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Kuang H, Liu X, Tan H, Zhang Z, Zeng B, Wang L. GLNNMDA: a multimodal prediction model for microbe-drug associations based on global and local features. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20847. [PMID: 39242712 PMCID: PMC11379827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbes have been demonstrated to be closely linked to diseases that pose a major threat to human health. Computing technologies can help researchers find potential microbe-drug associations more quickly and precisely. In this study, we introduced a novel computational prediction model called GLNNMDA based on global and local features of microbes and drugs to infer possible microbe-drug correlations. In GLNNMDA, we first constructed a heterogeneous network based on known microbe-drug relationships by integrating multiple similarity metrics of drugs and microbes. Subsequently, low-dimensional features will be extracted for nodes in the heterogeneous network by adopting the graph attention encoder. Next, based on combining these low-dimensional features with multiple properties of microbes and drugs to form a new comprehensive feature matrix, we would utilize the GLF module to extract the global and local features for microbes and drugs respectively, and then, we would further fuse these global and local features to come up with predictions of possible microbe-drug associations. Moreover, in order to evaluate the prediction performance of GLNNMDA, under the framework of fivefold cross-validation, intensive comparative experiments and case studies were done on different well-known public databases. The results showed that GLNNMDA obtained the highest AUC values as well as AUPR values of 0.9802 ± 0.0011, 0.9773 ± 0.0021 and 0.8586 ± 0.0004, 0.8008 ± 0.0031 in the two databases, MDAD and aBiofilm, respectively, compared to the state-of-the-art competing prediction methods. In addition, case studies of well-known microorganisms and drugs have demonstrated the effectiveness of GLNNMDA in inferring potential microbial drug associations, which implies that GLNNMDA may be a useful tool for microbe-drug association prediction in the future. The source code is available at: " https://github.com/KuangHaiYue/GLNNMDA.git ".
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Kuang
- Big Data Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center of Hunan Province, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Big Data Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center of Hunan Province, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China.
| | - Huilin Tan
- Big Data Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center of Hunan Province, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Big Data Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center of Hunan Province, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Big Data Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center of Hunan Province, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Big Data Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center of Hunan Province, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China.
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Maringolo Ribeiro C, Augusto Roque-Borda C, Carolina Franzini M, Fernanda Manieri K, Manaia Demarqui F, Leite Campos D, Temperani Amaral Machado R, Cristiane da Silva I, Tavares Luiz M, Delello Di Filippo L, Bento da Silva P, Cristina Oliveira da Rocha M, Nair Báo S, Masci D, Fernandes GFS, Castagnolo D, Chorilli M, Rogério Pavan F. Liposome-siderophore conjugates loaded with moxifloxacin serve as a model for drug delivery against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:124050. [PMID: 38537924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that annually affects millions of people, and resistance to available antibiotics has exacerbated this situation. Another notable characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the primary causative agent of TB, is its ability to survive inside macrophages, a key component of the immune system. In our quest for an effective and safe treatment that facilitates the targeted delivery of antibiotics to the site of infection, we have proposed a nanotechnology approach based on an iron chelator. Iron chelators are the primary mechanism by which bacteria acquire iron, a metal essential for their metabolism. Four liposomes were synthesized and characterized using the dynamic light scattering technique (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All of these methods revealed the presence of spherical particles, approximately 200 nm in size. NTA indicated a concentration of around 1011 particles/mL. We also developed and validated a high-performance liquid chromatography method for quantifying Moxifloxacin to determine encapsulation efficiency (EE) and release profiles (RF). The EE was 51.31 % for LipMox and 45.76 % for LipIchMox. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the phagocytosis of liposomal vesicles by macrophages. Functionalizing liposomes with iron chelators can offer significant benefits for TB treatment, such as targeted drug delivery to intracellular bacilli through the phagocytosis of liposomal particles by cells like macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Maringolo Ribeiro
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Carolina Franzini
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karyn Fernanda Manieri
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Manaia Demarqui
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora Leite Campos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rachel Temperani Amaral Machado
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristiane da Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Tavares Luiz
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Delello Di Filippo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Bento da Silva
- Cell Biology Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Sônia Nair Báo
- Cell Biology Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Domiziana Masci
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, United Kingdom
| | - Guilherme F S Fernandes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Arroyo-Urea EM, Lázaro-Díez M, Garmendia J, Herranz F, González-Paredes A. Lipid-based nanomedicines for the treatment of bacterial respiratory infections: current state and new perspectives. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:325-343. [PMID: 38270350 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The global threat posed by antimicrobial resistance demands urgent action and the development of effective drugs. Lower respiratory tract infections remain the deadliest communicable disease worldwide, often challenging to treat due to the presence of bacteria that form recalcitrant biofilms. There is consensus that novel anti-infectives with reduced resistance compared with conventional antibiotics are needed, leading to extensive research on innovative antibacterial agents. This review explores the recent progress in lipid-based nanomedicines developed to counteract bacterial respiratory infections, especially those involving biofilm growth; focuses on improved drug bioavailability and targeting and highlights novel strategies to enhance treatment efficacy while emphasizing the importance of continued research in this dynamic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva María Arroyo-Urea
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Lázaro-Díez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Gobierno de Navarra (IdAB-CSIC), Av. de Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva, Navarra, Spain
| | - Junkal Garmendia
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Gobierno de Navarra (IdAB-CSIC), Av. de Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva, Navarra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Herranz
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana González-Paredes
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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Nicolosi D, Petronio Petronio G, Russo S, Di Naro M, Cutuli MA, Russo C, Di Marco R. Innovative Phospholipid Carriers: A Viable Strategy to Counteract Antimicrobial Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15934. [PMID: 37958915 PMCID: PMC10648799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pan-drug-resistant (PDR) bacteria strains, usually associated with poorer patient outcomes and higher costs. In order to preserve the usefulness of these life-saving drugs, it is crucial to use them appropriately, as also recommended by the WHO. Moreover, innovative, safe, and more effective approaches are being investigated, aiming to revise drug treatments to improve their pharmacokinetics and distribution and to reduce the onset of drug resistance. Globally, to reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), guidelines and indications have been developed over time, aimed at narrowing the use and diminishing the environmental spread of these life-saving molecules by optimizing prescriptions, dosage, and times of use, as well as investing resources into obtaining innovative formulations with better pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic results. This has led to the development of new nano-formulations as drug delivery vehicles, characterized by unique structural properties, biocompatible natures, and targeted activities such as state-of-the-art phospholipid particles generally grouped as liposomes, virosomes, and functionalized exosomes, which represent an attractive and innovative delivery approach. Liposomes and virosomes are chemically synthesized carriers that utilize phospholipids whose nature is predetermined based on their use, with a long track record as drug delivery systems. Exosomes are vesicles naturally released by cells, which utilize the lipids present in their cellular membranes only, and therefore, are highly biocompatible, with investigations as a delivery system having a more recent origin. This review will summarize the state of the art on microvesicle research, liposomes, virosomes, and exosomes, as useful and effective tools to tackle the threat of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Nicolosi
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (D.N.); (M.D.N.)
| | - Giulio Petronio Petronio
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.P.P.); (M.A.C.); (C.R.); (R.D.M.)
| | - Stefano Russo
- Division of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Heidelberg University (HBIGS), 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maria Di Naro
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (D.N.); (M.D.N.)
| | - Marco Alfio Cutuli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.P.P.); (M.A.C.); (C.R.); (R.D.M.)
| | - Claudio Russo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.P.P.); (M.A.C.); (C.R.); (R.D.M.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario in Ingegneria e Medicina (COIIM), Azienda Sanitaria Regionale del Molise ASReM, UOC Governance del Farmaco, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Marco
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.P.P.); (M.A.C.); (C.R.); (R.D.M.)
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Formulation and Evaluation of Moxifloxacin Loaded Bilosomes In-Situ Gel: Optimization to Antibacterial Evaluation. Gels 2022; 8:gels8070418. [PMID: 35877503 PMCID: PMC9323078 DOI: 10.3390/gels8070418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, moxifloxacin (MX)-loaded bilosome (BS) in situ gel was prepared to improve ocular residence time. MX-BSs were prepared using the thin-film hydration method. They were optimized using a Box−Behnken design (BBD) with bile salt (A, sodium deoxycholate), an edge activator (B, Cremophor EL), and a surfactant (C, Span 60) as process variables. Their effects were assessed based on hydrodynamic diameter (Y1), entrapment efficacy (Y2), and polydispersity index (Y3). The optimized formulation (MX-BSop) depicted a low hydrodynamic diameter (192 ± 4 nm) and high entrapment efficiency (76 ± 1%). Further, MX-BSop was successfully transformed into an in situ gel using chitosan and sodium alginate as carriers. The optimized MX-BSop in situ gel (MX-BSop-Ig4) was further evaluated for gelling capacity, clarity, pH, viscosity, in vitro release, bio-adhesiveness, ex vivo permeation, toxicity, and antimicrobial properties. MX-BSop-Ig4 exhibited an optimum viscosity of 65.4 ± 5.3 cps in sol and 287.5 ± 10.5 cps in gel states. The sustained release profile (82 ± 4% in 24 h) was achieved with a Korsmeyer−Peppas kinetic release model (R2 = 0.9466). Significant bio-adhesion (967.9 dyne/cm2) was achieved in tear film. It also exhibited 1.2-fold and 2.8-fold higher permeation than MX-Ig and a pure MX solution, respectively. It did not show any toxicity to the tested tissue, confirmed by corneal hydration (77.3%), cornea histopathology (no internal changes), and a HET-CAM test (zero score). MX-BSop-Ig4 exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) higher antimicrobial effect than pure MX against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The findings suggest that bilosome in situ gel is a good alternative to increase corneal residence time, as well as to improve therapeutic activity.
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Chrzanowska A, Struga M, Roszkowski P, Koliński M, Kmiecik S, Jałbrzykowska K, Zabost A, Stefańska J, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Wrzosek M, Bielenica A. The Effect of Conjugation of Ciprofloxacin and Moxifloxacin with Fatty Acids on Their Antibacterial and Anticancer Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116261. [PMID: 35682940 PMCID: PMC9181188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel conjugates (CP) of moxifloxacin (MXF) with fatty acids (1m–16m) were synthesized with good yields utilizing amides chemistry. They exhibit a more pronounced cytotoxic potential than the parent drug. They were the most effective for prostate cancer cells with an IC50 below 5 µM for respective conjugates with sorbic (2m), oleic (4m), 6-heptenoic (10m), linoleic (11m), caprylic (15m), and stearic (16m) acids. All derivatives were evaluated against a panel of standard and clinical bacterial strains, as well as towards mycobacteria. The highest activity towards standard isolates was observed for the acetic acid derivative 14m, followed by conjugates of unsaturated crotonic (1m) and sorbic (2m) acids. The activity of conjugates tested against an expanded panel of clinical coagulase-negative staphylococci showed that the compound (14m) was recognized as a leading structure with an MIC of 0.5 μg/mL denoted for all quinolone-susceptible isolates. In the group of CP derivatives, sorbic (2) and geranic (3) acid amides exhibited the highest bactericidal potential against clinical strains. The M. tuberculosis Spec. 210 strain was the most sensitive to sorbic (2m) conjugate and to conjugates with medium- and long-chain polyunsaturated acids. To establish the mechanism of antibacterial action, selected CP and MXF conjugates were examined in both topoisomerase IV decatenation assay and the DNA gyrase supercoiling assay, followed by suitable molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Chrzanowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.S.); (K.J.)
| | - Marta Struga
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.S.); (K.J.)
| | - Piotr Roszkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Michał Koliński
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Kmiecik
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Karolina Jałbrzykowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.S.); (K.J.)
| | - Anna Zabost
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (E.A.-K.)
| | - Joanna Stefańska
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (E.A.-K.)
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Bielenica
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.S.); (K.J.)
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (A.B.)
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Zong TX, Silveira AP, Morais JAV, Sampaio MC, Muehlmann LA, Zhang J, Jiang CS, Liu SK. Recent Advances in Antimicrobial Nano-Drug Delivery Systems. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111855. [PMID: 35683711 PMCID: PMC9182179 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are among the major health issues of the 21st century. The substantial use of antibiotics over the years has contributed to the dissemination of multidrug resistant bacteria. According to a recent report by the World Health Organization, antibacterial (ATB) drug resistance has been one of the biggest challenges, as well as the development of effective long-term ATBs. Since pathogens quickly adapt and evolve through several strategies, regular ATBs usually may result in temporary or noneffective treatments. Therefore, the demand for new therapies methods, such as nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS), has aroused huge interest due to its potentialities to improve the drug bioavailability and targeting efficiency, including liposomes, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, and others. Given the relevance of this subject, this review aims to summarize the progress of recent research in antibacterial therapeutic drugs supported by nanobiotechnological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Xin Zong
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (T.-X.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Ariane Pandolfo Silveira
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910900, Brazil; (A.P.S.); (J.A.V.M.); (M.C.S.)
| | | | - Marina Carvalho Sampaio
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910900, Brazil; (A.P.S.); (J.A.V.M.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Luis Alexandre Muehlmann
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910900, Brazil; (A.P.S.); (J.A.V.M.); (M.C.S.)
- Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.A.M.); (C.-S.J.); (S.-K.L.)
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (T.-X.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Cheng-Shi Jiang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (T.-X.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.A.M.); (C.-S.J.); (S.-K.L.)
| | - Shan-Kui Liu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (T.-X.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.A.M.); (C.-S.J.); (S.-K.L.)
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