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Bobkova MR. Cellular proteins as potential targets for antiretroviral therapy. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:488-504. [PMID: 38156565 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The review article conducts an in-depth analysis of information gleaned from a comprehensive literature search across Scopus, Web of Science, and MedLine databases. The focal point of this search revolves around the identification and exploration of the mechanisms orchestrated by host cell factors in the replication cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, Retroviridae: Orthoretrovirinae: Lentivirus: Human immunodeficiency virus-1). The article delves into two primary categories of proteins, namely HIV dependence factors (such as CypA, LEDGF, TSG101) and restriction factors (including SERINС5, TRIM5α, APOBEC3G), providing illustrative examples. The current understanding of the functioning mechanisms of these proteins is elucidated, and an evaluation is presented on the potential development of drugs for treating HIV infection. These drugs aim to either inhibit or stimulate the activity of host factors, offering insights into promising avenues for future research and therapeutic advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Bobkova
- I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera
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Tsesmetzis N, Paulin CBJ, Rudd SG, Herold N. Nucleobase and Nucleoside Analogues: Resistance and Re-Sensitisation at the Level of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10070240. [PMID: 30041457 PMCID: PMC6071274 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimetabolites, in particular nucleobase and nucleoside analogues, are cytotoxic drugs that, starting from the small field of paediatric oncology, in combination with other chemotherapeutics, have revolutionised clinical oncology and transformed cancer into a curable disease. However, even though combination chemotherapy, together with radiation, surgery and immunotherapy, can nowadays cure almost all types of cancer, we still fail to achieve this for a substantial proportion of patients. The understanding of differences in metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tumour biology between patients that can be cured and patients that cannot, builds the scientific basis for rational therapy improvements. Here, we summarise current knowledge of how tumour-specific and patient-specific factors can dictate resistance to nucleobase/nucleoside analogues, and which strategies of re-sensitisation exist. We revisit well-established hurdles to treatment efficacy, like the blood-brain barrier and reduced deoxycytidine kinase activity, but will also discuss the role of novel resistance factors, such as SAMHD1. A comprehensive appreciation of the complex mechanisms that underpin the failure of chemotherapy will hopefully inform future strategies of personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsesmetzis
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Cynthia B J Paulin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sean G Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nikolas Herold
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Paediatric Oncology, Theme of Children's and Women's Health, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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HIV-1 Uncoating and Reverse Transcription Require eEF1A Binding to Surface-Exposed Acidic Residues of the Reverse Transcriptase Thumb Domain. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.00316-18. [PMID: 29588400 PMCID: PMC5874916 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00316-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Once HIV-1 enters a cell, the viral core is uncoated by a poorly understood mechanism and the HIV-1 genomic RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA. Host cell factors are essential for these processes, although very few reverse transcription complex binding host cell factors have been convincingly shown to affect uncoating or reverse transcription. We previously reported that cellular eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) interacts tightly and directly with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) for more efficient reverse transcription. Here we report that the surface-exposed acidic residues in the HIV-1 RT thumb domain alpha-J helix and flanking regions are important for interaction with eEF1A. Mutation of surface-exposed acidic thumb domain residues D250, E297, E298, and E300 to arginine resulted in various levels of impairment of the interaction between RT and eEF1A. This indicates that this negatively charged region in the RT thumb domain is important for interaction with the positively charged eEF1A protein. The impairment of RT and eEF1A interaction by the RT mutations correlated with the efficiency of reverse transcription, uncoating, and infectivity. The best example of this is the strictly conserved E300 residue, where mutation significantly impaired the interaction of RT with eEF1A and virus replication in CD4+ T cells without affecting in vitro RT catalytic activity, RT heterodimerization, or RNase H activity. This study demonstrated that the interaction between surface-exposed acidic residues of the RT thumb domain and eEF1A is important for HIV-1 uncoating, reverse transcription, and replication. HIV-1, like all viruses, requires host cell proteins for its replication. Understanding the mechanisms behind virus-host interactions can lay the foundation for future novel therapeutic developments. Our lab has identified eEF1A as a key HIV-1 RT binding host protein that is important for the reverse transcription of HIV-1 genomic RNA into DNA. Here we identify the first surface-exposed RT residues that underpin interactions with eEF1A. Mutation of one strictly conserved RT residue (E300R) delayed reverse transcription and viral core uncoating and strongly inhibited HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells. This study advances the structural and mechanistic detail of the key RT-eEF1A interaction in HIV-1 infection and indicates its importance in uncoating for the first time. This provides a further basis for the development of an RT-eEF1A interaction-inhibiting anti-HIV-1 drug and suggests that the surface-exposed acidic patch of the RT thumb domain may be an attractive drug target.
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Herold N, Rudd SG, Sanjiv K, Kutzner J, Myrberg IH, Paulin CBJ, Olsen TK, Helleday T, Henter JI, Schaller T. With me or against me: Tumor suppressor and drug resistance activities of SAMHD1. Exp Hematol 2017; 52:32-39. [PMID: 28502830 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a (deoxy)guanosine triphosphate (dGTP/GTP)-activated deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) triphosphohydrolase involved in cellular dNTP homoeostasis. Mutations in SAMHD1 have been associated with the hyperinflammatory disease Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). SAMHD1 also limits cells' permissiveness to infection with diverse viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), and controls endogenous retroviruses. Increasing evidence supports the role of SAMHD1 as a tumor suppressor. However, SAMHD1 also can act as a resistance factor to nucleoside-based chemotherapies by hydrolyzing their active triphosphate metabolites, thereby reducing response of various malignancies to these anticancer drugs. Hence, informed cancer therapies must take into account the ambiguous properties of SAMHD1 as both an inhibitor of uncontrolled proliferation and a resistance factor limiting the efficacy of anticancer treatments. Here, we provide evidence that SAMHD1 is a double-edged sword for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Our time-dependent analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) AML cohort indicate that high expression of SAMHD1, even though it critically limits the efficacy of high-dose ara-C therapy, might be associated with more favorable disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Herold
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme of Children's and Women's Health, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sean G Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kumar Sanjiv
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juliane Kutzner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ida Hed Myrberg
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cynthia B J Paulin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thale Kristin Olsen
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Inge Henter
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme of Children's and Women's Health, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Merci NM, Emerence U, Augustin N, Habtu M, Julie I, Angelique T, Jessica B, Cynthia A, Penda AT. CD4+ cells recovery in HIV positive patients with severe immunosuppression at HAART initiation at Centre Medico-Social Cor-Unum, Kigali. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 26:14. [PMID: 28450993 PMCID: PMC5398215 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2017.26.14.10488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Up to 30% of HIV infected patients who are receiving HAART do not exhibit a marked increase in the CD4+ T cell count. There is still a concern that immune recovery may not be complete once CD4+ T cells have decreased below 200 cells/μl. The objective is to assess CD4+ cell recovery in HIV+ patients with CD4 count below 200 cells/μl) at HAART initiation. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study among 110 HIV+ patients with initial CD4 count < 200 cells/μl. Baseline Age, sex, CD4 count and viral load were extracted from the patient's database. After12 months of HAART; CD4 count was done using flow cytometry and viremia by COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 test v 2.0 technology. RESULTS The mean age of the respondents was 35 years; males being 57% and females were 43%. The mean CD4 count before HAART was 110.18 cells/μl whereas at 12 months of HAART; this was 305.01 cells/μl. Though some patients did not achieve a CD4 count of more than 200 cells/μl or a drop in viral load; there was a significant recovery of CD4+ cells (P value=0.000) and viremia following HAART (P value=0.001). Participants aged 18-30 years were likely to have less than 200 cells/μl CD4 count (46.4%) [OR=4.33; 95%CI: 1.29-14.59; P=0.018] than participants aged above 40 years (16.7%). CONCLUSION HAART was associated with viremia suppression but many patients failed to achieve a CD4 count >200 cells/μl. HAART before severe immunosuppression is a key factor for immune restoration among HIV+ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyiramana Marie Merci
- Mount Kenya University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenya
| | - Uwimana Emerence
- Mount Kenya University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenya
| | - Nzitakera Augustin
- Mount Kenya University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenya.,University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Michael Habtu
- Mount Kenya University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenya.,Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ingabire Julie
- Mount Kenya University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenya
| | - Tuyishime Angelique
- Mount Kenya University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenya
| | - Beneyo Jessica
- Mount Kenya University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenya
| | - Akimana Cynthia
- Mount Kenya University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenya
| | - Augustin Twizerimana Penda
- Mount Kenya University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenya.,University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda
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