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Boerwinkle A, Ances BM. Molecular Imaging of Neuroinflammation in HIV. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 14:9-15. [PMID: 30515624 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has increased the lifespan of persons living with HIV (PLWH), with most PLWH having a normal life expectancy. While significant progress has occurred, PLWH continue to have multiple health complications, including HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). While the exact cause of HAND is not known, persistent neuroinflammation is hypothesized to be an important potential contributor. Molecular imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) can non-invasively evaluate neuroinflammation. PET radiotracers specific for increased expression of the translocator protein18kDa (TSPO) on activated microglia can detect the presence of neuroinflammation in PLWH. However, results from these studies have been inconsistent and inconclusive. Future studies are needed to address key limitations that continue to persist with these techniques before accurate conclusions can be drawn regarding the role of persistent neuroinflammation in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Boerwinkle
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Beau M Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Barresi E, Bruno A, Taliani S, Cosconati S, Da Pozzo E, Salerno S, Simorini F, Daniele S, Giacomelli C, Marini AM, La Motta C, Marinelli L, Cosimelli B, Novellino E, Greco G, Da Settimo F, Martini C. Deepening the Topology of the Translocator Protein Binding Site by Novel N,N-Dialkyl-2-arylindol-3-ylglyoxylamides. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6081-92. [PMID: 26177193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As a continuation of our studies on 2-phenylindol-3-ylglyoxylamides as potent and selective translocator protein (TSPO) ligands, two subsets of novel derivatives, featuring hydrophilic group (OH, NH2, COOH) at the para-position of the pendent 2-phenyl ring (8-16) or different 2-aryl moieties, namely, 3-thienyl, p-biphenyl, 2-naphthyl (23-35), were synthesized and biologically evaluated, some of them showing Ki values in the subnanomolar range and the 2-naphthyl group performance being the best. The resulting SARs confirmed the key role played by interactions taking place between ligands and the lipophilic L1 pocket of the TSPO binding site. Docking simulations were performed on the most potent compound of the present series (29) exploiting the recently available 3D structures of TSPO bound to its standard ligand (PK11195). Our theoretical model was fully consistent with SARs of the newly investigated as well of the previously reported 2-phenylindol-3-ylglyoxylamide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Barresi
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Agostino Bruno
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- §DiSTABiF, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Eleonora Da Pozzo
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Salerno
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Simorini
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Daniele
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Giacomelli
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Marini
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Concettina La Motta
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Barbara Cosimelli
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Greco
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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