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Mbaba M, Golding TM, Omondi RO, Mohunlal R, Egan TJ, Reader J, Birkholtz LM, Smith GS. Exploring the modulatory influence on the antimalarial activity of amodiaquine using scaffold hybridisation with ferrocene integration. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116429. [PMID: 38663284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Amodiaquine (AQ) is a potent antimalarial drug used in combination with artesunate as part of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for malarial treatment. Due to the rising emergence of resistant malaria parasites, some of which have been reported for ACT, the usefulness of AQ as an efficacious therapeutic drug is threatened. Employing the organometallic hybridisation approach, which has been shown to restore the antimalarial activity of chloroquine in the form of an organometallic hybrid clinical candidate ferroquine (FQ), the present study utilises this strategy to modulate the biological performance of AQ by incorporating ferrocene. Presently, we have conceptualised ferrocenyl AQ derivatives and have developed facile, practical routes for their synthesis. A tailored library of AQ derivatives was assembled and their antimalarial activity evaluated against chemosensitive (NF54) and multidrug-resistant (K1) strains of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. The compounds generally showed enhanced or comparable activities to those of the reference clinical drugs chloroquine and AQ, against both strains, with higher selectivity for the sensitive phenotype, mostly in the double-digit nanomolar IC50 range. Moreover, representative compounds from this series show the potential to block malaria transmission by inhibiting the growth of stage II/III and V gametocytes in vitro. Preliminary mechanistic insights also revealed hemozoin inhibition as a potential mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mziyanda Mbaba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Taryn M Golding
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Reinner O Omondi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Roxanne Mohunlal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Janette Reader
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
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Albino SL, da Silva JM, de C Nobre MS, de M E Silva YMS, Santos MB, de Araújo RSA, do C A de Lima M, Schmitt M, de Moura RO. Bioprospecting of Nitrogenous Heterocyclic Scaffolds with Potential Action for Neglected Parasitosis: A Review. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:4112-4150. [PMID: 32611290 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200701160904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neglected parasitic diseases are a group of infections currently considered as a worldwide concern. This fact can be attributed to the migration of these diseases to developed and developing countries, associated with therapeutic insufficiency resulted from the low investment in the research and development of new drugs. In order to overcome this situation, bioprospecting supports medicinal chemistry in the identification of new scaffolds with therapeutically appropriate physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Among them, we highlight the nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, as they are secondary metabolites of many natural products with potential biological activity. The objective of this work was to review studies within a 10-year timeframe (2009- 2019), focusing on the pharmacological application of nitrogen bioprospectives (pyrrole, pyridine, indole, quinoline, acridine, and their respective derivatives) against neglected parasitic infections (malaria, leishmania, trypanosomiases, and schistosomiasis), and their application as a template for semi-synthesis or total synthesis of potential antiparasitic agents. In our studies, it was observed that among the selected articles, there was a higher focus on the attempt to identify and obtain novel antimalarial compounds, in a way that an extensive amount of studies involving all heterocyclic nitrogen nuclei were found. On the other hand, the parasites with the lowest number of publications up until the present date have been trypanosomiasis, especially those caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, and schistosomiasis, where some heterocyclics have not even been cited in recent years. Thus, we conclude that despite the great biodiversity on the planet, little attention has been given to certain neglected tropical diseases, especially those that reach countries with a high poverty rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonaly L Albino
- Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Jamire M da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Michelangela S de C Nobre
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Yvnni M S de M E Silva
- Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Mirelly B Santos
- Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S A de Araújo
- Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Maria do C A de Lima
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Martine Schmitt
- Universite de Strasbourg, CNRS, LIT UMR 7200, Laboratoire d'innovation therapeutique, Illkirch, France
| | - Ricardo O de Moura
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
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Mbaba M, Dingle LMK, Swart T, Cash D, Laming D, de la Mare JA, Taylor D, Hoppe HC, Biot C, Edkins AL, Khanye SD. The in Vitro Antiplasmodial and Antiproliferative Activity of New Ferrocene-Based α-Aminocresols Targeting Hemozoin Inhibition and DNA Interaction. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2643-2658. [PMID: 32307798 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The conjugation of organometallic complexes to known bioactive organic frameworks is a proven strategy revered for devising new drug molecules with novel modes of action. This approach holds great promise for the generation of potent drug leads in the quest for therapeutic chemotypes with the potential to overcome the development of clinical resistance. Herein, we present the in vitro antiplasmodial and antiproliferative investigation of ferrocenyl α-aminocresol conjugates assembled by amalgamation of the organometallic ferrocene unit and an α-aminocresol scaffold possessing antimalarial activity. The compounds pursued in the study exhibited higher toxicity towards the chemosensitive (3D7) and -resistant (Dd2) strains of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite than to the human HCC70 triple-negative breast cancer cell line. Indication of cross-resistance was absent for the compounds evaluated against the multi-resistant Dd2 strain. Structure-activity analysis revealed that the phenolic hydroxy group and rotatable σ bond between the α-carbon and NH group of the α-amino-o-cresol skeleton are crucial for the biological activity of the compounds. Spectrophotometric techniques and in silico docking simulations performed on selected derivatives suggest that the compounds show a dual mode of action involving hemozoin inhibition and DNA interaction via minor-groove binding. Lastly, compound 9 a, identified as a possible lead, exhibited preferential binding for the plasmodial DNA isolated from 3D7 P. falciparum trophozoites over the mammalian calf thymus DNA, thereby substantiating the enhanced antiplasmodial activity of the compounds. The presented research demonstrates the strategy of incorporating organometallic complexes into known biologically active organic scaffolds as a viable avenue to fashion novel multimodal compounds with potential to counter the development drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mziyanda Mbaba
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Laura M K Dingle
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Tarryn Swart
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Devon Cash
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Dustin Laming
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Jo-Anne de la Mare
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Dale Taylor
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Christophe Biot
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Adrienne L Edkins
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Setshaba D Khanye
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
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