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Yu S, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Meng D, Wang Y, Xu X, Liang N, Shabiti S, Zhang X, Wang Z, Yang Z, Mi P, Zheng X, Li W, Chen H. The mechanisms of multidrug resistance of breast cancer and research progress on related reversal agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 95:117486. [PMID: 37847948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the mainstay in the treatment of breast cancer. However, many drugs that are commonly used in clinical practice have a high incidence of side effects and multidrug resistance (MDR), which is mainly caused by overexpression of drug transporters and related enzymes in breast cancer cells. In recent years, researchers have been working hard to find newer and safer drugs to overcome MDR in breast cancer. In this review, we provide the molecule mechanism of MDR in breast cancer, categorize potential lead compounds that inhibit single or multiple drug transporter proteins, as well as related enzymes. Additionally, we have summarized the structure-activity relationship (SAR) based on potential breast cancer MDR modulators with lower side effects. The development of novel approaches to suppress MDR is also addressed. These lead compounds hold great promise for exploring effective chemotherapy agents to overcome MDR, providing opportunities for curing breast cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Yu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, China Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research [Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department document (Approval number: 2019-56)], School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No.28 Changshengxi Road, Hengyang 421001, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nano formulations, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jinling Zheng
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, China Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research [Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department document (Approval number: 2019-56)], School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No.28 Changshengxi Road, Hengyang 421001, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nano formulations, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, China Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research [Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department document (Approval number: 2019-56)], School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No.28 Changshengxi Road, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Dandan Meng
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, China Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research [Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department document (Approval number: 2019-56)], School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No.28 Changshengxi Road, Hengyang 421001, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nano formulations, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yujue Wang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, China Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research [Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department document (Approval number: 2019-56)], School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No.28 Changshengxi Road, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nano formulations, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Na Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nano formulations, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Shayibai Shabiti
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nano formulations, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nano formulations, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zixi Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nano formulations, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zehua Yang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, China Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research [Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department document (Approval number: 2019-56)], School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No.28 Changshengxi Road, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Pengbing Mi
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, China Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research [Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department document (Approval number: 2019-56)], School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No.28 Changshengxi Road, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Xing Zheng
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, China Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research [Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department document (Approval number: 2019-56)], School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No.28 Changshengxi Road, Hengyang 421001, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Vocational College of Science and Technology, Third Zhongyi Shan Road, Changsha, Hunan Province 425101, PR China.
| | - Wenjun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nano formulations, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Hongfei Chen
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, China Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research [Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department document (Approval number: 2019-56)], School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No.28 Changshengxi Road, Hengyang 421001, PR China.
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Nasr R, Lorendeau D, Khonkarn R, Dury L, Pérès B, Boumendjel A, Cortay JC, Falson P, Chaptal V, Baubichon-Cortay H. Molecular analysis of the massive GSH transport mechanism mediated by the human Multidrug Resistant Protein 1/ABCC1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7616. [PMID: 32377003 PMCID: PMC7203140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transporter Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MRP1, ABCC1) is implicated in multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype of cancer cells. Glutathione (GSH) plays a key role in MRP1 transport activities. In addition, a ligand-stimulated GSH transport which triggers the death of cells overexpressing MRP1, by collateral sensitivity (CS), has been described. This CS could be a way to overcome the poor prognosis for patients suffering from a chemoresistant cancer. The molecular mechanism of such massive GSH transport and its connection to the other transport activities of MRP1 are unknown. In this context, we generated MRP1/MRP2 chimeras covering different regions, MRP2 being a close homolog that does not trigger CS. The one encompassing helices 16 and 17 led to the loss of CS and MDR phenotype without altering basal GSH transport. Within this region, the sole restoration of the original G1228 (D1236 in MRP2) close to the extracellular loop between the two helices fully rescued the CS (massive GSH efflux and cell death) but not the MDR phenotype. The flexibility of that loop and the binding of a CS agent like verapamil could favor a particular conformation for the massive transport of GSH, not related to other transport activities of MRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachad Nasr
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins group, IBCP, UMR 5086, CNRS-University of Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Doriane Lorendeau
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins group, IBCP, UMR 5086, CNRS-University of Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Ruttiros Khonkarn
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins group, IBCP, UMR 5086, CNRS-University of Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Lauriane Dury
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins group, IBCP, UMR 5086, CNRS-University of Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Basile Pérès
- Department of Molecular Pharmacochemistry (DPM), UMR 5063, Grenoble Alpes University, 38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Ahcène Boumendjel
- Department of Molecular Pharmacochemistry (DPM), UMR 5063, Grenoble Alpes University, 38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Claude Cortay
- INSERM U1052, CNRS-University of Lyon UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Falson
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins group, IBCP, UMR 5086, CNRS-University of Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Chaptal
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins group, IBCP, UMR 5086, CNRS-University of Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Baubichon-Cortay
- Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins group, IBCP, UMR 5086, CNRS-University of Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France.
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Hosen MJ, Zubaer A, Thapa S, Khadka B, De Paepe A, Vanakker OM. Molecular docking simulations provide insights in the substrate binding sites and possible substrates of the ABCC6 transporter. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102779. [PMID: 25062064 PMCID: PMC4111409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human ATP-binding cassette family C member 6 (ABCC6) gene encodes an ABC transporter protein (ABCC6), primarily expressed in liver and kidney. Mutations in the ABCC6 gene cause pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), an autosomal recessive connective tissue disease characterized by ectopic mineralization of the elastic fibers. The pathophysiology underlying PXE is incompletely understood, which can at least partly be explained by the undetermined nature of the ABCC6 substrates as well as the unknown substrate recognition and binding sites. Several compounds, including anionic glutathione conjugates (N-ethylmaleimide; NEM-GS) and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) were shown to be modestly transported in vitro; conversely, vitamin K3 (VK3) was demonstrated not to be transported by ABCC6. To predict the possible substrate binding pockets of the ABCC6 transporter, we generated a 3D homology model of ABCC6 in both open and closed conformation, qualified for molecular docking and virtual screening approaches. By docking 10 reported in vitro substrates in our ABCC6 3D homology models, we were able to predict the substrate binding residues of ABCC6. Further, virtual screening of 4651 metabolites from the Human Serum Metabolome Database against our open conformation model disclosed possible substrates for ABCC6, which are mostly lipid and biliary secretion compounds, some of which are found to be involved in mineralization. Docking of these possible substrates in the closed conformation model also showed high affinity. Virtual screening expands this possibility to explore more compounds that can interact with ABCC6, and may aid in understanding the mechanisms leading to PXE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jakir Hosen
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Zubaer
- Swapnojaatra Bioresearch Laboratory, DataSoft Systems, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Simrika Thapa
- Swapnojaatra Bioresearch Laboratory, DataSoft Systems, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bijendra Khadka
- Swapnojaatra Bioresearch Laboratory, DataSoft Systems, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anne De Paepe
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier M. Vanakker
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Chang XB. Molecular mechanism of ATP-dependent solute transport by multidrug resistance-associated protein 1. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 596:223-49. [PMID: 19949927 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-416-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Millions of new cancer patients are diagnosed each year and over half of these patients die from this devastating disease. Thus, cancer causes a major public health problem worldwide. Chemotherapy remains the principal mode to treat many metastatic cancers. However, occurrence of cellular multidrug resistance (MDR) prevents efficient killing of cancer cells, leading to chemotherapeutic treatment failure. Over-expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters, such as P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein and/or multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), confers an acquired MDR due to their capabilities of transporting a broad range of chemically diverse anticancer drugs across the cell membrane barrier. In this review, the molecular mechanism of ATP-dependent solute transport by MRP1 will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-bao Chang
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
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5
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Eckford PDW, Sharom FJ. ABC efflux pump-based resistance to chemotherapy drugs. Chem Rev 2009; 109:2989-3011. [PMID: 19583429 DOI: 10.1021/cr9000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D W Eckford
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Dietrich D, Schmuths H, De Marcos Lousa C, Baldwin JM, Baldwin SA, Baker A, Theodoulou FL, Holdsworth MJ. Mutations in the Arabidopsis peroxisomal ABC transporter COMATOSE allow differentiation between multiple functions in planta: insights from an allelic series. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 20:530-43. [PMID: 19019987 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-07-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
COMATOSE (CTS), the Arabidopsis homologue of human Adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP), is required for import of substrates for peroxisomal beta-oxidation. A new allelic series and a homology model based on the bacterial ABC transporter, Sav1866, provide novel insights into structure-function relations of ABC subfamily D proteins. In contrast to ALDP, where the majority of mutations result in protein absence from the peroxisomal membrane, all CTS mutants produced stable protein. Mutation of conserved residues in the Walker A and B motifs in CTS nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) 1 resulted in a null phenotype but had little effect in NBD2, indicating that the NBDs are functionally distinct in vivo. Two alleles containing mutations in NBD1 outside the Walker motifs (E617K and C631Y) exhibited resistance to auxin precursors 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB) and indole butyric acid (IBA) but were wild type in all other tests. The homology model predicted that the transmission interfaces are domain-swapped in CTS, and the differential effects of mutations in the conserved "EAA motif" of coupling helix 2 supported this prediction, consistent with distinct roles for each NBD. Our findings demonstrate that CTS functions can be separated by mutagenesis and the structural model provides a framework for interpretation of phenotypic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Dietrich
- Department of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Hagenbuch B, Gui C. Xenobiotic transporters of the human organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) family. Xenobiotica 2008; 38:778-801. [PMID: 18668430 DOI: 10.1080/00498250801986951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
1. The organic anion transporting polypeptides (humans OATP; other species Oatp) belong to the SLCO gene superfamily of transporters and are twelve transmembrane domain glycoproteins expressed in various epithelial cells. Some OATPs/Oatps are expressed in a single organ, while others are expressed ubiquitously. 2. The functionally characterized members mediate sodium-independent transport of a variety of structurally independent, mainly amphipathic organic compounds, including bile salts, hormones and their conjugates, toxins, and various drugs. 3. This review summarizes the general features and the substrates of the eleven human OATPs. Furthermore, it reviews what is known about the mechanism of their multispecificity, their predicted structure, their role in drug-food interactions, and their role in cancer. 4. Finally, some open questions are raised that need to be addressed to advance OATP research in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hagenbuch
- The University of Kansas Medical Center, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Paumi CM, Chuk M, Chevelev I, Stagljar I, Michaelis S. Negative regulation of the yeast ABC transporter Ycf1p by phosphorylation within its N-terminal extension. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:27079-88. [PMID: 18667437 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802569200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast vacuolar membrane protein Ycf1p and its mammalian counterpart, MRP1, belong to the ABCC subfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that rid cells of toxic endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Like most members of the ABCC subfamily, Ycf1p contains an N-terminal extension in addition to its ABC "core" domain and transports substrates in the form of glutathione conjugates. Ycf1p is subject to complex regulation to ensure its optimal function. Previous studies showed that Ycf1p activity is stimulated by a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Tus1p, and is positively regulated by phosphorylation in its ABC core domain at residues Ser-908 and Thr-911. Here we provide evidence that phosphorylation of Ser-251 in the Ycf1p N-terminal extension negatively regulates activity. Mutant Ycf1p-S251A exhibits increased resistance to cadmium in vivo and increased Ycf1p-dependent transport of [(3)H]estradiol-beta-17-glucuronide in vitro as compared with wild-type Ycf1p. Activity is restored to the wild-type level for Ycf1-S251E. To identify kinase(s) that negatively regulate Ycf1p function, we conducted an integrated membrane yeast two-hybrid (iMYTH) screen and identified two kinase genes, CKA1 and HAL5, deletion of which increases Ycf1p function. Genetic evidence suggests that Cka1p may regulate Ycf1p function through phosphorylation of Ser-251 either directly or indirectly. Overall, this study provides compelling evidence that negative, as well as positive, regulation of Ycf1p is mediated by phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Paumi
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Chang XB. A molecular understanding of ATP-dependent solute transport by multidrug resistance-associated protein MRP1. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007; 26:15-37. [PMID: 17295059 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-007-9041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over a million new cases of cancers are diagnosed each year in the United States and over half of these patients die from these devastating diseases. Thus, cancers cause a major public health problem in the United States and worldwide. Chemotherapy remains the principal mode to treat many metastatic cancers. However, occurrence of cellular multidrug resistance (MDR) prevents efficient killing of cancer cells, leading to chemotherapeutic treatment failure. Numerous mechanisms of MDR exist in cancer cells, such as intrinsic or acquired MDR. Overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp or ABCB1), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP or ABCG2) and/or multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1 or ABCC1), confers an acquired MDR due to their capabilities of transporting a broad range of chemically diverse anticancer drugs. In addition to their roles in MDR, there is substantial evidence suggesting that these drug transporters have functions in tissue defense. Basically, these drug transporters are expressed in tissues important for absorption, such as in lung and gut, and for metabolism and elimination, such as in liver and kidney. In addition, these drug transporters play an important role in maintaining the barrier function of many tissues including blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebral spinal fluid barrier, blood-testis barrier and the maternal-fetal barrier. Thus, these ATP-dependent drug transporters play an important role in the absorption, disposition and elimination of the structurally diverse array of the endobiotics and xenobiotics. In this review, the molecular mechanism of ATP-dependent solute transport by MRP1 will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-bao Chang
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
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Boumendjel A, Baubichon-Cortay H, Trompier D, Perrotton T, Di Pietro A. Anticancer multidrug resistance mediated by MRP1: recent advances in the discovery of reversal agents. Med Res Rev 2005; 25:453-72. [PMID: 15834856 DOI: 10.1002/med.20032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family. It is able to transport a broad range of anticancer drugs through cellular membranes, thus limiting their antiproliferative action. Since its discovery in 1992, MRP1 has been the most studied among MRP proteins, which now count nine members. Besides the biological work, which targets structure elucidation, binding sites location, and mode of action, most efforts have been focused on finding molecules which act as MRP1 inhibitors. In this review, we attempt to summarize and highlight studies dealing with modulators of MRP1-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR), which have been accomplished in the last 5 years. The reported MRP1 inhibitors are discussed according to their chemical class. Finally, we try to bring information on structure-activity relationship (SAR) aspects and how modulators might interact with MRP1. This study may facilitate the rational design of future modulators of MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahcène Boumendjel
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, UMR 5063 CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, 5 Avenue de Verdun BP 138, 38243 Meylan, France. Ahcène.Boumendjelujf-grenoble.fr
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