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Advances in Chemokine Signaling Pathways as Therapeutic Targets in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122983. [PMID: 34203660 PMCID: PMC8232256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With a median patient survival of 15 months, glioblastoma (GBM) is still one of the deadliest malign tumors. Despite immense efforts, therapeutic regimens fail to prolong GBM patient overall survival due to various resistance mechanisms. Chemokine signaling as part of the tumor microenvironment plays a key role in gliomagenesis, proliferation, neovascularization, metastasis and tumor progression. In this review, we aimed to investigate novel therapeutic approaches targeting various chemokine axes, including CXCR2/CXCL2/IL-8, CXCR3/CXCL4/CXCL9/CXCL10, CXCR4/CXCR7/CXCL12, CXCR6/CXCL16, CCR2/CCL2, CCR5/CCL5 and CX3CR1/CX3CL1 in preclinical and clinical studies of GBM. We reviewed targeted therapies as single therapies, in combination with the standard of care, with antiangiogenic treatment as well as immunotherapy. We found that there are many antagonist-, antibody-, cell- and vaccine-based therapeutic approaches in preclinical and clinical studies. Furthermore, targeted therapies exerted their highest efficacy in combination with other established therapeutic applications. The novel chemokine-targeting therapies have mainly been examined in preclinical models. However, clinical applications are auspicious. Thus, it is crucial to broadly investigate the recently developed preclinical approaches. Promising preclinical applications should then be investigated in clinical studies to create new therapeutic regimens and to overcome therapy resistance to GBM treatment.
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The CXCL2/IL8/CXCR2 Pathway Is Relevant for Brain Tumor Malignancy and Endothelial Cell Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052634. [PMID: 33807899 PMCID: PMC7961945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the angiogenic capacity of CXCL2 and IL8 affecting human endothelial cells to clarify their potential role in glioblastoma (GBM) angiogenesis. Human GBM samples and controls were stained for proangiogenic factors. Survival curves and molecule correlations were obtained from the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database. Moreover, proliferative, migratory and angiogenic activity of peripheral (HUVEC) and brain specific (HBMEC) primary human endothelial cells were investigated including blockage of CXCR2 signaling with SB225502. Gene expression analyses of angiogenic molecules from endothelial cells were performed. Overexpression of VEGF and CXCL2 was observed in GBM patients and associated with a survival disadvantage. Molecules of the VEGF pathway correlated but no relation for CXCR1/2 and CXCL2/IL8 was found. Interestingly, receptors of endothelial cells were not induced by addition of proangiogenic factors in vitro. Proliferation and migration of HUVEC were increased by VEGF, CXCL2 as well as IL8. Their sprouting was enhanced through VEGF and CXCL2, while IL8 showed no effect. In contrast, brain endothelial cells reacted to all proangiogenic molecules. Additionally, treatment with a CXCR2 antagonist led to reduced chemokinesis and sprouting of endothelial cells. We demonstrate the impact of CXCR2 signaling on endothelial cells supporting an impact of this pathway in angiogenesis of glioblastoma.
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Blank A, Kremenetskaia I, Urbantat RM, Acker G, Turkowski K, Radke J, Schneider UC, Vajkoczy P, Brandenburg S. Microglia/macrophages express alternative proangiogenic factors depending on granulocyte content in human glioblastoma. J Pathol 2020; 253:160-173. [PMID: 33044746 DOI: 10.1002/path.5569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells are an inherent part of the microenvironment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). There is growing evidence for their participation in mechanisms of tumor escape, especially in the development of resistance following initially promising anti-VEGF/VEGFR treatment. Thus, we sought to define the capability of myeloid cells to contribute to the expression of proangiogenic molecules in human GBM. We investigated GBM specimens in comparison with anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO grade III) and epilepsy patient samples freshly obtained from surgery. Flow cytometric analyses revealed two distinct CD11b+ CD45+ cell populations in GBM tissues, which were identified as microglia/macrophages and granulocytes. Due to varied granulocyte influx, GBM samples were subdivided into groups with low (GBM-lPMNL) and high (GBM-hPMNL) numbers of granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes; PMNL), which were related to activation of the microglia/macrophage population. Microglia/macrophages of the GBM-lPMNL group were similar to those of astrocytoma specimens, but those of GBM-hPMNL tissues revealed an altered phenotype by expressing high levels of CD163, TIE2, HIF1α, VEGF, CXCL2 and CD13. Although microglia/macrophages represented the main source of alternative proangiogenic factors, additionally granulocytes participated by production of IL8 and CD13. Moreover, microglia/macrophages of the GBM-hPMNL specimens were highly associated with tumor blood vessels, accompanied by remodeling of the vascular structure. Our data emphasize that tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells might play a crucial role for limited efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy bypassing VEGF-mediated pathways through expression of alternative proangiogenic factors. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Blank
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irina Kremenetskaia
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth M Urbantat
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Güliz Acker
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kati Turkowski
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josefine Radke
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf C Schneider
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susan Brandenburg
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Kaloshi G, Brace G, Rroji A, Bushati T, Roci E, Hoxha M, Fejzo G, Petrela M. Bevacizumab Alone at 5 mg/kg in an Every-3-Week Schedule for Patients with Recurrent Glioblastomas: A Single Center Experience. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 99:601-3. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161309900507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of bevacizumab is increasingly reported in neuro-oncology. The most common schedule is 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks. We retrospectively investigated the efficacy of a 3-week schedule of 5 mg/kg bevacizumab in patients with recurrent glioblastomas. Fourteen patients (median age, 46 years) were included in the study. The median number of bevacizumab cycles was 4 (range, 2–8). Five patients (36%) had a partial response, 7 (50%) had stable disease, and 2 (14%) had progressive disease. No grade III-IV toxicities were observed. The median progression-free and overall survival were 3.6 months and 6.4 months, respectively. Every-3-week low-dose single-agent bevacizumab showed substantial activity and a safe profile in patients with recurrent glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentian Kaloshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center “Mother Theresa”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Gramoz Brace
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center “Mother Theresa”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Arben Rroji
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center “Mother Theresa”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Teona Bushati
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center “Mother Theresa”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Ermir Roci
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center “Mother Theresa”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Mehmet Hoxha
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center “Mother Theresa”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Geldon Fejzo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center “Mother Theresa”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Mentor Petrela
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center “Mother Theresa”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
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5
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Ziegler J, Bastian A, Lerner M, Bailey-Downs L, Saunders D, Smith N, Sutton J, Battiste JD, Ihnat MA, Gangjee A, Towner RA. AG488 as a therapy against gliomas. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71833-71844. [PMID: 29069750 PMCID: PMC5641093 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas such as glioblastomas (GBM) present a deadly prognosis following diagnosis and very few effective treatment options. Here, we investigate if the small molecule AG488 can be an effective therapy against GBM with both anti-angiogenic as well as an anti-microtubule inhibiting modalities, using a human G55 glioma xenograft model in nude mice. From in vitro studies, we report that AG488 incubation reduced cell viability in G55 and HMEC-1 cells more so than TMZ treatment, and AG488 treatment also decreased cell viability in normal astrocytes, but not as much as for G55 cells (p<0.0001). In vivo investigations indicated that AG488 therapy helped reduce tumor volumes (p<0.0001), prolong survival (p<0.01), increase tumor perfusion (p<0.01), and decrease microvessel density (MVD) (p<0.05), compared to untreated mice or mice treated with non-specific IgG, in the G55 xenograft model. Additionally, AG488 did not induce apoptosis in normal mouse brain tissue. Animal survival and tumor volume changes for AG488 were comparable to TMZ or anti-VEGF therapies, however AG488 was found to be more effective in decreasing tumor-related vascularity (perfusion and MVD). AG488 is a potential novel therapy against high-grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadith Ziegler
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anja Bastian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Megan Lerner
- Department of Surgery Research Laboratory, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Lora Bailey-Downs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jake Sutton
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - James D Battiste
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael A Ihnat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Pinto MP, Arce M, Yameen B, Vilos C. Targeted brain delivery nanoparticles for malignant gliomas. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 12:59-72. [PMID: 27876436 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors display the highest mortality rates of all childhood cancers, and over the last decade its prevalence has steadily increased in elderly. To date, effective treatments for brain tumors and particularly for malignant gliomas remain a challenge mainly due to the low permeability and high selectivity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to conventional anticancer drugs. In recent years, the elucidation of the cellular mechanisms involved in the transport of substances into the brain has boosted the development of therapeutic-targeted nanoparticles (NPs) with the ability to cross the BBB. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the available therapeutic strategies developed against malignant gliomas based on 'actively targeted' NPs, the challenges of crossing the BBB and blood-brain tumor barrier as well as its mechanisms and a critical assessment of clinical studies that have used targeted NPs for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Finally, we discuss the potential of actively targeted NP-based strategies in clinical settings, its possible side effects and future directions for therapeutic applications. First draft submitted: 4 October 2016; Accepted for publication: 14 October 2016; Published online: 23 November 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Pinto
- Laboratory of Immunology of Reproduction, Faculty of Chemistry & Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170022 Santiago, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Arce
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Basit Yameen
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Chemistry, SBA School of Science & Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Cristian Vilos
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Targeted Delivery, Center for Integrative Medicine & Innovative Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370071 Santiago, Chile.,Center for Bioinformatics & Integrative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370071 Santiago, Chile.,Center for the Development of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
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7
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Lu N, Di Y, Feng XY, Qiang JW, Zhang JW, Wang YG, Liu Y. CT perfusion with acetazolamide challenge in C6 gliomas and angiogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121631. [PMID: 25781321 PMCID: PMC4363697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was performed to investigate the correlation between CT perfusion with acetazolamide challenge and angiogenesis in C6 gliomas. Methods Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated. The rats were divided randomly to four groups: eight rats with orthotopically implanted C6 gliomas at 10-days old (Group A), eight rats with gliomas at 14-days old (Group B), eight rats with gliomas at 18-days old (Group C), eight rats with orthotopically injected normal saline served as controls. CT perfusion was performed before and after administration of acetazolamide. Changes in perfusion parameters due to acetazolamide administration were calculated and analyzed. Results Elevated carbon dioxide partial pressure and decreased pH were found in all 32 rats post acetazolamide challenge (P<0.01). Cerebral blood flowpre-challenge was increased in group C (95.0±2.5 ml/100g/min), as compared to group B (80.1±11.3 ml/100g/min) and group A (63.1±2.1 ml/100g/min). Cerebral blood flow percentage changes were detected with a reduction in group C (54.2±4.8%) as compared to controls (111.3±22.2%). Cerebral blood volume pre-challenge was increased in group C (50.8±1.7ml/100g), as compared to group B (45.7±1.9 ml/100g) and group A (38.2±0.8 ml/100g). Cerebral blood volume percentage changes were decreased in group C (23.5±4.6%) as compared to controls (113.5±30.4%). Angiogenesis ratio = [(CD105-MVD) / (FVIII-MVD)] ×100%. Positive correlations were observed between CD105-microvessel density, angiogenesis ratio, vascular endothelial growth factor, proliferation marker and cerebral blood flowpre-challenge, cerebral blood volume pre-challenge. Negative correlations were observed between CD105-microvessel density and cerebral blood flow percentage changes (P<0.01, correlation coefficient r=-0.788), cerebral blood volume percentage changes (P<0.01, r=-0.703). Negative correlations were observed between angiogenesis ratio, vascular endothelial growth factor, proliferation marker and cerebral blood flow percentage changes, cerebral blood volume percentage changes. Conclusion Our findings suggest that CT perfusion with challenge can provide new insight into non-invasive assessment of rat C6 glioma angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lu
- Department of Radiology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Di
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Feng
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XYF); (JWQ)
| | - Jin-Wei Qiang
- Department of Radiology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XYF); (JWQ)
| | - Jia-wen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-gang Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Abstract
This review covers the medical options for malignant gliomas based on the results of recent clinical trials and updated information on molecular markers of prognostic and predictive value. In addition to alkylating agents, the antiangiogenic drug bevacizumab is increasingly used, particularly in cases of recurrence. Supportive care, including antiedema agents, antiepileptic drugs and anticoagulants, represent complementary treatment approaches of the utmost clinical importance.
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9
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Li L, Wang L, Song P, Geng X, Liang X, Zhou M, Wang Y, Chen C, Jia J, Zeng J. Critical role of histone demethylase RBP2 in human gastric cancer angiogenesis. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:81. [PMID: 24716659 PMCID: PMC4113143 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular mechanisms responsible for angiogenesis and abnormal expression of angiogenic factors in gastric cancer, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), remain unclear. The histone demethylase retinoblastoma binding protein 2 (RBP2) is involved in gastric tumorgenesis by inhibiting the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs). Methods The expression of RBP2, VEGF, CD31, CD34 and Ki67 was assessed in 30 human gastric cancer samples and normal control samples. We used quantitative RT-PCR, western blot analysis, ELISA, tube-formation assay and colony-formation assay to characterize the change in VEGF expression and associated biological activities induced by RBP2 silencing or overexpression. Luciferase assay and ChIP were used to explore the direct regulation of RBP2 on the promoter activity of VEGF. Nude mice and RBP2-targeted mutant mice were used to detect the role of RBP2 in VEGF expression and angiogenesis in vivo. Results RBP2 and VEGF were both overexpressed in human gastric cancer tissue, with greater microvessel density (MVD) and cell proliferation as compared with normal tissue. In gastric epithelial cell lines, RBP2 overexpression significantly promoted the expression of VEGF and the growth and angiogenesis of the cells, while RBP2 knockdown had the reverse effect. RBP2 directly bound to the promoter of VEGF to regulate its expression by histone H3K4 demethylation. The subcutis of nude mice transfected with BGC-823 cells with RBP2 knockdown showed reduced VEGF expression and MVD, with reduced carcinogenesis and cell proliferation. In addition, the gastric epithelia of RBP2 mutant mice with increased H3K4 trimethylation showed reduced VEGF expression and MVD. Conclusions The promotion of gastric tumorigenesis by RBP2 was significantly associated with transactivation of VEGF expression and elevated angiogenesis. Overexpression of RBP2 and activation of VEGF might play important roles in human gastric cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiping Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, P, R, China.
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Gavalas NG, Liontos M, Trachana SP, Bagratuni T, Arapinis C, Liacos C, Dimopoulos MA, Bamias A. Angiogenesis-related pathways in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15885-909. [PMID: 23903048 PMCID: PMC3759892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian Cancer represents the most fatal type of gynecological malignancies. A number of processes are involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer, especially within the tumor microenvironment. Angiogenesis represents a hallmark phenomenon in cancer, and it is responsible for tumor spread and metastasis in ovarian cancer, among other tumor types, as it leads to new blood vessel formation. In recent years angiogenesis has been given considerable attention in order to identify targets for developing effective anti-tumor therapies. Growth factors have been identified to play key roles in driving angiogenesis and, thus, the formation of new blood vessels that assist in "feeding" cancer. Such molecules include the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), the fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and the angiopoietin/Tie2 receptor complex. These proteins are key players in complex molecular pathways within the tumor cell and they have been in the spotlight of the development of anti-angiogenic molecules that may act as stand-alone therapeutics, or in concert with standard treatment regimes such as chemotherapy. The pathways involved in angiogenesis and molecules that have been developed in order to combat angiogenesis are described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos G. Gavalas
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Michalis Liontos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Sofia-Paraskevi Trachana
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Tina Bagratuni
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Calliope Arapinis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Christine Liacos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Meletios A. Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Aristotle Bamias
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece; E-Mails: (N.G.G.); (L.M.); (S.-P.T.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (M.A.G.)
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Gliomas are the most common brain tumor in children and represent nearly 50 % of all pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors. They are a heterogeneous group of diseases, ranging from highly malignant and frequently fatal to histologically benign and curable by surgery alone. A uniform treatment approach to these tumors is not practical, due to their histological and biological heterogeneity. Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are best treated with maximally safe surgical resection, generally achievable for hemispheric or cerebellar locations. Patients with deep midline, optic pathway/hypothalamic, and brain stem locations should undergo subtotal resection or biopsy only. If a complete resection is not feasible, subtotal resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy is the standard approach; however, observation alone with serial neuroimaging is used in some asymptomatic, surgically inaccessible lesions. Chemotherapy is used first-line in cases of residual or progressive disease, to avoid or delay radiation therapy and its associated side effects. Regimens demonstrating objective responses and increased progression free survival (PFS) include carboplatin and vincristine (CV), thioguanine/procarbazine/CCNU/vincristine (TPCV), or weekly vinblastine. High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are less common in children than in adults, though are similar in their aggressive clinical behavior, resistance to therapy, and dismal outcomes. There is not a single "standard of care" therapy for non-metastatic HGGs, but generally accepted is an aggressive attempt at a complete surgical resection, followed by multimodality therapy with focal radiation and chemotherapy. The use of temozolomide (TMZ) during and following radiotherapy is common, though it appeared not to improve the outcome in a cooperative group clinical trial when compared to an historical control cohort. The angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab, used alone or in combination with irinotecan, is also commonly used as maintenance therapy after radiation. Current trials are prospectively comparing TMZ to newer agents (vorinostat, bevacizumab) in a randomized phase II trial. Brainstem gliomas are a unique category of childhood gliomas. Approximately 80 % of childhood brainstem gliomas arise within the pons as diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG). When biopsied, these are usually HGGs and carry a dismal prognosis. Standard therapy is focal radiation (54-58 Gy), preferably on a clinical trial testing concurrent chemotherapy or biologic agent. No standard chemotherapy agent has impacted survival. The remaining 20 % of brainstem gliomas are low-grade, arise in the midbrain, dorsal medulla, or cervicomedullary junction, and are indolent in nature with a much better prognosis. Improvement in the outcome of all childhood gliomas will require increased knowledge of the underlying biology of these tumors, in order to treat with more biologically based and precise therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Minturn
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, CTRB 4028, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Hu Q, Gao X, Gu G, Kang T, Tu Y, Liu Z, Song Q, Yao L, Pang Z, Jiang X, Chen H, Chen J. Glioma therapy using tumor homing and penetrating peptide-functionalized PEG-PLA nanoparticles loaded with paclitaxel. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5640-50. [PMID: 23639530 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
By taking advantage of the excessively upregulated expression of neuropilin (NRP) on the surface of both glioma cells and endothelial cells of angiogenic blood vessels, the ligand of NRP with high affinity - tLyp-1 peptide, which also contains a CendR motif ((R/K)XX(R/K)), was functionalized to the surface of PEG-PLA nanoparticles (tLyp-1-NP) to mediate its tumor homing, vascular extravasation and deep penetration into the glioma parenchyma. The tLyp-1-NP was prepared via a maleimide-thiol coupling reaction with uniformly spherical shape under TEM and particle size of 111.30 ± 15.64 nm. tLyp-1-NP exhibited enhanced cellular uptake in both human umbilical vein endothelial cells and Rat C6 glioma cells, increased cytotoxicity of the loaded PTX, and improved penetration and growth inhibition in avascular C6 glioma spheroids. Selective accumulation and deep penetration of tLyp-1-NP at the glioma site was confirmed by in vivo imaging and glioma distribution analysis. The longest survival was achieved by those mice bearing intracranial C6 glioma treated with PTX-loaded tLyp-1-NP. The findings here strongly indicate that tLyp-1 peptide-functionalized nanoparticulate DDS could significantly improve the efficacy of paclitaxel glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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