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Yadav D, Sharma PK, Malviya R, Mishra PS, Surendra AV, Rao GSNK, Rani BR. Stimuli-responsive Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:981-999. [PMID: 37594093 DOI: 10.2174/1389201024666230818121821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of ''smart materials,'' or ''stimulus responsive'' materials, has proven useful in a variety of fields, including tissue engineering and medication delivery. Many factors, including temperature, pH, redox state, light, and magnetic fields, are being studied for their potential to affect a material's properties, interactions, structure, and/or dimensions. New tissue engineering and drug delivery methods are made possible by the ability of living systems to respond to both external stimuli and their own internal signals) for example, materials composed of stimuliresponsive polymers that self assemble or undergo phase transitions or morphology transformation. The researcher examines the potential of smart materials as controlled drug release vehicles in tissue engineering, aiming to enable the localized regeneration of injured tissue by delivering precisely dosed drugs at precisely timed intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prem Shankar Mishra
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - G S N Koteswara Rao
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy, NMIMS Deemed University, Mumbai, India
| | - Budha Roja Rani
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavathi Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, A.P., India
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2
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Arshad R, Razlansari M, Maryam Hosseinikhah S, Tiwari Pandey A, Ajalli N, Ezra Manicum AL, Thorat N, Rahdar A, Zhu Y, Tabish TA. Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of bio-inspired nanomaterials for wound healing applications. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103673. [PMID: 37331691 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds are ubiquitously inhabited by bacteria, and they remain a challenge as they cause significant discomfort and because their treatment consumes huge clinical resources. To reduce the burden that chronic wounds place upon both patients and health services, a wide variety of approaches have been devised and investigated. Bioinspired nanomaterials have shown great success in wound healing when compared to existing approaches, showing better ability to mimic natural extracellular matrix (ECM) components and thus to promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Wound dressings that are based on bioinspired nanomaterials can be engineered to promote anti-inflammatory mechanisms and to inhibit the formation of microbial biofilms. We consider the extensive potential of bioinspired nanomaterials in wound healing, revealing a scope beyond that covered previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Arshad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahtab Razlansari
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Hosseinikhah
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Narges Ajalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amanda-Lee Ezra Manicum
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology (Arcadia Campus), Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Nanasaheb Thorat
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, John Radcliffe Hospital, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Tanveer A Tabish
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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Lavrentev FV, Shilovskikh VV, Alabusheva VS, Yurova VY, Nikitina AA, Ulasevich SA, Skorb EV. Diffusion-Limited Processes in Hydrogels with Chosen Applications from Drug Delivery to Electronic Components. Molecules 2023; 28:5931. [PMID: 37570901 PMCID: PMC10421015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffusion is one of the key nature processes which plays an important role in respiration, digestion, and nutrient transport in cells. In this regard, the present article aims to review various diffusion approaches used to fabricate different functional materials based on hydrogels, unique examples of materials that control diffusion. They have found applications in fields such as drug encapsulation and delivery, nutrient delivery in agriculture, developing materials for regenerative medicine, and creating stimuli-responsive materials in soft robotics and microrobotics. In addition, mechanisms of release and drug diffusion kinetics as key tools for material design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipp V. Lavrentev
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.A.); (V.Y.Y.); (A.A.N.); (S.A.U.)
| | - Vladimir V. Shilovskikh
- Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Materials “SmartTextiles”, IRC–X-ray Coherent Optics, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia;
| | - Varvara S. Alabusheva
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.A.); (V.Y.Y.); (A.A.N.); (S.A.U.)
| | - Veronika Yu. Yurova
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.A.); (V.Y.Y.); (A.A.N.); (S.A.U.)
| | - Anna A. Nikitina
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.A.); (V.Y.Y.); (A.A.N.); (S.A.U.)
| | - Sviatlana A. Ulasevich
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.A.); (V.Y.Y.); (A.A.N.); (S.A.U.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Skorb
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.A.); (V.Y.Y.); (A.A.N.); (S.A.U.)
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4
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Abdelmoneim D, Porter G, Duncan W, Lim K, Easingwood R, Woodfield T, Coates D. Three-Dimensional Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Properties of Alpha Lipoic Acid-Capped Silver Nanoparticle Constructs for Oral Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:705. [PMID: 36839073 PMCID: PMC9958703 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to develop bifunctional scaffolds that provide antibacterial protection while encouraging host cell attachment/proliferation. This study evaluates HyStem®-C, and photo-cross-linked GelMA hydrogels for encapsulation and stabilisation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). We studied the behaviour of AgNPs and matrix interactions within both hydrogel systems. The cell viability of encapsulated human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) was determined by Prestoblue® assay and live/dead staining. The release of AgNPs was monitored by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. The antibacterial properties of the GelMA-AgNP constructs were determined using disc diffusion. Even distribution of AgNPs in GelMA induced a significant decrease in cell viability (p < 0.0001), whereas AgNP aggregates did not induce cytotoxicity in HyStem®-C. AgNPs doses ≥ 0.5 µg/mL in GelMA were significantly toxic to the HGFs (p < 0.0001). The release of AgNPs from GelMA after 48 h was 20% w/w for 0.1 µg/mL and 51% for 100 µg/mL of AgNPs. At ≥5 µg/mL, a significant intra-construct bactericidal effect was observed. The disc diffusion assay shows that GelMA-incorporated AgNPs were found to be effective against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at 50 and 100 µg/mL, respectively. Visible photo-cross-linked GelMA stably incorporated AgNPs to provide an antimicrobial regenerative construct for oral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Abdelmoneim
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9010, New Zealand
| | - Gemma Porter
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9010, New Zealand
| | - Warwick Duncan
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9010, New Zealand
| | - Khoon Lim
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Richard Easingwood
- Otago Micro and Nanoscale Imaging, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Tim Woodfield
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Dawn Coates
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9010, New Zealand
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Leung KS, Shirazi S, Cooper LF, Ravindran S. Biomaterials and Extracellular Vesicle Delivery: Current Status, Applications and Challenges. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182851. [PMID: 36139426 PMCID: PMC9497093 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will discuss the current status of extracellular vesicle (EV) delivery via biopolymeric scaffolds for therapeutic applications and the challenges associated with the development of these functionalized scaffolds. EVs are cell-derived membranous structures and are involved in many physiological processes. Naïve and engineered EVs have much therapeutic potential, but proper delivery systems are required to prevent non-specific and off-target effects. Targeted and site-specific delivery using polymeric scaffolds can address these limitations. EV delivery with scaffolds has shown improvements in tissue remodeling, wound healing, bone healing, immunomodulation, and vascular performance. Thus, EV delivery via biopolymeric scaffolds is becoming an increasingly popular approach to tissue engineering. Although there are many types of natural and synthetic biopolymers, the overarching goal for many tissue engineers is to utilize biopolymers to restore defects and function as well as support host regeneration. Functionalizing biopolymers by incorporating EVs works toward this goal. Throughout this review, we will characterize extracellular vesicles, examine various biopolymers as a vehicle for EV delivery for therapeutic purposes, potential mechanisms by which EVs exert their effects, EV delivery for tissue repair and immunomodulation, and the challenges associated with the use of EVs in scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey S. Leung
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sajjad Shirazi
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lyndon F. Cooper
- School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Sriram Ravindran
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence:
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Sunlight induced synthesis of silver nanoparticles on cellulose for the preparation of antimicrobial textiles. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2022.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Yang M, Zhang M, Wang Y, Li Y, Han W, Dang X. Silver Nanoparticle-Loaded Gelatin-Based Nanocomposite Films toward Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Antibacterial Activity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2193-2201. [PMID: 35438952 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin (GH) is a natural polymer material with unique physical, chemical, and biological properties that render it a good base material for biomedical material production. Herein, Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were loaded onto a waterborne polyurethane-GH composite (WPU-g-GH) to prepare a GH-based nanocomposite (AgNP/WPU-g-GH) films). The prepared nanocomposite films were characterized using several analyses including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission emission microscopy, mechanical strength tests, and other analyses. The results demonstrated that the nanocomposite films had high mechanical strength, good thermal stability, and controllable biodegradability. In particular, when the AgNP loading content was 0.03%, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and average particle size of the nanocomposite film reached 45.13 MPa, 476.04%, and 13.02978 ± 1.64406 nm, respectively. Disk diffusion and cytotoxicity analyses revealed that the nanocomposite films exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria without affecting the cell viability of fibroblasts. These findings indicate that the nanocomposite films with high mechanical strength and antibacterial activity could be used for wound management, tissue adhesion, and biomaterial surface coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yanchun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wenjia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xugang Dang
- Institute for Biomass and Function Materials & College of Bioresources Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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8
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Can nanomaterials support the diagnosis and treatment of human infertility? A preliminary review. Life Sci 2022; 299:120539. [PMID: 35390438 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human infertilities are disorders that afflict many people all over the world. Both male and female reproductive systems must work together in a precise and coordinated manner and infertility has a wide range of problems for this system. Recent advances in nanomedicine immensely helped design the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to alleviate human infertility in both sexes. Nanoscience has recently been used by researchers to increase the detection limit of infertility-related biomarkers via fabricating sensitive nanobiosensors for detecting follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), progesterone, and testosterone. At the same time, a variety of nanostructures, including magnetic nanoparticles (i.e., zinc nanoparticles, cerium nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles), nano-vitamins, extracellular vesicles, and spermbots, have shown promising outcomes in the treatment of human infertilities. Despite recent advancements, some nanostructures might have toxic effects on cells, especially germ cells, and must be optimized with the right ingredients, such as antioxidants, nutrients, and vitamins, to obtain the right strategy to treat and detect human infertilities. This review presents recent developments in nanotechnology regarding impairments still faced by human infertility. New perspectives for further use of nanotechnology in reproductive medicine studies are also discussed. In conclusion, nanotechnology, as a tool for reproductive medicine, has been considered to help overcome current impairments.
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Wang Y, Chu X, Sun Y, Teng P, Xia T, Chen Y. A convenient approach by using poly-(HEMA-co-NIPAM)/Cu 2+ solution sol-gel transition for wound protection and healing. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:50-59. [PMID: 32627333 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and convenient wound healing is crucial for reducing potential post-traumatic wound complications. In this study, a temperature-sensitive polymer of poly-(HEMA-co-NIPAM) (PHN) was synthesized by free-radical polymerization, in which the solution quickly underwent a sol-gel transition above 29°C, thus responding to a typical body temperature and facilitating wound sealing. PHN solution incorporated with copper ions (PHN-Cu) not only exhibited excellent antibacterial properties, but also expedited wound closure and facilitated tissue angiogenesis. The in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that the PHN-Cu had a higher wound closure rate and demonstrated an ability to promote skin tissue angiogenesis. Such a versatile, convenient aqueous solution could enable nonprofessionals to promptly treat wounds in a short time after injury, thus providing suitable conditions for later treatment, and can be used as a convenient method to clean wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xin Chu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Peng Teng
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Tianzhi Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yisheng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Municoy S, Álvarez Echazú MI, Antezana PE, Galdopórpora JM, Olivetti C, Mebert AM, Foglia ML, Tuttolomondo MV, Alvarez GS, Hardy JG, Desimone MF. Stimuli-Responsive Materials for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4724. [PMID: 32630690 PMCID: PMC7369929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart or stimuli-responsive materials are an emerging class of materials used for tissue engineering and drug delivery. A variety of stimuli (including temperature, pH, redox-state, light, and magnet fields) are being investigated for their potential to change a material's properties, interactions, structure, and/or dimensions. The specificity of stimuli response, and ability to respond to endogenous cues inherently present in living systems provide possibilities to develop novel tissue engineering and drug delivery strategies (for example materials composed of stimuli responsive polymers that self-assemble or undergo phase transitions or morphology transformations). Herein, smart materials as controlled drug release vehicles for tissue engineering are described, highlighting their potential for the delivery of precise quantities of drugs at specific locations and times promoting the controlled repair or remodeling of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Municoy
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - María I. Álvarez Echazú
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Pablo E. Antezana
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Juan M. Galdopórpora
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Christian Olivetti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Andrea M. Mebert
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - María L. Foglia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - María V. Tuttolomondo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Gisela S. Alvarez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, Faraday Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4YB, UK
- Materials Science Institute, Faraday Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Martin F. Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3° (1113), Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (S.M.); (M.I.Á.E.); (P.E.A.); (J.M.G.); (C.O.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.F.); (M.V.T.); (G.S.A.)
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