1
|
Teng E, Li Y, Manser PT, Pickthorn K, Butcher BD, Blendstrup M, Randolph C, Sikkes SA. Cross-sectional and longitudinal assessments of function in prodromal-to-mild Alzheimer's disease: A comparison of the ADCS-ADL and A-IADL-Q scales. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2023; 15:e12452. [PMID: 37325545 PMCID: PMC10262908 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Prior observational work in a heterogeneous cohort of participants with mild cognitive impairment suggests the Amsterdam Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (A-IADL-Q) may have greater sensitivity for functional decline than the more established Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living (ADCS-ADL) scale. However, the relative utility of the A-IADL-Q versus the ADCS-ADL for clinical trials in early Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains uncertain. Methods We compared baseline and longitudinal performance of the A-IADL-Q and ADCS-ADL in participants with biomarker-confirmed prodromal (pAD; n = 158) or mild (mAD; n = 283) AD enrolled in the 18-month Tauriel study of semorinemab (NCT03289143). Results The A-IADL-Q exhibited numerically stronger discrimination between pAD and mAD participants at baseline per Cohen's d analyses and similar sensitivity to longitudinal decline across cohorts over 18 months relative to the ADCS-ADL. Discussion The comparable performance of the ADCS-ADL and A-IADL-Q supports the utility of the A-IADL-Q in early AD clinical trials. Highlights The Amsterdam Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (A-IADL-Q) may be more sensitive than the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADCS-ADL) for distinguishing prodromal and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD).A-IADL-Q and ADCS-ADL are similarly sensitive to decline in early AD over 18 months.Comparable performance of these indices supports A-IADL-Q use in future AD trials.Additional AD clinical trial data could extend findings across more diverse cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Teng
- GenentechInc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yihao Li
- GenentechInc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sietske A.M. Sikkes
- Alzheimer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam University Medical CenterVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of ClinicalNeuro‐ and Developmental PsychologyVU UniversityAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Verrijp M, Dubbelman MA, Visser LNC, Jutten RJ, Nijhuis EW, Zwan MD, van Hout HPJ, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM, Sikkes SAM. Everyday Functioning in a Community-Based Volunteer Population: Differences Between Participant- and Study Partner-Report. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:761932. [PMID: 35069172 PMCID: PMC8767803 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.761932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Impaired awareness in dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease and related disorders made study partner-report the preferred method of measuring interference in "instrumental activities of daily living" (IADL). However, with a shifting focus toward earlier disease stages and prevention, the question arises whether self-report might be equally or even more appropriate. The aim of this study was to investigate how participant- and study partner-report IADL perform in a community-based volunteer population without dementia and which factors relate to differences between participant- and study partner-report. Methods: Participants (N = 3,288; 18-97 years, 70.4% females) and their study partners (N = 1,213; 18-88 years, 45.8% females) were recruited from the Dutch Brain Research Registry. IADL were measured using the Amsterdam IADL Questionnaire. The concordance between participant- and study partner-reported IADL difficulties was examined using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Multinomial logistic regressions were used to investigate which demographic, cognitive, and psychosocial factors related to participant and study partner differences, by looking at the over- and underreport of IADL difficulties by the participant, relative to their study partner. Results: Most A-IADL-Q scores represented no difficulties for both participants (87.9%) and study partners (89.4%). The concordance between participants and study partners was moderate (ICC = 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.51, 0.59]); 24.5% (N = 297) of participants overreported their IADL difficulties compared with study partners, and 17.8% (N = 216) underreported difficulties. The presence of depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 1.31, 95% CI = [1.12, 1.54]), as well as memory complaints (OR = 2.45, 95% CI = [1.80, 3.34]), increased the odds of participants overreporting their IADL difficulties. Higher IADL ratings decreased the odds of participant underreport (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = [0.67, 0.74]). Conclusion: In this sample of community-based volunteers, most participants and study partners reported no major IADL difficulties. Differences between participant and study partner were, however, quite prevalent, with subjective factors indicative of increased report of IADL difficulties by the participant in particular. These findings suggest that self- and study partner-report measures may not be interchangeable, and that the level of awareness needs to be considered, even in cognitively healthy individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merike Verrijp
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Dubbelman
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leonie N. C. Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roos J. Jutten
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elke W. Nijhuis
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marissa D. Zwan
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hein P. J. van Hout
- Department of General Practice and Medicine for Older Persons, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M. van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sietske A. M. Sikkes
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Clinical Developmental Psychology, Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stringer G, Leroi I, Sikkes SAM, Montaldi D, Brown LJE. Enhancing 'meaningfulness' of functional assessments: UK adaptation of the Amsterdam IADL questionnaire. Int Psychogeriatr 2021; 33:39-50. [PMID: 32290875 DOI: 10.1017/S1041610219001881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Commonly used measures of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) do not capture activities for a technologically advancing society. This study aimed to adapt the proxy/informant-based Amsterdam IADL Questionnaire (A-IADL-Q) for use in the UK and develop a self-report version. DESIGN An iterative mixed method cross-cultural adaptation of the A-IADL-Q and the development of a self-report version involving a three-step design: (1) interviews and focus groups with lay and professional stakeholders to assess face and content validity; (2) a questionnaire to measure item relevance to older adults in the U.K.; (3) a pilot of the adapted questionnaire in people with cognitive impairment. SETTING Community settings in the UK. PARTICIPANTS One hundred and forty-eight participants took part across the three steps: (1) 14 dementia professionals; 8 people with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or dementia due to Alzheimer's disease; and 6 relatives of people with MCI or dementia; (2) 92 older adults without cognitive impairment; and (3) 28 people with SCD or MCI. MEASUREMENTS The cultural relevance and applicability of the A-IADL-Q scale items were assessed using a 6-point Likert scale. Cognitive and functional performance was measured using a battery of cognitive and functional measures. RESULTS Iterative modifications to the scale resulted in a 55-item adapted version appropriate for UK use (A-IADL-Q-UK). Pilot data revealed that the new and revised items performed well. Four new items correlated with the weighted average score (Kendall's Tau -.388, -.445, -.497, -.569). An exploratory analysis of convergent validity found correlations in the expected direction with cognitive and functional measures. CONCLUSION The A-IADL-Q-UK provides a measurement of functional decline for use in the UK that captures culturally relevant activities. A new self-report version has been developed and is ready for testing. Further evaluation of the A-IADL-Q-UK for construct validity is now needed.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bruderer-Hofstetter M, Dubbelman MA, Meichtry A, Koehn F, Münzer T, Jutten RJ, Scheltens P, Sikkes SAM, Niedermann K. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Amsterdam Instrumental Activities of Daily Living questionnaire short version German for Switzerland. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020; 18:323. [PMID: 33008394 PMCID: PMC7530958 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01576-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) limitations are associated with reduced health-related quality of life for people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). For these people, the assessment of IADL is crucial to the diagnostic process, as well as for the evaluation of new interventions addressing MCI. The Amsterdam IADL Questionnaire Short Version (A-IADL-Q-SV) is an established assessment tool with good psychometric properties that has been shown to be robust to cultural differences in Western countries. The aims of this study were to: (1) cross-culturally adapt and validate the A-IADL-Q-SV for the German-speaking population of Switzerland; (2) investigate its cultural comparability; and (3) evaluate further psychometric properties. Methods The A-IADL-Q-SV German was pretested on clinicians and participants in a memory clinic setting. The psychometric properties and cultural comparability of the questionnaire were investigated in memory clinic settings including participants with MCI or mild dementia, as well as participants with normal cognition recruited from the community. Item response theory (IRT) was applied to investigate measurement invariance by means of differential item functioning to assess item bias. Additionally, the test–retest reliability on scale level, the construct validity through hypothesis testing and the discriminant validity of the A-IADL-Q-SV German were evaluated. Results Ninety-six informants of participants with normal cognition, MCI or mild dementia completed the A-IADL-Q-SV German. The basic assumptions for IRT scoring were met. No meaningful differential item functioning for culture was detected between the Swiss and Dutch reference samples. High test–retest reliability on scale level (ICC 0.93; 95% CI 0.9–0.96) was found. More than 75% of the observed correlations between the A-IADL-Q-SV German and clinical measures of cognition and functional status were found to be in the direction and of the magnitude hypothesized. The A-IADL-Q-SV German was shown to be able to discriminate between participants with normal cognition and MCI, as well as MCI and mild dementia. Conclusions The A-IADL-Q-SV German is a psychometrically robust measurement tool for a Swiss population with normal cognition, MCI and mild dementia. Thus, it provides a valuable tool to assess IADL functioning in clinical practices and research settings in Switzerland. Trial registration This study was registered retrospectively in July 2019 on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04012398).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bruderer-Hofstetter
- School of Health Professions, Institute of Physiotherapy, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Katharina-Sulzer-Platz 9, 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland. .,Department of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland.
| | - Mark A Dubbelman
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André Meichtry
- School of Health Professions, Institute of Physiotherapy, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Katharina-Sulzer-Platz 9, 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Florian Koehn
- Geriatrische Klinik St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Münzer
- Geriatrische Klinik St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roos J Jutten
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sietske A M Sikkes
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Niedermann
- School of Health Professions, Institute of Physiotherapy, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Katharina-Sulzer-Platz 9, 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dubbelman MA, Verrijp M, Facal D, Sánchez‐Benavides G, Brown LJ, van der Flier WM, Jokinen H, Lee A, Leroi I, Lojo‐Seoane C, Milošević V, Molinuevo JL, Pereiro Rozas AX, Ritchie C, Salloway S, Stringer G, Zygouris S, Dubois B, Epelbaum S, Scheltens P, Sikkes SA. The influence of diversity on the measurement of functional impairment: An international validation of the Amsterdam IADL Questionnaire in eight countries. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2020; 12:e12021. [PMID: 32420446 PMCID: PMC7219786 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To understand the potential influence of diversity on the measurement of functional impairment in dementia, we aimed to investigate possible bias caused by age, gender, education, and cultural differences. METHODS A total of 3571 individuals (67.1 ± 9.5 years old, 44.7% female) from The Netherlands, Spain, France, United States, United Kingdom, Greece, Serbia, and Finland were included. Functional impairment was measured using the Amsterdam Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Questionnaire. Item bias was assessed using differential item functioning (DIF) analysis. RESULTS There were some differences in activity endorsement. A few items showed statistically significant DIF. However, there was no evidence of meaningful item bias: Effect sizes were low (ΔR 2 range 0-0.03). Impact on total scores was minimal. DISCUSSION The results imply a limited bias for age, gender, education, and culture in the measurement of functional impairment. This study provides an important step in recognizing the potential influence of diversity on primary outcomes in dementia research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Dubbelman
- Alzheimer Center AmsterdamDepartment of NeurologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Merike Verrijp
- Alzheimer Center AmsterdamDepartment of NeurologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - David Facal
- Department of Developmental PsychologyUniversity of Santiago de CompostelaA CoruñaSpain
| | | | - Laura J.E. Brown
- Faculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Science CentreManchesterUK
| | - Wiesje M. van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center AmsterdamDepartment of NeurologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hanna Jokinen
- Clinical NeurosciencesNeurologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Psychology and LogopedicsFaculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Athene Lee
- Butler HospitalWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode Island
| | - Iracema Leroi
- Faculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Science CentreManchesterUK
| | - Cristina Lojo‐Seoane
- Department of Developmental PsychologyUniversity of Santiago de CompostelaA CoruñaSpain
| | | | - José Luís Molinuevo
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC)Pasqual Maragall FoundationBarcelonaSpain
| | | | | | - Stephen Salloway
- Butler HospitalWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode Island
| | - Gemma Stringer
- Faculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Science CentreManchesterUK
| | - Stelios Zygouris
- School of MedicineAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
- Network Aging ResearchHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Department of NeurologyInstitut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) of the Pitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital & ARAMISSorbonne UniversityInria de ParisInstitut du cerveau et de lamoelle épinière (ICM)ParisFrance
| | - Stéphane Epelbaum
- Department of NeurologyInstitut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) of the Pitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital & ARAMISSorbonne UniversityInria de ParisInstitut du cerveau et de lamoelle épinière (ICM)ParisFrance
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center AmsterdamDepartment of NeurologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sietske A.M. Sikkes
- Alzheimer Center AmsterdamDepartment of NeurologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Villeneuve SC, Houot M, Cacciamani F, Verrijp M, Dubois B, Sikkes S, Epelbaum S. Latent class analysis identifies functional decline with Amsterdam IADL in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2019; 5:553-562. [PMID: 31650012 PMCID: PMC6804616 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Trials in Alzheimer's disease (AD) now include participants at the earliest stages to prevent further decline. However, the lack of tools sensitive to subtle functional changes in early-stage AD hinders the development of new therapies as it is difficult to prove their clinical relevance. Methods We assessed functional changes over three years in 289 elderly memory complainers from the Investigation of Alzheimer's Predictors in subjective memory complainers cohort using the Amsterdam Instrumental-Activities-of-Daily-Living questionnaire (A-IADL-Q). Results No overall functional decline related to AD imaging markers was evidenced. However, five distinct classes of A-IADL-Q trajectories were identified. The largest class (212 [73.4%]) had stable A-IADL-Q scores over 3 years. A second group (23 [8.0%]) showed a persistent functional decline, higher amyloid load (P = .0005), and lower education (P = .0392). Discussion The A-IADL-Q identified a subtle functional decline in asymptomatic at-risk AD individuals. This could have important implications in the field of early intervention in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Christine Villeneuve
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Center of excellence of neurodegenerative disease (CoEN) and National Reference Center for Rare or Early Dementias Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France.,Department of Geriatry, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marion Houot
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Center of excellence of neurodegenerative disease (CoEN) and National Reference Center for Rare or Early Dementias Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Federica Cacciamani
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inria, Aramis project-team, Paris, France
| | - Merike Verrijp
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Center of excellence of neurodegenerative disease (CoEN) and National Reference Center for Rare or Early Dementias Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Sietske Sikkes
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stéphane Epelbaum
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Center of excellence of neurodegenerative disease (CoEN) and National Reference Center for Rare or Early Dementias Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inria, Aramis project-team, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|