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Hou W, Xu XL, Huang LJ, Zhang ZY, Zhou ZN, Wang JY, Ouyang X, Xin SY, Zhang ZY, Xiong Y, Huang H, Lan JX. Bioactivities and Action Mechanisms of Ellipticine Derivatives Reported Prior to 2023. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400210. [PMID: 38433548 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Currently, natural products are one of the priceless options for finding novel chemical pharmaceutical entities. Ellipticine is a naturally occurring alkaloid isolated from the leaves of Ochrosia elliptica Labill. Ellipticine and its derivatives are characterized by multiple biological activities. The purpose of this review was to provide a critical and systematic assessment of ellipticine and its derivatives as bioactive molecules over the last 60 years. Publications focused mainly on the total synthesis of alkaloids of this type without any evaluation of bioactivity have been excluded. We have reviewed papers dealing with the synthesis, bioactivity evaluation and mechanism of action of ellipticine and its derivatives. It was found that ellipticine and its derivatives showed cytotoxicity, antimicrobial ability, and anti-inflammatory activity, among which cytotoxicity toward cancer cell lines was the most investigated aspect. The inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II was the most relevant mechanism for cytotoxicity. The PI3K/AKT pathway, p53 pathway, and MAPK pathway were also closely related to the antiproliferative ability of these compounds. In addition, the structure-activity relationship was deduced, and future prospects were outlined. We are confident that these findings will lay a scientific foundation for ellipticine-based drug development, especially for anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hou
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Liang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xingguo People's Hospital, Xingguo Hospital Affiliated to Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 342400, P. R. China
| | - Le-Jun Huang
- College of Rehabilitation, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Nuo Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Yang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Xi Ouyang
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Su-Ya Xin
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Yun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Yi Xiong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Hao Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Xia Lan
- College of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
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Incocciati A, Kubeš J, Piacentini R, Cappelletti C, Botta S, Bertuccini L, Šimůnek T, Boffi A, Macone A, Bonamore A. Hydrophobicity-enhanced ferritin nanoparticles for efficient encapsulation and targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs to tumor cells. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4819. [PMID: 37883077 PMCID: PMC10661074 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin, a naturally occurring iron storage protein, has gained significant attention as a drug delivery platform due to its inherent biocompatibility and capacity to encapsulate therapeutic agents. In this study, we successfully genetically engineered human H ferritin by incorporating 4 or 6 tryptophan residues per subunit, strategically oriented towards the inner cavity of the nanoparticle. This modification aimed to enhance the encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs into the ferritin cage. Comprehensive characterization of the mutants revealed that only the variant carrying four tryptophan substitutions per subunit retained the ability to disassemble and reassemble properly. As a proof of concept, we evaluated the loading capacity of this mutant with ellipticine, a natural hydrophobic indole alkaloid with multimodal anticancer activity. Our data demonstrated that this specific mutant exhibited significantly higher efficiency in loading ellipticine compared to human H ferritin. Furthermore, to evaluate the versatility of this hydrophobicity-enhanced ferritin nanoparticle as a drug carrier, we conducted a comparative study by also encapsulating doxorubicin, a commonly used anticancer drug. Subsequently, we tested both ellipticine and doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles on a promyelocytic leukemia cell line, demonstrating efficient uptake by these cells and resulting in the expected cytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Incocciati
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Jan Kubeš
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzech Republic
| | - Roberta Piacentini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- Center of Life Nano‐ and Neuro‐ScienceItalian Institute of TechnologyRomeItaly
| | - Chiara Cappelletti
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Sofia Botta
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | | | - Tomáš Šimůnek
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzech Republic
| | - Alberto Boffi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Alberto Macone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Alessandra Bonamore
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
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Nguyen HT, Nguyen Van H, Hoang Thi P, Thi TAD, Le‐Nhat‐Thuy G, Nguyen Thi QG, Tuan AN, Ba Thi C, Tran Quang H, Van Nguyen T. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of New Fluoro and Trifluoromethyl Substituents Containing Chromeno[2,3‐
d
]pyrimidines. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thanh Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Ha Nguyen Van
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
- Military Institute of Chemistry and Environment, An Khanh Hoai Duc Ha Noi Vietnam
| | - Phuong Hoang Thi
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Tuyet Anh Dang Thi
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Giang Le‐Nhat‐Thuy
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Quynh Giang Nguyen Thi
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Anh Nguyen Tuan
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Cham Ba Thi
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Hung Tran Quang
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Van Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
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Thanh NH, Bao LQ, Pham-The H, Anh DTT, Van Kiem P. Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Fluorinated Podophyllotoxin Derivatives. Nat Prod Commun 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x231153733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro and in silico anticancer activity of fluorinated podophyllotoxin derivatives. Methods: Microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions were carried out in an Anton Paar Microwave Synthetic Reactor Monowave 400 in order to synthesize fluorinated podophyllotoxin derivatives. These products were identified by spectral analysis and evaluated for their cytotoxicity against 4 types of human cancer cell lines (KB, HepG2, A549, and MCF7), as well as human embryonic kidney (Hek) 293 cells using MTT protocol. Molecular docking was conducted using 2 crystal structures of tubulin—colchicine (PDB ID: 4O2B) and topoisomerase II—etoposide (PDB ID: 3QX3) complexes. Results: Two potent cytotoxic fluorinated podophyllotoxin–naphthoquinone compounds were synthesized in good yields. They displayed high cytotoxic activity against all the tested cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 0.58 to 3.17 µM. Notably, product 8a showed low toxicity against the Hek-293 cell line. Molecular docking results showed that products 8a and 8b participated in the same key interactions provided by etoposide with both topoisomerase and DNA chain domains. The binding energy values calculated for 8a and 8b are acceptable. Conclusion: This study revealed that products 8a and 8b exhibited promising in vitro and in silico anticancer activity and could be recognized as promising anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Ha Thanh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Dang Thi Tuyet Anh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phan Van Kiem
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Nguyen HT, Nguyen Thi QG, Nguyen Thi TH, Thi PH, Le-Nhat-Thuy G, Dang Thi TA, Le-Quang B, Pham-The H, Van Nguyen T. Synthesis and biological activity, and molecular modelling studies of potent cytotoxic podophyllotoxin-naphthoquinone compounds. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22004-22019. [PMID: 36043070 PMCID: PMC9361925 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03312g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new approach for the synthesis of podophyllotoxin-naphthoquinone compounds using microwave-assisted three-component reactions is reported in this study. Novel podophyllotoxin-naphthoquinone derivatives with modification on ring E were synthesized. All the synthetic compounds were assessed in terms of their cytotoxicity profile against four cancer cell lines (KB, HepG2, A549, and MCF7), and noncancerous Hek-293 cell lines. Notably, treatment of SK-LU-1 cells with compounds 5a and 5b resulted in G2/M phase arrest of the cell cycle, caspase-3/7 activation, and apoptosis. Additionally, molecular docking studies were performed and showed important interaction of two compounds against residues in the colchicine-binding-site of tubulin as well. Taken together, compounds 5a and 5b were identified as potent anticancer agents. A new approach for the synthesis of podophyllotoxin-naphthoquinone compounds using microwave-assisted three-component reactions is reported in this study.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thanh Nguyen
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam .,Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Quynh Giang Nguyen Thi
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam .,Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Thu Ha Nguyen Thi
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam .,Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Phuong Hoang Thi
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Giang Le-Nhat-Thuy
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam .,Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Tuyet Anh Dang Thi
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam .,Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Bao Le-Quang
- Hanoi Unviversity of Pharmacy 13-15 Le Thanh Tong Hoan Kiem Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Hai Pham-The
- Hanoi Unviversity of Pharmacy 13-15 Le Thanh Tong Hoan Kiem Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Van Nguyen
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam .,Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
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Müller D, Saha P, Panda D, Dash J, Schwalbe H. Insights from Binding on Quadruplex Selective Carbazole Ligands. Chemistry 2021; 27:12726-12736. [PMID: 34138492 PMCID: PMC8518889 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphic G-quadruplex (G4) secondary DNA structures have received increasing attention in medicinal chemistry owing to their key involvement in the regulation of the maintenance of genomic stability, telomere length homeostasis and transcription of important proto-oncogenes. Different classes of G4 ligands have been developed for the potential treatment of several human diseases. Among them, the carbazole scaffold with appropriate side chain appendages has attracted much interest for designing G4 ligands. Because of its large and rigid π-conjugation system and ease of functionalization at three different positions, a variety of carbazole derivatives have been synthesized from various natural or synthetic sources for potential applications in G4-based therapeutics and biosensors. Herein, we provide an updated close-up of the literatures on carbazole-based G4 ligands with particular focus given on their detailed binding insights studied by NMR spectroscopy. The structure-activity relationships and the opportunities and challenges of their potential applications as biosensors and therapeutics are also discussed. This review will provide an overall picture of carbazole ligands with remarkable G4 topological preference, fluorescence properties and significant bioactivity; portraying carbazole as a very promising scaffold for assembling G4 ligands with a range of novel functional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Goethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 7Frankfurt am Main60438Germany
| | - Puja Saha
- School of Chemical SciencesIndian Association for the Cultivation of ScienceJadavpurKolkata-700032India
| | - Deepanjan Panda
- School of Chemical SciencesIndian Association for the Cultivation of ScienceJadavpurKolkata-700032India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of Chemical SciencesIndian Association for the Cultivation of ScienceJadavpurKolkata-700032India
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Goethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 7Frankfurt am Main60438Germany
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Haddad Y, Charousova M, Zivotska H, Splichal Z, Merlos Rodrigo MA, Michalkova H, Krizkova S, Tesarova B, Richtera L, Vitek P, Stokowa-Soltys K, Hynek D, Milosavljevic V, Rex S, Heger Z. Norepinephrine transporter-derived homing peptides enable rapid endocytosis of drug delivery nanovehicles into neuroblastoma cells. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:95. [PMID: 32660596 PMCID: PMC7359476 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the diagnosis and treatment of neuroblastomas-the most frequent solid tumors in children-exploit the norepinephrine transporter (hNET) via radiolabeled norepinephrine analogs. We aim to develop a nanomedicine-based strategy towards precision therapy by targeting hNET cell-surface protein with hNET-derived homing peptides. RESULTS The peptides (seq. GASNGINAYL and SLWERLAYGI) were shown to bind high-resolution homology models of hNET in silico. In particular, one unique binding site has marked the sequence and structural similarities of both peptides, while most of the contribution to the interaction was attributed to the electrostatic energy of Asn and Arg (< - 228 kJ/mol). The peptides were comprehensively characterized by computational and spectroscopic methods showing ~ 21% β-sheets/aggregation for GASNGINAYL and ~ 27% α-helix for SLWERLAYGI. After decorating 12-nm ferritin-based nanovehicles with cysteinated peptides, both peptides exhibited high potential for use in actively targeted neuroblastoma nanotherapy with exceptional in vitro biocompatibility and stability, showing minor yet distinct influences of the peptides on the global expression profiles. Upon binding to hNET with fast binding kinetics, GASNGINAYLC peptides enabled rapid endocytosis of ferritins into neuroblastoma cells, leading to apoptosis due to increased selective cytotoxicity of transported payload ellipticine. Peptide-coated nanovehicles significantly showed higher levels of early apoptosis after 6 h than non-coated nanovehicles (11% and 7.3%, respectively). Furthermore, targeting with the GASNGINAYLC peptide led to significantly higher degree of late apoptosis compared to the SLWERLAYGIC peptide (9.3% and 4.4%, respectively). These findings were supported by increased formation of reactive oxygen species, down-regulation of survivin and Bcl-2 and up-regulated p53. CONCLUSION This novel homing nanovehicle employing GASNGINAYLC peptide was shown to induce rapid endocytosis of ellipticine-loaded ferritins into neuroblastoma cells in selective fashion and with successful payload. Future homing peptide development via lead optimization and functional analysis can pave the way towards efficient peptide-based active delivery of nanomedicines to neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Haddad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marketa Charousova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Zivotska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Zbynek Splichal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Miguel Angel Merlos Rodrigo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Michalkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Barbora Tesarova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lukas Richtera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Vitek
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Belidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Kamila Stokowa-Soltys
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - David Hynek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vedran Milosavljevic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czechia
| | - Simona Rex
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czechia.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czechia.
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czechia.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czechia.
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