1
|
Harris J, Chipot C, Roux B. How is Membrane Permeation of Small Ionizable Molecules Affected by Protonation Kinetics? J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:795-811. [PMID: 38227958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
According to the pH-partition hypothesis, the aqueous solution adjacent to a membrane is a mixture of the ionization states of the permeating molecule at fixed Henderson-Hasselbalch concentrations, such that each state passes through the membrane in parallel with its own specific permeability. An alternative view, based on the assumption that the rate of switching ionization states is instantaneous, represents the permeation of ionizable molecules via an effective Boltzmann-weighted average potential (BWAP). Such an assumption is used in constant-pH molecular dynamics simulations. The inhomogeneous solubility-diffusion framework can be used to compute the pH-dependent membrane permeability for each of these two limiting treatments. With biased WTM-eABF molecular dynamics simulations, we computed the potential of mean force and diffusivity of each ionization state of two weakly basic small molecules: nicotine, an addictive drug, and varenicline, a therapeutic for treating nicotine addiction. At pH = 7, the BWAP effective permeability is greater than that determined by pH-partitioning by a factor of 2.5 for nicotine and 5 for varenicline. To assess the importance of ionization kinetics, we present a Smoluchowski master equation that includes explicitly the protonation and deprotonation processes coupled with the diffusive motion across the membrane. At pH = 7, the increase in permeability due to the explicit ionization kinetics is negligible for both nicotine and varenicline. This finding is reaffirmed by combined Brownian dynamics and Markov state model simulations for estimating the permeability of nicotine while allowing changes in its ionization state. We conclude that for these molecules the pH-partition hypothesis correctly captures the physics of the permeation process. The small free energy barriers for the permeation of nicotine and varenicline in their deprotonated neutral forms play a crucial role in establishing the validity of the pH-partitioning mechanism. Essentially, BWAP fails because ionization kinetics are too slow on the time scale of membrane crossing to affect the permeation of small ionizable molecules such as nicotine and varenicline. For the singly protonated state of nicotine, the computational results agree well with experimental measurements (P1 = 1.29 × 10-7 cm/s), but the agreement for neutral (P0 = 6.12 cm/s) and doubly protonated nicotine (P2 = 3.70 × 10-13 cm/s) is slightly worse, likely due to factors associated with the aqueous boundary layer (neutral form) or leaks through paracellular pathways (doubly protonated form).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Harris
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Christophe Chipot
- Laboratoire International Associé Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Unité Mixte de Recherche n◦7019, Université de Lorraine, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, Beckman Institute, and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Benoît Roux
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Modi D, Jonnalagadda S, Campbell GA, Dalwadi G. Enhancing Oil Solubility of BCS Class II Drug Phenytoin Through Hydrophobic Ion Pairing to Enable High Drug Load in Injectable Nanoemulsion to Prevent Precipitation at Physiological pH With a Potential to Prevent Phlebitis. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2427-2443. [PMID: 36958691 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the micellar titration of phenytoin (a weakly acidic drug) with cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (CTAH) to form a hydrophobic ion-pair to enhance oil solubility of phenytoin, followed by an effort to formulate nanoemulsion that could potentially prevent precipitation of phenytoin at physiological pH. The ion-pair formulated in nanoemulsion was evaluated for in vitro precipitation during serial dilution at physiological pH. The formation of ion-pair during titration was explained in context of pH-solubility data. The mathematical model successfully integrated ionization and micellization equilibria to reflect on dominant mechanisms for solubilization. The micellar phenomenon during titration was confirmed using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The phase changes of the excess undissolved solids during titration were evident from X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). This analysis confirmed the conversion of phenytoin into ionized state and its subsequent ionic interaction with CTAH forming hydrophobic ion-pair complex (HIP). The complete ion pair formation was evident at pHmax (8.8 to 9.2), and its 1:1 stoichiometry was confirmed using HPLC (Phenytoin and CTAH) and H1 NMR, hence could also be called as a lipophilic salt. The ion-pair (salt) was insoluble in water and showed remarkably high partition coefficient (log P) in octanol/water. As characterized by Hot Stage Microscopy (HSM), the melting point of the ion-pair complex was lowered to 150.8⁰C compared to the free acid (> 300οC), this was even further lowered to 81.1 °C when evaluated in castor oil. This led to approximately eight-fold higher solubility of hydrophobic ion pair (HIP) in castor oil compared to the free acid form. The high miscibility in castor oil was suitable to formulate a high drug load injectable dispersed system. This was successfully achieved with lecithin and polysorbate as emulsifiers without leaching drug into continuous phase at pH 7.4. This nanoemulsion (<300 nm, and > +30 mV zeta potential) remain stable when evaluated over a period of one month. A serial dilution study of the nanoemulsion was performed in PBS buffer, microscopic observations suggested no birefringence despite incubation at 25°C for several hours. This result indicated that Phenytoin remained strongly partitioned within dispersed oily phase with a higher drug loading when ion-paired phenytoin was used. The higher drug load could enable a small volume slow bolus injection to meet 50 mg/min or lower delivery rate criteria for Phenytoin in the clinical set up. This provided a pathway to further explore potential injectable nano-emulsion formulations that could alleviate typical phlebitis issue associated with the injectable phenytoin solution administration at physiological pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimple Modi
- GlaxoSmithKline, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Medicinal Science & Technology, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States; Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | | | - Gossett A Campbell
- GlaxoSmithKline, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Medicinal Science & Technology, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Gautam Dalwadi
- GlaxoSmithKline, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Medicinal Science & Technology, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saad MH, El-Moselhy TF, S El-Din N, Mehany ABM, Belal A, Abourehab MAS, Tawfik HO, El-Hamamsy MH. Discovery of new symmetrical and asymmetrical nitrile-containing 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives as dual kinases and P-glycoprotein inhibitors: synthesis, in vitro assays, and in silico studies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2489-2511. [PMID: 36093880 PMCID: PMC9481151 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2120478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new series of symmetric (1a-h) and asymmetric (2a-l) 1,4-DHP derivatives were designed, synthesised, and evaluated as anticancer agents. In vitro anticancer screening of target compounds via National cancer institute “NCI” revealed that analogues 1g, 2e, and 2l demonstrated antiproliferative action with mean growth inhibition percentage “GI%” = 41, 28, and 64, respectively. The reversal doxorubicin (DOX) effects of compounds 1g, 2e, and 2l were examined and illustrated better cytotoxic activity with IC50 =1.12, 3.64, and 3.57 µM, respectively. The most active anticancer analogues, 1g, 2e, and 2l, were inspected for their putative mechanism of action by estimating their epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), and Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitory activities. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of target compounds was assessed against six different pathogens, followed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration “MIC” values for the most active analogues. Molecular docking study was achieved to understand mode of interactions between selected inhibitors and different biological targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarek F El-Moselhy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nabaweya S El-Din
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed B M Mehany
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany Belal
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A S Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Haytham O Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mervat H El-Hamamsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mrsny RJ, Mahmood TA. Re-Assessing PK/PD Issues for Oral Protein and Peptide Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071006. [PMID: 34371698 PMCID: PMC8309183 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a lack of safe and effective oral delivery strategies for most protein and peptide therapeutics, pharmaceutical drug developers have focused on parenteral routes to administer these agents. Recent advances in delivery technologies have now shown clinical validation for a few of these biopharmaceuticals following oral administration. While these initial opportunities have provided more than just a glimmer of hope within the industry, there are important aspects of oral biopharmaceutical delivery that do not completely align with pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and pharmacodynamics (PD) outcomes that have been learned from parenteral administrations. This commentary examines some of these issues with the goal of presenting a rationale for re-assessing methods, models, and success criteria to better measure oral protein or peptide delivery outcomes related to PK/PD events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randall J. Mrsny
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Applied Molecular Transport Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Tahir A. Mahmood
- Applied Molecular Transport Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Singh SK, Rashid M, Bhalala K, Malik Y, Chaturvedi S, Raju KS, Sultana N, Mitra K, Gayen JR, Wahajuddin M. A novel nanosized phospholipid complex of Biochanin A for improving oral bioavailability: Preparation and in-vitro/in-vivo characterizations. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
6
|
Understanding polysorbate-compound interactions within the CMC region. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
7
|
Soltani M, Mash BL, Henseler J, Badri S, Zeller M, Salter EA, Wierzbicki A, Stenson AC, Davis JH. Unorthodox crystalline drug salts via the reaction of amine-containing drugs with CO 2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13546-13549. [PMID: 31647068 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06429j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Drugs containing amine groups react with CO2 to form crystalline ammonium carbamates or carbamic acids. In this approach, both the cation and anion of the salt, or the neutral CO2 adduct, are derived from the parent drug, generating new crystalline versions in a 'masked' or prodrug form. It is proposed that this approach may serve as a valuable new tool in engineering the physical properties of drugs for formulation purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Soltani
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA.
| | - Brandon L Mash
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Julian Henseler
- Department of Chemistry, Hochschule Aalen, 73430 Aalen, Germany
| | - Sharhzad Badri
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA.
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - E Alan Salter
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA.
| | - Andrzej Wierzbicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA.
| | - Alexandra C Stenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA.
| | - James H Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Giusto K, Patki M, Koya J, Ashby CR, Munnangi S, Patel K, Reznik SE. A vaginal nanoformulation of a SphK inhibitor attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm birth in mice. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2835-2851. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Previously, we have shown that inhibition of SphK by the SphK inhibitor-II (SKI II) prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm birth in mice. The aim of this study was to develop a vaginal self-nanoemulsifying drug-delivery system (SNEDDS) for SKI II. Materials & methods: A SKI II-loaded SNEDDS was characterized and tested in a murine preterm birth model. Results: The SNEDDS immediately formed a gel and then slowly emulsified to nanoglobules with over 500-fold enhancement of SKI II solubility at vaginal pH. Intravaginal administration of the SKI II SNEDDS significantly decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm birth in mice. Conclusion: A vaginal nanoformulation of SKI II represents a novel, noninvasive approach to prevent preterm birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten Giusto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Manali Patki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Jagadish Koya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Swapna Munnangi
- Department of Surgery, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY 11544, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Sandra E Reznik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
- Departments of Pathology, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| |
Collapse
|