-to-brain drug delivery allows the direct transport of therapeutic molecules by bypassing the BBB and increases drug concentration in the brain. The present review describes mechanisms of nose-to-brain drug delivery and discusses recent advances in this area with especial emphasis on nanotechnology-based approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-848-445-6348
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thangudu S, Cheng FY, Su CH. Advancements in the Blood-Brain Barrier Penetrating Nanoplatforms for Brain Related Disease Diagnostics and Therapeutic Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3055. [PMID: 33419339 PMCID: PMC7766280 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive treatments to treat the brain-related disorders have been paying more significant attention and it is an emerging topic. However, overcoming the blood brain barrier (BBB) is a key obstacle to most of the therapeutic drugs to enter into the brain tissue, which significantly results in lower accumulation of therapeutic drugs in the brain. Thus, administering the large quantity/doses of drugs raises more concerns of adverse side effects. Nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery systems are seen as potential means of enhancing drug transport across the BBB and to targeted brain tissue. These systems offer more accumulation of therapeutic drugs at the tumor site and prolong circulation time in the blood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and advancements on various nanoplatforms (NF) and discusses the use of nanoparticles for successful cross of BBB to treat the brain-related disorders such as brain tumors, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Thangudu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
| | - Fong-Yu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 111, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Su
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bahadur S, Sachan N, Harwansh RK, Deshmukh R. Nanoparticlized System: Promising Approach for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease through Intranasal Delivery. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1331-1344. [PMID: 32160843 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200311131658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain problem and responsible for causing dementia in aged people. AD has become most common neurological disease in the elderly population worldwide and its treatment remains still challengeable. Therefore, there is a need of an efficient drug delivery system which can deliver the drug to the target site. Nasal drug delivery has been used since prehistoric times for the treatment of neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). For delivering drug to the brain, blood brain barrier (BBB) is a major rate limiting factor for the drugs. The desired drug concentration could not be achieved through the conventional drug delivery system. Thus, nanocarrier based drug delivery systems are promising for delivering drug to brain. Nasal route is a most convenient for targeting drug to the brain. Several factors and mechanisms need to be considered for an effective delivery of drug to the brain particularly AD. Various nanoparticlized systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, exosomes, phytosomes, nanoemulsion, nanosphere, etc. have been recognized as an effective drug delivery system for the management of AD. These nanocarriers have been proven with improved permeability as well as bioavailability of the anti-Alzheimer's drugs. Some novel drug delivery systems of anti-Alzheimer drugs are under investigation of different phase of clinical trials. Present article highlights on the nanotechnology based intranasal drug delivery system for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, consequences of AD, transportation mechanism, clinical updates and recent patents on nose to brain delivery for AD have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bahadur
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura - 281406, India
| | - Nidhi Sachan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida - 202301, India
| | - Ranjit K Harwansh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura - 281406, India
| | - Rohitas Deshmukh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura - 281406, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Antimicrobial Essential Oil Formulation: Chitosan Coated Nanoemulsions for Nose to Brain Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070678. [PMID: 32709076 PMCID: PMC7407154 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain infections as meningitis and encephalitis are attracting a great interest. Challenges in the treatment of these diseases are mainly represented by the blood brain barrier (BBB) that impairs the efficient delivery of even very potent drugs to reach the brain. The nose to the brain administration route, is a non-invasive alternative for a quick onset of action, and enables the transport of numerous medicinal agents straight to the brain thus workarounding the BBB through the highly vascularized olfactory region. In this report, Thymus vulgaris and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils (EOs) were selected to be included in chitosan coated nanoemulsions (NEs). The EOs were firstly analyzed to determine their chemical composition, then used to prepare NEs, that were deeply characterized in order to evaluate their use in intranasal administration. An in vitro evaluation against a collection of clinical isolated bacterial strains was carried out for both free and nanoemulsioned EOs. Chitosan coated NEs showed to be a potential and effective intranasal formulation against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria such as methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and multi-drug resistant Gram-negative microorganisms including carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Collapse
|
7
|
Phospholipid Vesicles for Dermal/Transdermal and Nasal Administration of Active Molecules: The Effect of Surfactants and Alcohols on the Fluidity of Their Lipid Bilayers and Penetration Enhancement Properties. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25132959. [PMID: 32605117 PMCID: PMC7412180 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25132959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a comprehensive review on the use of phospholipid nanovesicles for dermal/transdermal and nasal drug administration. Phospholipid-based vesicular carriers have been widely investigated for enhanced drug delivery via dermal/transdermal routes. Classic phospholipid vesicles, liposomes, do not penetrate the deep layers of the skin, but remain confined to the upper stratum corneum. The literature describes several approaches with the aim of altering the properties of these vesicles to improve their penetration properties. Transfersomes and ethosomes are the most investigated penetration-enhancing phospholipid nanovesicles, obtained by the incorporation of surfactant edge activators and high concentrations of ethanol, respectively. These two types of vesicles differ in terms of their structure, characteristics, mechanism of action and mode of application on the skin. Edge activators contribute to the deformability and elasticity of transfersomes, enabling them to penetrate through pores much smaller than their own size. The ethanol high concentration in ethosomes generates a soft vesicle by fluidizing the phospholipid bilayers, allowing the vesicle to penetrate deeper into the skin. Glycerosomes and transethosomes, phospholipid vesicles containing glycerol or a mixture of ethanol and edge activators, respectively, are also covered. This review discusses the effects of edge activators, ethanol and glycerol on the phospholipid vesicle, emphasizing the differences between a soft and an elastic nanovesicle, and presents their different preparation methods. To date, these differences have not been comparatively discussed. The review presents a large number of active molecules incorporated in these carriers and investigated in vitro, in vivo or in clinical human tests.
Collapse
|
8
|
Salade L, Wauthoz N, Vermeersch M, Amighi K, Goole J. Chitosan-coated liposome dry-powder formulations loaded with ghrelin for nose-to-brain delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 129:257-266. [PMID: 29902517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The nose-to-brain delivery of ghrelin loaded in liposomes is a promising approach for the management of cachexia. It could limit the plasmatic degradation of ghrelin and provide direct access to the brain, where ghrelin's specific receptors are located. Anionic liposomes coated with chitosan in either a liquid or a dry-powder formulation were compared. The powder formulation showed stronger adhesion to mucins (89 ± 4% vs 61 ± 4%), higher ghrelin entrapment efficiency (64 ± 2% vs 55 ± 4%), higher enzymatic protection against trypsin (26 ± 2% vs 20 ± 3%) and lower ghrelin storage degradation at 25 °C (2.67 ± 1.1% vs 95.64 ± 0.85% after 4 weeks). The powder formulation was also placed in unit-dose system devices that were able to generate an appropriate aerosol characterized by a Dv50 of 38 ± 6 µm, a limited percentage of particles smaller than 10 µm of 4 ± 1% and a reproducible mass delivery (CV: 1.49%). In addition, the device was able to deposit a large amount of powder (52.04% w/w) in the olfactory zone of a 3D-printed nasal cast. The evaluated combination of the powder formulation and the device could provide a promising treatment for cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Salade
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie Wauthoz
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Karim Amighi
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Goole
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Surface-Modified Nanocarriers for Nose-to-Brain Delivery: From Bioadhesion to Targeting. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10010034. [PMID: 29543755 PMCID: PMC5874847 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of nasal drug delivery, nose-to-brain delivery is among the most fascinating applications, directly targeting the central nervous system, bypassing the blood brain barrier. Its benefits include dose lowering and direct brain distribution of potent drugs, ultimately reducing systemic side effects. Recently, nasal administration of insulin showed promising results in clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Nanomedicines could further contribute to making nose-to-brain delivery a reality. While not disregarding the need for devices enabling a formulation deposition in the nose’s upper part, surface modification of nanomedicines appears the key strategy to optimize drug delivery from the nasal cavity to the brain. In this review, nanomedicine delivery based on particle engineering exploiting surface electrostatic charges, mucoadhesive polymers, or chemical moieties targeting the nasal epithelium will be discussed and critically evaluated in relation to nose-to-brain delivery.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sherje AP, Londhe V. Development and Evaluation of pH-Responsive Cyclodextrin-Based in situ Gel of Paliperidone for Intranasal Delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:384-394. [PMID: 28748368 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0844-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paliperidone (PLPD) is approved for treatment and management of schizophrenia. The current study demonstrates the potential of in situ gel of PLPD for nasal delivery. The permeation of drug through sheep nasal mucosa was analyzed since the nose-to-brain pathway has been indicated for delivering drugs to the brain. The carbopol 934 (CP)- and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K4M (HPMC)-based in situ gels containing 0.2% CP and 0.4% w/v HPMC were optimized using experimental design software. The use of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) in nasal permeation of drug was investigated. Transmucosal permeation of PLPD was examined using sheep nasal mucosa. The in situ gels of PLPD exhibited satisfactory mucoadhesion and showed sustained drug release. The mucocilliary toxicity and histopathological examination confirmed that the nasal mucosa architecture remains unaffected after treatment with PLPD in situ gel. The formulation containing HP-β-CD complex of PLPD exhibited higher rate of drug permeation through sheep nasal mucosa revealing the role of HP-β-CD as nasal absorption enhancer. Thus, CP- and HPMC-based pH-triggered in situ gel containing HP-β-CD-drug inclusion complex demonstrates a novel nasal delivery of PLPD.
Collapse
|
11
|
Singh SK, Hidau MK, Gautam S, Gupta K, Singh KP, Singh SK, Singh S. Glycol chitosan functionalized asenapine nanostructured lipid carriers for targeted brain delivery: Pharmacokinetic and teratogenic assessment. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 108:1092-1100. [PMID: 29126941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Blood brain barrier (BBB) is a complex, tight barrier between endothelial cells of cerebral blood vessels. It acts as a physical barrier and provides access to only those moieties which are necessary for proper brain functioning. However, this selective prudence also acts as a hindrance in therapeutic targeting of brain necessitating pharmaceutical intervention. Intranasal drug delivery is one such approach which we have exploited here for targeted brain delivery of asenapine by glycol chitosan coated nanostructured lipid carrier (GC-ANLC). The best formulation was characterized for particle size (184.2±5.59nm), zeta potential (18.83±1.18mV), entrapment efficiency (83.52±2.59%) and surface morphology (spherical and smooth). In-vitro drug-release study showed that Higuchi model (r2=0.9938, AIC=52.94) dictated asenapine release from GC-ANLC. Cell compatibility study suggested biocompatibility of GC-ANLC with A549 cell line as well as nasal epithelial cell membrane. After intranasal delivery, Charles-Foster rats demonstrated approximately 2.3 and 4 fold higher systemic and brain bioavailability of GC-ANLC compared to asenapine solution (ASM). Embryo fetal toxicity study was further conducted to investigate the teratogenic effect of GC-ANLC. In conclusion, prepared GC-ANLC could be used as a promising drug carrier for delivery of asenapine via intranasal route with better pharmacokinetic and safety profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Hidau
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Shrikant Gautam
- Department of Zoology, Allahabad University, Allahabad, 211002, India
| | - Kiran Gupta
- Department of Zoology, Allahabad University, Allahabad, 211002, India
| | - Krishna Pal Singh
- Department of Zoology, Allahabad University, Allahabad, 211002, India
| | - Shio Kumar Singh
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rinaldi F, Hanieh PN, Longhi C, Carradori S, Secci D, Zengin G, Ammendolia MG, Mattia E, Del Favero E, Marianecci C, Carafa M. Neem oil nanoemulsions: characterisation and antioxidant activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:1265-1273. [PMID: 28965424 PMCID: PMC6009939 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1378190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work is to develop nanoemulsions (NEs), nanosized emulsions, manufactured for improving the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients. In particular, nanoemulsions composed of Neem seed oil, contain rich bioactive components, and Tween 20 as nonionic surfactant were prepared. A mean droplet size ranging from 10 to 100 nm was obtained by modulating the oil/surfactant ratio. Physicochemical characterisation was carried out evaluating size, ζ-potential, microviscosity, polarity and turbidity of the external shell and morphology, along with stability in simulated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), activity of Neem oil alone and in NEs, HEp-2 cell interaction and cytotoxicity studies. This study confirms the formation of NEs by Tween 20 and Neem oil at different weight ratios with small and homogenous dimensions. The antioxidant activity of Neem oil alone and in NEs was comparable, whereas its cytotoxicity was strongly reduced when loaded in NEs after interaction with HEp-2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rinaldi
- a Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza , Rome , Italy
| | - Patrizia Nadia Hanieh
- b Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , " Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Catia Longhi
- c Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica e Malattie infettive , " Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Simone Carradori
- d Dipartimento di Farmacia , "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Daniela Secci
- b Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , " Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- e Department of Biology , Selçuk Üniversitesi Alaeddin Keykubat Yerleşkesi , Konya , Turkey
| | - Maria Grazia Ammendolia
- f Centro nazionale per le tecnologie innovative in sanità pubblica , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Elena Mattia
- c Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica e Malattie infettive , " Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Elena Del Favero
- g Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale , University of Milan , Segrate , Italy
| | - Carlotta Marianecci
- b Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , " Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Maria Carafa
- b Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , " Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Marianecci C, Rinaldi F, Hanieh PN, Di Marzio L, Paolino D, Carafa M. Drug delivery in overcoming the blood-brain barrier: role of nasal mucosal grafting. Drug Des Devel Ther 2017; 11:325-335. [PMID: 28184152 PMCID: PMC5291459 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a fundamental role in protecting and maintaining the homeostasis of the brain. For this reason, drug delivery to the brain is much more difficult than that to other compartments of the body. In order to bypass or cross the BBB, many strategies have been developed: invasive techniques, such as temporary disruption of the BBB or direct intraventricular and intracerebral administration of the drug, as well as noninvasive techniques. Preliminary results, reported in the large number of studies on the potential strategies for brain delivery, are encouraging, but it is far too early to draw any conclusion about the actual use of these therapeutic approaches. Among the most recent, but still pioneering, approaches related to the nasal mucosa properties, the permeabilization of the BBB via nasal mucosal engrafting can offer new potential opportunities. It should be emphasized that this surgical procedure is quite invasive, but the implication for patient outcome needs to be compared to the gold standard of direct intracranial injection, and evaluated whilst keeping in mind that central nervous system diseases and lysosomal storage diseases are chronic and severely debilitating and that up to now no therapy seems to be completely successful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Marianecci
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Rinaldi
- Center for Life Nano Science@ Sapienza, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nadia Hanieh
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Di Marzio
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Donatella Paolino
- IRC FSH-Interregional Research Center for Food Safety & Health, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, University of Catanzaro “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, University of Catanzaro “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Carafa
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|