A Perspective to the Correlation Between Brain Insulin Resistance and Alzheimer: Medicinal Chemistry Approach

The relationship between triglyceride-glucose index and serum neurofilament light chain: Findings from NHANES 2013-2014

BACKGROUND

The Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) index has become a reliable indicator for evaluating the level of insulin resistance, a pivotal factor in both metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) serves as a responsive biomarker for detecting neuroaxonal injury. Despite this, the interplay between the TyG index and sNfL levels has not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this research is to scrutinize the correlation between TyG index and sNfL levels across a substantial, population-based cohort.

METHODS

Our study involved an examination of the dataset from the 2013-2014 round of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), encompassing a total of 2029 enrolled subjects. The TyG index was calculated using fasting triglycerides and glucose levels. Multivariable linear regression models were conducted to evaluate the relationship between TyG index and sNfL levels, adjusting for potential confounders such as age, sex, race, BMI, hypertension, stroke, congestive heart failure, alcohol consumption and NHHR (Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio). Nonlinear associations were investigated using regression models based on restricted cubic splines (RCS).

RESULTS

Both the unadjusted and adjusted regression analyses revealed a substantial positive correlation between the TyG index and ln-sNfL levels. After accounting for all covariates, each unit increase in the TyG index was associated with a 0.15 (95% CI: 0.02-0.27, p =  0.04) increase in ln-sNfL levels. RCS analysis revealed a nonlinear relationship, with a threshold around a TyG index value of 9.63, beyond which ln-sNfL levels increased more rapidly. The association was consistent across subgroups.

CONCLUSION

Our study links higher TyG index with increased sNfL levels, indicating insulin resistance's role in neuroaxonal injury. The nonlinear relationship implies a heightened risk of neurodegeneration beyond a certain insulin resistance threshold. This underscores the need for early metabolic interventions to prevent neurodegenerative processes.

Small molecule targeting long noncoding RNA GAS5 administered intranasally improves neuronal insulin signaling and decreases neuroinflammation in an aged mouse model

Shifts in normal aging set stage for neurodegeneration and dementia affecting 1 in 10 adults. The study demonstrates that lncRNA GAS5 is decreased in aged and Alzheimer's disease brain. The role and targets of lncRNA GAS5 in the aging brain were elucidated using a GAS5-targeting small molecule NPC86, a frontier in lncRNA-targeting therapeutic. Robust techniques such as molecular dynamics simulation of NPC86 binding to GAS5, in vitro functional assays demonstrating that GAS5 regulates insulin signaling, neuronal survival, phosphorylation of tau, and neuroinflammation via toll-like receptors support the role of GAS5 in maintaining healthy neurons. The study demonstrates the safety and efficacy of intranasal NPC86 treatment in aged mice to improve cellular functions with transcriptomic analysis in response to NPC86. In summary, the study demonstrates that GAS5 contributes to pathways associated with neurodegeneration and NPC86 has tremendous therapeutic potential to prevent the advent of neurodegenerative diseases and dementias.

Modifiable Innate Biology within the Gut–Brain Axis for Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prototypical inflammation-associated loss of cognitive function, with approximately 90% of the AD burden associated with invading myeloid cells controlling the function of the resident microglia. This indicates that the immune microenvironment has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Multiple peripheral stimuli, conditioned by complex and varied interactions between signals that stem at the intestinal level and neuroimmune processes, are involved in the progression and severity of AD. Conceivably, the targeting of critical innate immune signals and cells is achievable, influencing immune and metabolic health within the gut–brain axis. Considerable progress has been made, modulating many different metabolic and immune alterations that can drive AD development. However, non-pharmacological strategies targeting immunometabolic processes affecting neuroinflammation in AD treatment remain general and, at this point, are applied to all patients regardless of disease features. Despite these possibilities, improved knowledge of the relative contribution of the different innate immune cells and molecules comprising the chronically inflamed brain network to AD pathogenesis, and elucidation of the network hierarchy, are needed for planning potent preventive and/or therapeutic interventions. Moreover, an integrative perspective addressing transdisciplinary fields can significantly contribute to molecular pathological epidemiology, improving the health and quality of life of AD patients. This review is intended to gather modifiable immunometabolic processes based on their importance in the prevention and management of AD.

Gold-based nanoplatform for a rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic test assay for gluten detection

BACKGROUND

Gluten, a food allergen, is available in foods derived from wheat, rye and barley. It damages the small intestine and causes celiac disease. Herein, we designed a rapid immunochromatographic lateral flow test assay for detecting the gluten contents of raw materials. In this rapid test, the presence of gluten was screened through the capturing of gliadin (a toxic component of gluten) by two identical gliadin monoclonal antibodies. One of the antibodies was immobilized on the membrane in the test zone as a capture reagent. The other antibody was labeled with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a detector reagent.

RESULTS

Gold nanoparticles with a size of about 20 nm were synthesized and conjugated to the gliadin monoclonal antibodies. The detection limit of the experimental assay was 20 ppm and positive results were visualized after 15 min using only 40 μL of the extracted sample for each test. Analysis of different flour samples identified the best sensitivity and specificity of the lateral flow test strip (LFTS).

CONCLUSION

The experimental LFTS is an easy-to-use and rapid method for the screening of gluten level in raw materials. The LFTS may be employed to ensure the safety of foods.

Nanotechnology-Abetted Astaxanthin Formulations in Multimodel Therapeutic and Biomedical Applications

Astaxanthin (AXT) is one of the most important fat-soluble carotenoids that have abundant and diverse therapeutic applications namely in liver disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer treatment, protection of the nervous system, protection of the skin and eyes against UV radiation, and boosting the immune system. However, due to its intrinsic reactivity, it is chemically unstable, and therefore, the design and production processes for this compound need to be precisely formulated. Nanoencapsulation is widely applied to protect AXT against degradation during digestion and storage, thus improving its physicochemical properties and therapeutic effects. Nanocarriers are delivery systems with many advantages─ease of surface modification, biocompatibility, and targeted drug delivery and release. This review discusses the technological advancement in nanocarriers for the delivery of AXT through the brain, eyes, and skin, with emphasis on the benefits, limitations, and efficiency in practice.