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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Hamash SM, Jabir MS, Al-Gareeb AI, Albuhadily AK, Albukhaty S, Sulaiman GM. The classical and non-classical axes of renin-angiotensin system in Parkinson disease: The bright and dark side of the moon. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102200. [PMID: 38237699 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a common brain neurodegenerative disease due to progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Of note, the cardio-metabolic disorders such as hypertension are adversely affect PD neuropathology through exaggeration of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The RAS affects the stability of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc, and exaggeration of angiotensin II (AngII) is implicated in the development and progression of PD. RAS has two axes classical including angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)/AngII/AT1R, and the non-classical axis which include ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas receptor, AngIII, AngIV, AT2R, and AT4R. It has been shown that brain RAS is differs from that of systemic RAS that produce specific neuronal effects. As well, there is an association between brain RAS and PD. Therefore, this review aims to revise from published articles the role of brain RAS in the pathogenesis of PD focusing on the non-classical pathway, and how targeting of this axis can modulate PD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sadiq M Al-Hamash
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Majid S Jabir
- Department of Applied science, University of technology, Iraq.
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali K Albuhadily
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Salim Albukhaty
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Misan, Maysan 62001, Iraq
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Xu S, Xu L. Childhood emotional maltreatment increases the "wear-and-tear" of physiological systems, especially neuroendocrine changes in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2023; 262:84-86. [PMID: 37931563 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, China.
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Dandi Ε, Spandou E, Dalla C, Tata DA. Τhe neuroprotective role of environmental enrichment against behavioral, morphological, neuroendocrine and molecular changes following chronic unpredictable mild stress: A systematic review. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3003-3025. [PMID: 37461295 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors interact with biological and genetic factors influencing the development and well-being of an organism. The interest in better understanding the role of environment on behavior and physiology led to the development of animal models of environmental manipulations. Environmental enrichment (EE), an environmental condition that allows cognitive and sensory stimulation as well as social interaction, improves cognitive function, reduces anxiety and depressive-like behavior and promotes neuroplasticity. In addition, it exerts protection against neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive aging and deficits aggravated by stressful experiences. Given the beneficial effects of EE on the brain and behavior, preclinical studies have focused on its protective role as an alternative, non-invasive manipulation, to help an organism to cope better with stress. A valid, reliable and effective animal model of chronic stress that enhances anxiety and depression-like behavior is the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The variety of stressors and the unpredictability in the time and sequence of exposure to prevent habituation, render CUMS an ethologically relevant model. CUMS has been associated with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, elevation in the basal levels of stress hormones, reduction in brain volume, dendritic atrophy and alterations in markers of synaptic plasticity. Although numerous studies have underlined the compensatory role of EE against the negative effects of various chronic stress regimens (e.g. restraint and social isolation), research concerning the interaction between EE and CUMS is sparse. The purpose of the current systematic review is to present up-to-date research findings regarding the protective role of EE against the negative effects of CUMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Εvgenia Dandi
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Spandou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Dalla
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina A Tata
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Gomes-de-Souza L, Santana FG, Duarte JO, Barretto-de-Souza L, Crestani CC. Angiotensinergic neurotransmission in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is involved in cardiovascular responses to acute restraint stress in rats. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:517-526. [PMID: 36715761 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The brain angiotensin II acting via AT1 receptors is a prominent mechanism involved in physiological and behavioral responses during aversive situations. The AT2 receptor has also been implicated in stress responses, but its role was less explored. Despite these pieces of evidence, the brain sites related to control of the changes during aversive threats by the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are poorly understood. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a limbic structure related to the cardiovascular responses by stress, and components of the RAS system were identified in this forebrain region. Therefore, we investigated the role of angiotensinergic neurotransmission present within the BNST acting via local AT1 and AT2 receptors in cardiovascular responses evoked by an acute session of restraint stress in rats. For this, rats were subjected to bilateral microinjection of either the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril, the selective AT1 receptor antagonist losartan, or the selective AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319 before they underwent the restraint stress session. We observed that BNST treatment with captopril reduced the decrease in tail skin temperature evoked by restraint stress, without affecting the pressor and tachycardic responses. Local AT2 receptor antagonism within the BNST reduced both the tachycardia and the drop in tail skin temperature during restraint. Bilateral microinjection of losartan into the BNST did not affect the restraint-evoked cardiovascular changes. Taken together, these data indicate an involvement of BNST angiotensinergic neurotransmission acting via local AT2 receptors in cardiovascular responses during stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Gomes-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia G Santana
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josiane O Duarte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Barretto-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Masi G, Amprimo G, Ferraris C, Priano L. Stress and Workload Assessment in Aviation-A Narrative Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3556. [PMID: 37050616 PMCID: PMC10098909 DOI: 10.3390/s23073556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In aviation, any detail can have massive consequences. Among the potential sources of failure, human error is still the most troublesome to handle. Therefore, research concerning the management of mental workload, attention, and stress is of special interest in aviation. Recognizing conditions in which a pilot is over-challenged or cannot act lucidly could avoid serious outcomes. Furthermore, knowing in depth a pilot's neurophysiological and cognitive-behavioral responses could allow for the optimization of equipment and procedures to minimize risk and increase safety. In addition, it could translate into a general enhancement of both the physical and mental well-being of pilots, producing a healthier and more ergonomic work environment. This review brings together literature on the study of stress and workload in the specific case of pilots of both civil and military aircraft. The most common approaches for studying these phenomena in the avionic context are explored in this review, with a focus on objective methodologies (e.g., the collection and analysis of neurophysiological signals). This review aims to identify the pros, cons, and applicability of the various approaches, to enable the design of an optimal protocol for a comprehensive study of these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Masi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Via Cherasco 15, 10100 Torino, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Amprimo
- Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunication, National Research Council, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (G.A.); (C.F.)
- Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudia Ferraris
- Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunication, National Research Council, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (G.A.); (C.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Priano
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Via Cherasco 15, 10100 Torino, Italy;
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Oggebbio (Piancavallo), 28824 Verbania, Italy
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