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Tundo GR, Grasso G, Persico M, Tkachuk O, Bellia F, Bocedi A, Marini S, Parravano M, Graziani G, Fattorusso C, Sbardella D. The Insulin-Degrading Enzyme from Structure to Allosteric Modulation: New Perspectives for Drug Design. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1492. [PMID: 37892174 PMCID: PMC10604886 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a Zn2+ peptidase originally discovered as the main enzyme involved in the degradation of insulin and other amyloidogenic peptides, such as the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide. Therefore, a role for the IDE in the cure of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been long envisaged. Anyway, its role in degrading amyloidogenic proteins remains not clearly defined and, more recently, novel non-proteolytic functions of the IDE have been proposed. From a structural point of view, the IDE presents an atypical clamshell structure, underscoring unique enigmatic enzymological properties. A better understanding of the structure-function relationship may contribute to solving some existing paradoxes of IDE biology and, in light of its multifunctional activity, might lead to novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Raffaella Tundo
- Department of Clinical Science and Traslational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.R.T.)
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Marco Persico
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (O.T.)
| | - Oleh Tkachuk
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (O.T.)
| | - Francesco Bellia
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessio Bocedi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Marini
- Department of Clinical Science and Traslational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.R.T.)
| | | | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Caterina Fattorusso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (O.T.)
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Shetti AU, Ramakrishnan A, Romanova L, Li W, Vo K, Volety I, Ratnayake I, Stephen T, Minshall RD, Cologna SM, Lazarov O. Reduced endothelial caveolin-1 underlies deficits in brain insulin signalling in type 2 diabetes. Brain 2023; 146:3014-3028. [PMID: 36731883 PMCID: PMC10316766 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes exhibit severe impairments in insulin signalling in the brain and are five times more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease. However, what leads to these impairments is not fully understood. Here, we show reduced expression of endothelial cell caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in the db/db (Leprdb) mouse model of type 2 diabetes. This reduction correlated with alterations in insulin receptor expression and signalling in brain microvessels as well as brain parenchyma. These findings were recapitulated in the brains of endothelial cell-specific Cav-1 knock-out (Tie2Cre; Cav-1fl/fl) mice. Lack of Cav-1 in endothelial cells led to reduced response to insulin as well as reduced insulin uptake. Furthermore, we observed that Cav-1 was necessary for the stabilization of insulin receptors in lipid rafts. Interactome analysis revealed that insulin receptor interacts with Cav-1 and caveolae-associated proteins, insulin-degrading enzyme and the tight junction protein Zonula Occludence-1 in brain endothelial cells. Restoration of Cav-1 in Cav-1 knock-out brain endothelial cells rescued insulin receptor expression and localization. Overall, these results suggest that Cav-1 regulates insulin signalling and uptake by brain endothelial cells by modulating IR-α and IR-β localization and function in lipid rafts. Furthermore, depletion of endothelial cell-specific Cav-1 and the resulting impairment in insulin transport leads to alteration in insulin signalling in the brain parenchyma of type 2 diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashutosh U Shetti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Abhirami Ramakrishnan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Liudmila Romanova
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wenping Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Khanh Vo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ipsita Volety
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ishara Ratnayake
- Electron Microscopy Core, Research Resource Center, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Terilyn Stephen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Richard D Minshall
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Ambrozová L, Zeman T, Janout V, Janoutová J, Lochman J, Šerý O. Association between polymorphism rs2421943 of the insulin-degrading enzyme and schizophrenia: Preliminary report. J Clin Lab Anal 2023; 37:e24949. [PMID: 37515308 PMCID: PMC10492455 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is an important gene in studies of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recent studies have suggested a possible link between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). At the same time, significant changes in insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) gene expression have been found in the brains of people with schizophrenia. These findings highlight the need to further investigate the role of IDE in schizophrenia pathogenesis. METHODS We enrolled 733 participants from the Czech Republic, including 383 patients with schizophrenia and 350 healthy controls. Our study focused on the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2421943 in the IDE gene, which has previously been associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The SNP was analyzed using the PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS The G allele of the rs2421943 polymorphism was found to significantly increase the risk of developing SZ (p < 0.01) when a gender-based analysis showed that both AG and GG genotypes were associated with a more than 1.55 times increased risk of SZ in females (p < 0.03) but not in males. Besides, we identified a potential binding site at the G allele locus for has-miR-7110-5p, providing a potential mechanism for the observed association. CONCLUSION Our results confirm the role of the IDE gene in schizophrenia pathogenesis and suggest that future research should investigate the relationship between miRNA and estrogen influence on IDE expression in schizophrenia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ambrozová
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular PsychiatryDepartment of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Tomáš Zeman
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular PsychiatryDepartment of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Pathological PhysiologyInstitute of Animal Physiology and GeneticsCzech Academy of SciencesBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Vladimír Janout
- Department of Public HealthFaculty of Medicine and DentistryPalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Jana Janoutová
- Department of Public HealthFaculty of Medicine and DentistryPalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular PsychiatryDepartment of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Pathological PhysiologyInstitute of Animal Physiology and GeneticsCzech Academy of SciencesBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Omar Šerý
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular PsychiatryDepartment of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Pathological PhysiologyInstitute of Animal Physiology and GeneticsCzech Academy of SciencesBrnoCzech Republic
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Six genetically linked mutations in the CD36 gene significantly delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10994. [PMID: 35768560 PMCID: PMC9243110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has a strong genetic component, also in the case of late-onset AD (LOAD). Attempts to sequence whole genome in large populations of subjects have identified only a few mutations common to most of the patients with AD. Targeting smaller well-characterized groups of subjects where specific genetic variations in selected genes could be related to precisely defined psychological traits typical of dementia is needed to better understand the heritability of AD. More than one thousand participants, categorized according to cognitive deficits, were assessed using 14 psychometric tests evaluating performance in five cognitive domains (attention/working memory, memory, language, executive functions, visuospatial functions). CD36 was selected as a gene previously shown to be implicated in the etiology of AD. A total of 174 polymorphisms were tested for associations with cognition-related traits and other AD-relevant data using the next generation sequencing. Several associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP’s) and the cognitive deficits have been found (rs12667404 with language performance, rs3211827 and rs41272372 with executive functions, rs137984792 with visuospatial performance). The most prominent association was found between a group of genotypes in six genetically linked and the age at which the AD patients presented with, or developed, a full-blown dementia. The identified alleles appear to be associated with a delay in the onset of LOAD. In silico studies suggested that the SNP’s alter the expression of CD36 thus potentially affecting CD36-related neuroinflammation and other molecular and cellular mechanisms known to be involved in the neuronal loss leading to AD. The main outcome of the study is an identification of a set of six new mutations apparently conferring a distinct protection against AD and delaying the onset by about 8 years. Additional mutations in CD36 associated with certain traits characteristic of the cognitive decline in AD have also been found.
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The "Cerebrospinal Fluid Sink Therapeutic Strategy" in Alzheimer's Disease-From Theory to Design of Applied Systems. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071509. [PMID: 35884814 PMCID: PMC9313192 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a global health problem, with incidence and prevalence considered to increase during the next decades. However, no currently available effective treatment exists despite numerous clinical trials in progress. Moreover, although many hypotheses are accepted regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms of AD onset and evolution, there are still many unknowns about the disorder. A relatively new approach, based on the amyloid-beta dynamics among different biological compartments, is currently intensely discussed, as it seems to offer a promising solution with significant therapeutic impact. Known as the “cerebrospinal-fluid-sink therapeutic strategy”, part of the “three-sink therapeutic strategy”, this theoretical model focuses on the dynamics of amyloid-beta among the three main liquid compartments of the human body, namely blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and the (brain) interstitial fluid. In this context, this article aims to describe in detail the abovementioned hypothesis, by reviewing in the first part the most relevant anatomical and physiological aspects of amyloid-beta dynamics. Subsequently, explored therapeutic strategies based on the clearance of amyloid-beta from the cerebrospinal fluid level are presented, additionally highlighting their limitations. Finally, the originality and novelty of this work rely on the research experience of the authors, who focus on implantable devices and their utility in AD treatment.
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Zhou C, Ni W, Zhu T, Dong S, Sun P, Hua F. Cellular Reprogramming and Its Potential Application in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:884667. [PMID: 35464309 PMCID: PMC9023048 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.884667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become the most common age-related dementia in the world and is currently incurable. Although many efforts have been made, the underlying mechanisms of AD remain unclear. Extracellular amyloid-beta deposition, intracellular tau hyperphosphorylation, neuronal death, glial cell activation, white matter damage, blood-brain barrier disruption, and other mechanisms all take part in this complicated disease, making it difficult to find an effective therapy. In the study of therapeutic methods, how to restore functional neurons and integrate myelin becomes the main point. In recent years, with the improvement and maturity of induced pluripotent stem cell technology and direct cell reprogramming technology, it has become possible to induce non-neuronal cells, such as fibroblasts or glial cells, directly into neuronal cells in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, the induced neurons are functional and capable of entering the local neural net. These encouraging results provide a potential new approach for AD therapy. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of AD, the reprogramming technique, and the current research on the application of cellular reprogramming in AD. The existing problems regarding cellular reprogramming and its therapeutic potential for AD were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wanyan Ni
- Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Taiyang Zhu
- Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shuyu Dong
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Fang Hua
- Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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