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Komel T, Bosnjak M, Kranjc Brezar S, De Robertis M, Mastrodonato M, Scillitani G, Pesole G, Signori E, Sersa G, Cemazar M. Gene electrotransfer of IL-2 and IL-12 plasmids effectively eradicated murine B16.F10 melanoma. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 141:107843. [PMID: 34139572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has become an important approach for treating cancer, and electroporation represents a technology for introducing therapeutic genes into a cell. An example of cancer gene therapy relying on gene electrotransfer is the use of immunomodulatory cytokines, such as interleukin 2 (IL-2) and 12 (IL-12), which directly stimulate immune cells at the tumour site. The aim of our study was to determine the effects of gene electrotransfer with two plasmids encoding IL-2 and IL-12 in vitro and in vivo. Two different pulse protocols, known as EP1 (600 V/cm, 5 ms, 1 Hz, 8 pulses) and EP2 (1300 V/cm, 100 µs, 1 Hz, 8 pulses), were assessed in vitro for application in subsequent in vivo experiments. In the in vivo experiment, gene electrotransfer of pIL-2 and pIL-12 using the EP1 protocol was performed in B16.F10 murine melanoma. Combined treatment of tumours using pIL2 and pIL12 induced significant tumour growth delay and 71% complete tumour regression. Furthermore, in tumours coexpressing IL-2 and IL-12, increased accumulation of dendritic cells and M1 macrophages was obtained along with the activation of proinflammatory signals, resulting in CD4 + and CD8 + T-lymphocyte recruitment and immune memory development in the mice. In conclusion, we demonstrated high antitumour efficacy of combined IL-2 and IL-12 gene electrotransfer protocols in low-immunogenicity murine B16.F10 melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Komel
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Department of Experimental Oncology, Zaloska 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Bosnjak
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Department of Experimental Oncology, Zaloska 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Kranjc Brezar
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Department of Experimental Oncology, Zaloska 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M De Robertis
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Mastrodonato
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - G Scillitani
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - G Pesole
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; National Research Council-Institute of Biomembrane, Bioenergetics, and Molecular Biotechnology (CNR-IBIOM), Via Amendola 122 O, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - E Signori
- National Research Council-Institute of Translational Pharmacology (CNR-IFT), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Rome, Italy
| | - G Sersa
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Department of Experimental Oncology, Zaloska 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI - 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Cemazar
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Department of Experimental Oncology, Zaloska 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Polje 42, SI - 6310 Izola, Slovenia.
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2
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Pirc E, Reberšek M, Miklavčič D. Functional Requirements and Quality Assurance Necessary for Successful Incorporation of Electroporation-Based Therapies Into Clinical Practice. J Med Device 2020. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4045837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Electroporation-based therapies have a huge potential for implementation into clinical practice in socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Currently, the price of electroporators and electrodes is relatively high, but custom low budget devices can be developed. In the paper, we describe three most established applications in medicine, with the focus on the basic mechanisms, which should be taken into account during the development process of a clinical electroporator. Also, typical pulse parameters used in each of the described applications are defined. In the second part of the paper, we describe technical functional requirements for a clinical electroporator and safety guidelines, with the focus on medical device standard. At the end of the paper, the focus moves to a more general problematic, such as quality assurance and the importance of measurement during the pulse delivery, which we firmly believe is necessary for successful electroporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pirc
- Laboratory of Biocybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Matej Reberšek
- Laboratory of Biocybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Laboratory of Biocybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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3
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Gibot L, Golzio M, Rols MP. How Imaging Membrane and Cell Processes Involved in Electropermeabilization Can Improve Its Development in Cell Biology and in Clinics. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2018; 227:107-118. [PMID: 28980043 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56895-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell membranes can be transiently permeabilized under the application of electric pulses. This process, called electropermeabilization or electroporation, allows hydrophilic molecules, such as anticancer drugs and DNA, to enter into cells and tissues. The method is nowadays used in clinics to treat cancers. Vaccination and gene therapy are other fields of application of DNA electrotransfer. A description of the mechanisms can be assayed by using different complementary systems with increasing complexities (models of membranes, cells cultivated in 2D and 3D culture named spheroids, and tissues in living mice) and different microscopy tools to visualize the processes from single molecules to entire animals. Single-cell imaging experiments revealed that the uptake of molecules (nucleic acids, antitumor drugs) takes place in well-defined membrane regions and depends on their chemical and physical properties (size, charge). If small molecules freely cross the electropermeabilized membrane and have a free access to the cytoplasm, larger molecules, such as plasmid DNA, face physical barriers (plasma membrane, cytoplasm crowding, nuclear envelope) which reduce transfection efficiency and engender a complex mechanism of transfer. Gene electrotransfer indeed involves different steps that include the initial interaction with the membrane, its crossing, transport within the cytoplasm, and finally gene expression. In vivo, additional very important effects of electric pulses are present such as blood flow modifications. The full knowledge on the way molecules are transported across the electropermeabilized membranes and within tissues is mandatory to improve the efficacy and the safety of the electropermeabilization process both in cell biology and in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gibot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Golzio
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Rols
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077, Toulouse, France.
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Olaiz N, Signori E, Maglietti F, Soba A, Suárez C, Turjanski P, Michinski S, Marshall G. Tissue damage modeling in gene electrotransfer: The role of pH. Bioelectrochemistry 2014; 100:105-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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5
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Short noncoding DNA fragments improve the immune potency of electroporation-mediated HBV DNA vaccination. Gene Ther 2014; 21:703-8. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Short-fragment DNA-mediated in vivo DNA electroporation delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1121:61-7. [PMID: 24510812 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9632-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation is an effective physical delivery method. A variety of factors have been shown to affect the electroporation-mediated gene delivery efficiency. Here we report the usefulness of noncoding short-fragment DNA (sf-DNA) for facilitating electroporation-mediated gene transfer. The plasmid pGL3-control encoding firefly luciferase was injected into tissue together with or without sf-DNA in different length or dose. Immediately after injection, the tissues were electroporated and the level of luciferase activity was assessed 24 h later. The results showed that plasmid DNA formulated with sf-DNA resulted in significant improvement in electroporation-mediated gene transfer efficiency. The effect is dose and length dependent, and also found in low-voltage electroporation. These results indicated that sf-DNA can be used as a helper molecule to improve the electroporation-mediated gene transfection efficiency.
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Abstract
Vaccines have evolved for hundreds of years, but all utilize the premise that safely pre-exposing the host to some component of a pathogen allows for enhanced immune recognition, and potential protection from disease, upon encountering the pathogen at a later date. Early vaccination strategies used inactivated or attenuated vaccines, many of which contained toxins and other components that resulted in reactogenicity or risk of reversion to virulence. DNA vaccines supplant many of the issues associated with inactivated or attenuated vaccines, but these vaccines tend to provide weak immunological responses, particularly in primates. DNA Electroporation may prove to be the "missing link" in the evolution of DNA vaccines allowing for enhanced immune responses from DNA vaccination in humans thereby resulting in protection from disease post-pathogen exposure.
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Chiarella P, Signori E. Intramuscular DNA vaccination protocols mediated by electric fields. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1121:315-24. [PMID: 24510835 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9632-8_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is historically one of the most important methods for preventing infectious diseases in humans and animals. New insights in the biology of the immune system allow a more rational design of vaccines, and new vaccination strategies are emerging. DNA vaccines have been proposed as a promising approach for introducing foreign antigens into the host for inducing protective immunity against infectious and cancer diseases. Nevertheless, because of their poor immunogenicity, plasmid DNA vaccination strategies need further implementations. Recent data suggest electrotransfer as a useful tool to improve DNA-based vaccination protocols, being able to stimulate both the humoral and cellular immune responses. In preclinical trials, gene electrotransfer is successfully used in prime-boost combination protocols and its tolerability and safety has been demonstrated also in Phase I clinical trials. In this chapter, we report a short comment supporting electrotransfer as an effective strategy to improve DNA-based vaccination protocols and describe the vaccination procedures by plasmid DNA in combination with electrotransfer and hyaluronidase pretreatment in use in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieranna Chiarella
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Experimental Oncology, CNR-IFT, Rome, Italy
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9
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Intracellular tracking of single-plasmid DNA particles after delivery by electroporation. Mol Ther 2013; 21:2217-26. [PMID: 23941812 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is a physical method of transferring molecules into cells and tissues. It takes advantage of the transient permeabilization of the cell membrane induced by electric field pulses, which gives hydrophilic molecules access to the cytoplasm. This method offers high transfer efficiency for small molecules that freely diffuse through electrically permeabilized membranes. Larger molecules, such as plasmid DNA, face several barriers (plasma membrane, cytoplasmic crowding, and nuclear envelope), which reduce transfection efficiency and engender a complex mechanism of transfer. Our work provides insight into the way electrotransferred DNA crosses the cytoplasm to reach the nucleus. For this purpose, single-particle tracking experiments of fluorescently labeled DNA were performed. Investigations were focused on the involvement of the cytoskeleton using drugs disrupting or stabilizing actin and tubulin filaments as the two relevant cellular networks for particle transport. The analysis of 315 movies (~4,000 trajectories) reveals that DNA is actively transported through the cytoskeleton. The large number of events allows a statistical quantification of the DNA motion kinetics inside the cell. Disruption of both filament types reduces occurrence and velocities of active transport and displacements of DNA particles. Interestingly, stabilization of both networks does not enhance DNA transport.
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10
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Liang TJ. Current progress in development of hepatitis C virus vaccines. Nat Med 2013; 19:869-78. [PMID: 23836237 PMCID: PMC6263146 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite major advances in the understanding and treatment of hepatitis C, a preventive vaccine remains elusive. The marked genetic diversity and multiple mechanisms of persistence of hepatitis C virus, combined with the relatively poor immune response of the infected host against the virus, are major barriers. The lack of robust and convenient model systems further hampers the effort to develop an effective vaccine. Advances in our understanding of virus-host interactions and protective immunity in hepatitis C virus infection provide an important roadmap to develop potent and broadly directed vaccine candidates targeting both humoral and cellular immune responses. Multiple approaches to generating and testing viral immunogens have met with variable success. Several candidates have advanced to clinical trials based on promising results in chimpanzees. The ultimate path to a successful preventive vaccine requires comprehensive evaluations of all aspects of protective immunity, innovative application of state-of-the-art vaccine technology and properly designed vaccine trials that can affirm definitive endpoints of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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11
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Haberl S, Kandušer M, Flisar K, Hodžić D, Bregar VB, Miklavčič D, Escoffre JM, Rols MP, Pavlin M. Effect of different parameters used forin vitrogene electrotransfer on gene expression efficiency, cell viability and visualization of plasmid DNA at the membrane level. J Gene Med 2013; 15:169-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saša Haberl
- University of Ljubljana; Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory of Biocybernetics; Ljubljana; Slovenija
| | - Maša Kandušer
- University of Ljubljana; Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory of Biocybernetics; Ljubljana; Slovenija
| | - Karel Flisar
- University of Ljubljana; Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory of Biocybernetics; Ljubljana; Slovenija
| | - Duša Hodžić
- University of Ljubljana; Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory of Biocybernetics; Ljubljana; Slovenija
| | | | - Damijan Miklavčič
- University of Ljubljana; Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory of Biocybernetics; Ljubljana; Slovenija
| | - Jean-Michel Escoffre
- Inserm UMR 930 Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, PRES Val de Loire Université; Tours; France
| | - Marie-Pierre Rols
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS-CNRS UMR5089, Université de Toulouse III; Toulouse; France
| | - Mojca Pavlin
- University of Ljubljana; Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Group for Nano and Biotechnological Applications; Ljubljana; Slovenija
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12
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Peng J, Zhao Y, Mai J, Guo W, Xu Y. Short noncoding DNA fragment improve efficiencies of in vivo electroporation-mediated gene transfer. J Gene Med 2013; 14:563-9. [PMID: 22930438 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major obstacle to the application of gene therapy methods in experimental and clinical practice is the lack of safe and efficient gene delivery systems. Electroporation has been shown to an effective physical delivery method. A variety of factors have been shown to affect the electroporation-mediated gene delivery efficiency. In the present study, we assessed the usefulness of noncoding short-fragment DNA (sf-DNA) for facilitating electroporation-mediated gene transfer. METHODS The plasmid pGL3-control encoding firefly luciferase was injected into tissues together with or without sf-DNA. Immediately after injection, the tissues were electroporated and the level of luciferase activity was assessed 24 h later. Different types of DNA fragments with different molecular weights, structures and doses were compared. The transfection efficiencies of sf-DNA-mediated electroporation in different tissues or with different electric field strengths were examined. RESULTS Plasmid DNA formulated with 300-bp sf-DNA resulted in a significant improvement in electroporation-mediated gene transfer efficiency. The effect is dose-dependent and is also affected by DNA fragment length and structure. It was useful for intramuscular electroporation application, as well as intratumoral application with various pulse voltage parameters. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained in the present study indicate that sf-DNA can be used as a helper molecule to improve electroporation-mediated gene transfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Peng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Chiarella P, De Santis S, Fazio VM, Signori E. Hyaluronidase contributes to early inflammatory events induced by electrotransfer in mouse skeletal muscle. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 24:406-16. [PMID: 23360544 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrotransfer of genes is one of the preferred strategies used to deliver plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle. In our experience, the combination of hyaluronidase (HYA) with electrotransfer (ET) of DNA vaccine enhances transfection of muscular fibers and increases expression of the encoded antigen. However, the contribution of HYA to the inflammatory reaction induced by ET, and its role in supporting ET adjuvancy, has never been investigated. We analyzed the events occurring in the first 2 weeks after electrotransfer to mouse muscle in the presence of HYA, to verify whether HYA contributes to the local inflammatory response induced by ET. Our results demonstrate that HYA amplifies the ET effect in terms of inflammatory cell recruitment enhancing the early release of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6 cytokines. In contrast, HYA does not induce helper T cell type 1 and 2 cytokine production, confirming that the DNA vaccine is indispensable to induce mediators of antigen-specific immune responses. We observed inflammatory cell migration in the muscle treated with HYA plus ET in a time window between days 4 and 7 after cytokine induction. These observations are important in the choice of prime-boost intervals for optimizing ET-based DNA vaccination protocols. Because HYA contributes to vaccine spread and enhances the proinflammatory effect of ET in muscle we strongly support the use of HYA to potentiate DNA vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieranna Chiarella
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
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14
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Markelc B, Sersa G, Cemazar M. Differential mechanisms associated with vascular disrupting action of electrochemotherapy: intravital microscopy on the level of single normal and tumor blood vessels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59557. [PMID: 23555705 PMCID: PMC3608732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electropermeabilization/electroporation (EP) provides a tool for the introduction of molecules into cells and tissues. In electrochemotherapy (ECT), cytotoxic drugs are introduced into cells in tumors, and nucleic acids are introduced into cells in gene electrotransfer. The normal and tumor tissue blood flow modifying effects of EP and the vascular disrupting effect of ECT in tumors have already been determined. However, differential effects between normal vs. tumor vessels, to ensure safety in the clinical application of ECT, have not been determined yet. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the effects of EP and ECT with bleomycin on the HT-29 human colon carcinoma tumor model and its surrounding blood vessels. The response of blood vessels to EP and ECT was monitored in real time, directly at the single blood vessel level, by in vivo optical imaging in a dorsal window chamber in SCID mice with 70 kDa fluorescently labeled dextrans. The response of tumor blood vessels to EP and ECT started to differ within the first hour. Both therapies induced a vascular lock, decreased functional vascular density (FVD) and increased the diameter of functional blood vessels within the tumor. The effects were more pronounced for ECT, which destroyed the tumor blood vessels within 24 h. Although the vasculature surrounding the tumor was affected by EP and ECT, it remained functional. The study confirms the current model of tumor blood flow modifying effects of EP and provides conclusive evidence that ECT is a vascular disrupting therapy with a specific effect on the tumor blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bostjan Markelc
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia
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15
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Matsuo K, Hirobe S, Okada N, Nakagawa S. Frontiers of transcutaneous vaccination systems: novel technologies and devices for vaccine delivery. Vaccine 2013; 31:2403-15. [PMID: 23523401 PMCID: PMC7125630 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) systems that use the skin's immune function are promising needle-free, easy-to-use, and low-invasive vaccination alternative to conventional, injectable vaccination methods. To develop effective TCI systems, it is essential to establish fundamental techniques and technologies that deliver antigenic proteins to antigen-presenting cells in the epidermis and dermis while overcoming the barrier function of the stratum corneum. In this review, we provide an outline of recent trends in the development of techniques for the delivery of antigenic proteins and of the technologies used to enhance TCI systems. We also introduce basic and clinical research involving our TCI systems that incorporate several original devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Matsuo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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16
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Park K. Vascular modification by electropermeabilization. J Control Release 2012; 163:404. [PMID: 23140774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kinam Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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17
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Nascimento IP, Leite LCC. Recombinant vaccines and the development of new vaccine strategies. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:1102-11. [PMID: 22948379 PMCID: PMC3854212 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines were initially developed on an empirical basis, relying mostly on attenuation or inactivation of pathogens. Advances in immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, genomics, and proteomics have added new perspectives to the vaccinology field. The use of recombinant proteins allows the targeting of immune responses focused against few protective antigens. There are a variety of expression systems with different advantages, allowing the production of large quantities of proteins depending on the required characteristics. Live recombinant bacteria or viral vectors effectively stimulate the immune system as in natural infections and have intrinsic adjuvant properties. DNA vaccines, which consist of non-replicating plasmids, can induce strong long-term cellular immune responses. Prime-boost strategies combine different antigen delivery systems to broaden the immune response. In general, all of these strategies have shown advantages and disadvantages, and their use will depend on the knowledge of the mechanisms of infection of the target pathogen and of the immune response required for protection. In this review, we discuss some of the major breakthroughs that have been achieved using recombinant vaccine technologies, as well as new approaches and strategies for vaccine development, including potential shortcomings and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Nascimento
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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18
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Kheiri MT, Jamali A, Shenagari M, Hashemi H, Sabahi F, Atyabi F, Saghiri R. Influenza virosome/DNA vaccine complex as a new formulation to induce intra-subtypic protection against influenza virus challenge. Antiviral Res 2012; 95:229-36. [PMID: 22809863 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virosome is one of the commercially available vaccines that have been used for a number of years. Like other influenza vaccines, the efficacy of the virosomal vaccine is significantly compromised when circulating viruses do not have a good match with vaccine strains due to antigenic drift or less frequent emergence of a pandemic virus. A major advantage of virosome over other influenza vaccine platforms is its intrinsic adjuvant activity and potential carrier capability which have been exploited in this study to broaden vaccine protectivity by incorporating a conserved component of influenza virus in seasonal vaccine formulation. Influenza nucleoprotein (NP)-encoding plasmid was adsorbed onto surface of influenza virosomes as a virosome/DNA vaccine complex. Mice were immunized with a single dose of the influenza virosome attached with the NP plasmid or NP plasmid alone where both influenza virosomes and NP gene were derived from influenza A virus H1N1 New/Caledonia strain. Analysis of the cellular immune responses showed that 5μg (10-fold reduced dose) of the NP plasmid attached to the virosomes induced T cell responses equivalent to those elicited by 50μg of NP plasmid alone as assessed by IFN-γ and granzyme B ELISPOT. Furthermore, the influenza virosome/NP plasmid complex protected mice against intra-subtypic challenge with the mouse adapted H1N1 PR8 virus, while mice immunized with the virosome alone did not survive. Results of hemagglutination inhibition test showed that the observed intra-subtypic cross-protection could not be attributed to neutralizing antibodies. These findings suggest that influenza virosomes could be equipped with an NP-encoding plasmid in a dose-sparing fashion to elicit anti-influenza cytotoxic immune responses and broaden the vaccine coverage against antigenic drift.
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19
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Fumoto S, Nakajima S, Mine T, Yoshikawa N, Kitahara T, Sasaki H, Miyamoto H, Nishida K. Efficient in vivo gene transfer by intraperitoneal injection of plasmid DNA and calcium carbonate microflowers in mice. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1962-70. [PMID: 22670625 DOI: 10.1021/mp2006592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer to intraperitoneal organs is thought to be a promising approach to treat such conditions as peritoneal fibrosis and peritoneal dissemination of cancers. We previously discovered that simple instillation of naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) onto intraperitoneal organs such as the liver and stomach could effectively transfer foreign genes in mice. In this study, we developed a novel nonviral method to enhance transfection efficiency of naked pDNA to intraperitoneal organs using a calcium carbonate suspension containing pDNA. Using commercially available calcium carbonate, we successfully transfected pDNA to the stomach. Handling of commercially available calcium carbonate, however, was troublesome owing to rapid precipitation and caking. To obtain slowly settling particles of calcium carbonate, we tried to synthesize novel versions of such particles and succeeded in creating flower-shaped particles, named calcium carbonate microflowers. Sedimentation of calcium carbonate microflowers was sufficiently slow for in vivo experiments. Moreover, the transfection efficiency of the suspension of calcium carbonate microflowers to the stomach was more effective than that of commercially available calcium carbonate, especially at low concentrations. Intraperitoneal injection of the suspension of calcium carbonate microflowers containing pDNA greatly enhanced naked pDNA transfer to whole intraperitoneal organs in mice. Furthermore, lactate dehydrogenase activities in intraperitoneal fluid and plasma were not raised by the suspension of calcium carbonate microflowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Fumoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Matsuo K, Hirobe S, Yokota Y, Ayabe Y, Seto M, Quan YS, Kamiyama F, Tougan T, Horii T, Mukai Y, Okada N, Nakagawa S. Transcutaneous immunization using a dissolving microneedle array protects against tetanus, diphtheria, malaria, and influenza. J Control Release 2012; 160:495-501. [PMID: 22516091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is an attractive alternative vaccination route compared to the commonly used injection systems. We previously developed a dissolving microneedle array for use as a TCI device, and reported that TCI with the dissolving microneedle array induced an immune response against model antigens. In the present study, we investigated the vaccination efficacy against tetanus and diphtheria, malaria, and influenza using this vaccination system. Our TCI system induced substantial increases in toxoid-specific IgG levels and toxin-neutralizing antibody titer and induced the production of anti-SE36 IgG, which could bind to malaria parasite. On influenza HA vaccination, robust antibody production was elicited in mice that provided complete protection against a subsequent influenza virus challenge. These findings demonstrate that TCI using a dissolving microneedle array can elicit large immune responses against infectious diseases. Based on these results, we are now preparing translational research for human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Matsuo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0781, Japan
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Satkauskas S, Ruzgys P, Venslauskas MS. Towards the mechanisms for efficient gene transfer into cells and tissues by means of cell electroporation. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:275-86. [PMID: 22339479 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.654775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intracellular gene electrotransfer by means of electroporation has been on the increase during the past decade. Significant progress has been achieved both in characterizing mechanisms of gene electrotransfer and in optimizing the protocol in many preclinical trials. Recently this has led to initiation of clinical trials of gene electrotransfer to treat metastatic melanomas. Further progress with the method in various clinical trials requires better understanding of mechanisms of gene electrotransfer. AREAS COVERED A summary of recent progress in understanding mechanisms of gene electrotransfer, imparting general knowledge of cell electroporation and intracellular molecule electrotransfer. EXPERT OPINION Gene electrotransfer into cells and tissues is a complex process involving multiple steps that lead to plasmid DNA passage from the extracellular region to the cell nucleus crossing the barriers of the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus membrane. Electrical parameters of pulses used for gene electrotransfer affect the initial steps of DNA translocation through the plasma membrane and play a crucial role in determining the transfection efficiency. When considering gene electrotransfer into tissues it becomes clear that other nonelectrical conditions are also of primary importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulius Satkauskas
- Vytautas Magnus University, Biology Department, Biophysical Research Group, Vileikos 8, Kaunas LT-44404, Lithuania.
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Lucifer Yellow uptake by CHO cells exposed to magnetic and electric pulses. Radiol Oncol 2012; 46:119-25. [PMID: 23077448 PMCID: PMC3472937 DOI: 10.2478/v10019-012-0014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cell membrane acts as a barrier that hinders free entrance of most hydrophilic molecules into the cell. Due to numerous applications in medicine, biology and biotechnology, the introduction of impermeant molecules into biological cells has drawn considerable attention in the past years. One of the most famous methods in this field is electroporation, in which electric pulses with high intensity and short duration are applied to the cells. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of time-varying magnetic field with different parameters on transmembrane molecular transport. MATERIALS AND METHODS 'Moreover, a comparison was made between the uptake results due to magnetic pulse exposure and electroporation mediated uptake.' at the end of Background part. The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to magnetic pulses of 2.2 T peak strength and 250 μs duration delivered by Magstim stimulator and double 70 mm coil. Three different frequencies of 0.25, 1 and 10 Hz pulses with 112, 56 and 28 number of pulses were applied (altogether nine experimental groups) and Lucifer Yellow uptake was measured in each group. Moreover, maximum uptake of Lucifer Yellow obtained by magnetic pulses was compared to the measured uptake due to electroporation with typical parameters of 8 pulses of 100 μs, repetition frequency of 1 Hz and electric field intensities of 200 to 600 V/cm. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our results show that time-varying magnetic field exposure increases transmembrane molecular transport and this uptake is greater for lower frequencies and larger number of pulses. Besides, the comparison shows that electroporation is more effective than pulsed magnetic field, but the observed uptake enhancement due to magnetic exposure is still considerable.
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Rosario M, Borthwick N, Stewart-Jones GB, Mbewe-Mvula A, Bridgeman A, Colloca S, Montefiori D, McMichael AJ, Nicosia A, Quakkelaar ED, Drijfhout JW, Melief CJ, Hanke T. Prime-boost regimens with adjuvanted synthetic long peptides elicit T cells and antibodies to conserved regions of HIV-1 in macaques. AIDS 2012; 26:275-84. [PMID: 22095198 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32834ed9b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Administration of synthetic long peptides (SLPs) derived from human papillomavirus to cervical cancer patients resulted in clinical benefit correlated with expansions of tumour-specific T cells. Because vaginal mucosa is an important port of entry for HIV-1, we have explored SLP for HIV-1 vaccination. Using immunogen HIVconsv derived from the conserved regions of HIV-1, we previously showed in rhesus macaques that SLP.HIVconsv delivered as a boost increased the breath of T-cell specificities elicited by single-gene vaccines. Here, we compared and characterized the use of electroporated pSG2.HIVconsv DNA (D) and imiquimod/montanide-adjuvanted SLP.HIVconsv (S) as priming vaccines for boosting with attenuated chimpanzee adenovirus ChAdV63.HIVconsv (C) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara MVA.HIVconsv (M). DESIGN Prime-boost regimens of DDDCMS, DSSCMS and SSSCMS in rhesus macaques. METHODS Animals' blood was analysed regularly throughout the vaccination for HIV-1-specific T-cell and antibody responses. RESULTS We found that electroporation spares DNA dose, both SLP.HIVconsv and pSG2.HIVconsv DNA primed weakly HIVconsv-specific T cells, regimen DDDCM induced the highest frequencies of oligofunctional, proliferating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and a subsequent SLP.HIVconsv boost expanded primarily CD4(+) cells. DSS was the most efficient regimen inducing antibodies binding to regions of trimeric HIV-1 Env, which are highly conserved among the four major global clades, although no unequivocal neutralizing activity was detected. CONCLUSION The present results encourage evaluation of the SLP.HIVconsv vaccine modality in human volunteers along the currently trialled pSG2.HIVconsv DNA, ChAdV63.HIVconsv and MVA.HIVconsv vaccines. These results are discussed in the context of the RV144 trial outcome.
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Yu WY, Chuang TF, Guichard C, El-Garch H, Tierny D, Laio AT, Lin CS, Chiou KH, Tsai CL, Liu CH, Li WC, Fischer L, Chu RM. Chicken HSP70 DNA vaccine inhibits tumor growth in a canine cancer model. Vaccine 2011; 29:3489-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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DNA vaccination: using the patient's immune system to overcome cancer. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:169484. [PMID: 21197271 PMCID: PMC3010826 DOI: 10.1155/2010/169484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most challenging diseases of today. Optimization of standard treatment protocols consisting of the main columns of chemo- and radiotherapy followed or preceded by surgical intervention is often limited by toxic side effects and induction of concomitant malignancies and/or development of resistant mechanisms. This requires the development of therapeutic strategies which are as effective as standard therapies but permit the patients a life without severe negative side effects. Along this line, the development of immunotherapy in general and the innovative concept of DNA vaccination in particular may provide a venue to achieve this goal. Using the patient's own immune system by activation of humoral and cellular immune responses to target the cancer cells has shown first promising results in clinical trials and may allow reduced toxicity standard therapy regimen in the future. The main challenge of this concept is to transfer the plethora of convincing preclinical and early clinical results to an effective treatment of patients.
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Abstract
Efforts to make vaccines against infectious diseases as well as immunotherapies for cancer, autoimmune diseases and allergy have utilized a variety of heterologous expression systems, including viral and bacterial vectors, as well as DNA and RNA constructs. This review explores the immunologic rationale and provides an update of insights obtained from preclinical and clinical studies of such vaccines.
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