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Smith D, Španěl P, Demarais N, Langford VS, McEwan MJ. Recent developments and applications of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023:e21835. [PMID: 36776107 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) is now recognized as the most versatile analytical technique for the identification and quantification of trace gases down to the parts-per-trillion by volume, pptv, range. This statement is supported by the wide reach of its applications, from real-time analysis, obviating sample collection of very humid exhaled breath, to its adoption in industrial scenarios for air quality monitoring. This review touches on the recent extensions to the underpinning ion chemistry kinetics library and the alternative challenge of using nitrogen carrier gas instead of helium. The addition of reagent anions in the Voice200 series of SIFT-MS instruments has enhanced the analytical capability, thus allowing analyses of volatile trace compounds in humid air that cannot be analyzed using reagent cations alone, as clarified by outlining the anion chemistry involved. Case studies are reviewed of breath analysis and bacterial culture volatile organic compound (VOC), emissions, environmental applications such as air, water, and soil analysis, workplace safety such as transport container fumigants, airborne contamination in semiconductor fabrication, food flavor and spoilage, drugs contamination and VOC emissions from packaging to demonstrate the stated qualities and uniqueness of the new generation SIFT-MS instrumentation. Finally, some advancements that can be made to improve the analytical capability and reach of SIFT-MS are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - Murray J McEwan
- Syft Technologies Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Mass spectrometry for breath analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Real-Time Monitoring of Metabolism during Exercise by Exhaled Breath. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120856. [PMID: 34940614 PMCID: PMC8709070 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of metabolites in exhaled breath has recently been introduced as an advanced method to allow non-invasive real-time monitoring of metabolite shifts during rest and acute exercise bouts. The purpose of this study was to continuously measure metabolites in exhaled breath samples during a graded cycle ergometry cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), using secondary electrospray high resolution mass spectrometry (SESI-HRMS). We also sought to advance the research area of exercise metabolomics by comparing metabolite shifts in exhaled breath samples with recently published data on plasma metabolite shifts during CPET. We measured exhaled metabolites using SESI-HRMS during spiroergometry (ramp protocol) on a bicycle ergometer. Real-time monitoring through gas analysis enabled us to collect high-resolution data on metabolite shifts from rest to voluntary exhaustion. Thirteen subjects participated in this study (7 female). Median age was 30 years and median peak oxygen uptake (VO2max) was 50 mL·/min/kg. Significant changes in metabolites (n = 33) from several metabolic pathways occurred during the incremental exercise bout. Decreases in exhaled breath metabolites were measured in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), and tryptophan metabolic pathways during graded exercise. This exploratory study showed that selected metabolite shifts could be monitored continuously and non-invasively through exhaled breath, using SESI-HRMS. Future studies should focus on the best types of metabolites to monitor from exhaled breath during exercise and related sources and underlying mechanisms.
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Dryahina K, Polášek M, Smith D, Španěl P. Sensitivity of secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to a range of volatile organic compounds: Ligand switching ion chemistry and the influence of Zspray™ guiding electric fields. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9187. [PMID: 34473872 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) is currently only semi-quantitative. In the Zspray™ arrangement of SESI-MS, the transfer of ions from near atmospheric pressure to a triple quadrupole is achieved by guiding electric fields that partially desolvate both reagent and analyte ions which must be understood. Also, to make SESI-MS more quantitative, the mechanisms and the kinetics of the reaction processes, especially ligand switching reactions of hydrated hydronium reagent ions, H3 O+ (H2 O)n , with volatile organic compound (VOC) molecules, need to be understood. METHODS A modified Zspray™ ESI ion source operating at sub-atmospheric pressure with analyte sample gas introduced via an inlet coaxial with the spray was used. Variation of the ion-guiding electric fields was used to reveal the degree of desolvation of both reagent and analyte ions. The instrument sensitivity was determined for several classes of VOCs by introducing bag samples of suitably varying concentrations as quantified on-line using selected ion flow tube MS. RESULTS Electric field desolvation resulted in largely protonated VOCs, MH+ , and their monohydrates, MH+ H2 O, and for some VOCs proton-bound dimer ions, MH+ M, were formed. There was a highly linear response of the ion signal to the measured VOC sample concentration, which provided the instrument sensitivities, S, for 25 VOCs. The startling results show very wide variations in S from near 0 to 1 for hydrocarbons, and up to 100, on a relative scale, for polar compounds such as monoketones and unsaturated aldehydes. CONCLUSIONS The complex ion chemistry occurring in the SESI ion source, largely involving gas-phase ligand switching, results in widely variable sensitivities for different classes of VOCs. The sensitivity is observed to depend on the dipole moment and proton affinity of the analyte VOC molecule, M, and to decrease with the observed fraction of MH+ H2 O, but other yet unrecognized factors must play a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya Dryahina
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Polášek
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - David Smith
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Li Q, Li J, Wei X, Li Y, Sun M. An exploratory study on online quantification of isoprene in human breath using cavity ringdown spectroscopy in the ultraviolet. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1131:18-24. [PMID: 32928476 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Breath analysis offers a promising method of noninvasive analyses of volatile metabolites and xenobiotics present in human body. Isoprene is one of the highest abundant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in human exhaled breath. Breath isoprene (50-200 part per billion by volume (ppbv) or higher) can be analyzed by using mass spectroscopy-based methods, yet laser absorption spectral detection of breath isoprene has not been much reported, partially due to its ultraviolet (UV) absorption wavelength and the spectral overlap with other breath VOCs such as acetone in the same wavelength region. These facts make it challenging to develop a spectroscopy-based breath isoprene analyzer for a potential portable instrument. Here we report on the development of a cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) system for detection of breath isoprene in the UV region near 226 nm. First, we investigated spectral absorption interferences near 226 nm and selected an optimal detection wavelength at 226.56 nm with minimum to no spectral interference. We then measured absorption cross-sections of isoprene at 225.5-227.4 nm under controlled cavity pressures, and the measured absorption cross-section 1.93 × 10-17 cm2/molecule at 226.56 nm was used to quantify isoprene in different cases including human breath gas samples. Finally, we validated the CRDS system by measuring breath gas samples from 19 human subjects using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). The CRDS system shows good linear response (R2 = 0.999), high stability (0.2%), and high accuracy (R2 = 0.906 with PTR-MS). The limit of detection of the system was 0.47 ppbv, with average over 100 ringdown events (equivalent to 5 s). This work represents the first exploratory study of the detection of breath isoprene using CRDS. The results demonstrate the potential of developing a CRDS-based breath analyzer for online, near-real time, sensitive analysis of breath isoprene for further research that would help to elucidate its physiological and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.236 Baidi Road, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.236 Baidi Road, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.236 Baidi Road, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yingxin Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.236 Baidi Road, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Meixiu Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.236 Baidi Road, Tianjin, 300192, China.
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Shestivska V, Kolivoška V, Kubišta J, Smith D, Španěl P. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry analyses of isobaric compounds methanol and hydrazine in humid air. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8744. [PMID: 32022319 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The volatile compounds generated by the electrochemical reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide and nitrogen include isobaric methanol (CH3 OH) and, potentially, hydrazine (N2 H4 ). To achieve quantification of hydrazine molecules by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS), its reactions with H3 O+ , NO+ and O2 + reagent ions must be understood. METHODS A SIFT study (using a SIFT-MS instrument) was carried out to obtain rate coefficients and product ions for the reactions of H3 O+ , NO+ and O2 + reagent ions with N2 H4 and CH3 OH molecules present in the humid headspace of their aqueous solutions. Using the kinetics data obtained, solution headspace concentrations were determined for both compounds as a function of their liquid-phase concentrations at 10, 20 and 35°C. RESULTS Both compounds react with H3 O+ ions via rapid proton transfer to produce CH3 OH2 + and H5 N2 + ions with the common m/z value of 33. It is revealed that NO+ rapidly transfers charge to N2 H4 (rate coefficient k = 2.3 × 10-9 cm3 s-1 ) but only slowly associates with CH3 OH (k2eff = 7.1 × 10-11 cm3 s-1 ). Thus, selective analysis can be achieved using both H3 O+ and NO+ reagent ions. The headspace methanol vapour concentration was found to increase with increasing solution temperature, but that of hydrazine decreased with an associated increase of ammonia (NH3 ) as measured with O2 + reagent ions. CONCLUSIONS The isobaric compounds methanol and hydrazine can be separately analysed in real time by SIFT-MS using H3 O+ and NO+ reagent ions, even when they co-occur in humid air. The evolution of hydrazine from aqueous solutions can be quantitatively monitored together with its decomposition at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Shestivska
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague 8, 18223, Czech Republic
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague 8, 18223, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kubišta
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague 8, 18223, Czech Republic
| | - David Smith
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague 8, 18223, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague 8, 18223, Czech Republic
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Quantification of volatile metabolites in exhaled breath by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS. CLINICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 16:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinms.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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On-line monitoring human breath acetone during exercise and diet by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:33-40. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aims to develop a method for monitoring fat loss by detection of breath acetone. Methods: A new method combining direct breath sampling system and proton transfer reaction MS (PTR-MS) was developed for on-line detection of breath acetone. The breath acetone of 272 volunteers was detected respectively when exercise or diet. Results: Exercises perennially can make the breath acetone increase by 40–130%. Dinner fasting for 1 week can make it increase by 140%. Conclusion: Exercise and diet are two useful methods to lose fat. Determination of breath acetone concentration using the direct breath sampling system-proton transfer reaction MS can help design scheme of exercise and diet for losing weight.
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Španěl P, Smith D. What is the real utility of breath ammonia concentration measurements in medicine and physiology? J Breath Res 2018; 12:027102. [PMID: 28972201 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa907f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Much effort continues to be devoted to the development of devices to analyse breath ammonia with the anticipation that breath ammonia analyses will be useful in clinical practice. In this perspective we refer to the analytical techniques that have been used to measure breath ammonia, focusing on selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, of which we have special knowledge and understanding. From the collected data obtained using the different techniques, we exam the origins of mouth- and nose-exhaled ammonia and conclude that mouth-exhaled ammonia is always elevated above a concentration that would be equilibrated with blood ammonia and is largely produced by the action of enzymes on salivary urea. Support to this conclusion is given by the reasonable correlation between blood urea concentration and mouth-exhaled ammonia concentration. Further, it is discussed that nose-exhaled ammonia largely originates at the alveolar interface and so its concentration more closely relates to the expected alveolar blood ammonia concentration. Ingestion of proteins results in increased blood/saliva urea and ultimately mouth-exhaled ammonia as does the generation of urease by H. pylori infection. It is also concluded that when mouth-exhaled ammonia is elevated then it may be due to either abnormally high blood urea, a high pH of the saliva/mouth/airways mucosa, poor oral hygiene or a combinations of these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czechia
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Španěl P, Sovová K, Dryahina K, Doušová T, Dřevínek P, Smith D. Do linear logistic model analyses of volatile biomarkers in exhaled breath of cystic fibrosis patients reliably indicate
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
infection? J Breath Res 2016; 10:036013. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/3/036013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Shestivska V, Antonowicz SS, Dryahina K, Kubišta J, Smith D, Španěl P. Direct detection and quantification of malondialdehyde vapour in humid air using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry supported by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1069-1079. [PMID: 26044275 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE It has been proposed that malondialdehyde (MDA) reflects free oxygen-radical lipid peroxidation and can be useful as a biomarker to track this process. For the analysis of MDA molecules in humid air by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS), the rate coefficients and the ion product distributions for the reactions of the SIFT-MS reagent ions with volatile MDA in the presence of water vapour are required. METHODS The SIFT technique has been used to determine the rate coefficients and ion product distributions for the reactions of H3O(+), NO(+) and O2 (+•) with gas-phase MDA. In support of the SIFT-MS analysis of MDA, solid-phase microextraction, SPME, coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, GC/MS, has been used to confirm the identification of MDA. RESULTS The primary product ions have been identified for the reactions of H3O(+), NO(+) and O2 (+•) with MDA and the formation of their hydrates formed in humid samples is described. The following combinations of reagent and the analyte ions (given as m/z values) have been adopted for SIFT-MS analyses of MDA in the gas phase: H3O(+): 109; NO(+): 89, 102; O2 (+•): 72, 90, 108, 126. The detection and quantification of MDA released by a cell culture by SIFT-MS are demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS This detailed study has provided the kinetics data required for the SIFT-MS analysis of MDA in humid air, including exhaled breath and the headspace of liquid-phase biogenic media. The detection and quantification by SIFT-MS of MDA released by a cell culture are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Shestivska
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of Science, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan S Antonowicz
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Kseniya Dryahina
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of Science, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kubišta
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of Science, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - David Smith
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of Science, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
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Spacek LA, Mudalel ML, Lewicki R, Tittel FK, Risby TH, Stoltzfus J, Munier JJ, Solga SF. Breath ammonia and ethanol increase in response to a high protein challenge. Biomarkers 2015; 20:149-56. [PMID: 26043432 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1040840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying changes in ammonia and ethanol in blood and body fluid assays in response to food is cumbersome. We used breath analysis of ammonia, ethanol, hydrogen (an accepted standard of gut transit) and acetone to investigate gastrointestinal physiology. In 30 healthy participants, we measured each metabolite serially over 6 h in control and high protein trials. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA compared treatment (control versus intervention), change from baseline to maximum and interaction of treatment and time change. Interaction was significant for ammonia (p < 0.0001) and hydrogen (p < 0.0001). We describe the dynamic measurement of multiple metabolites in response to an oral challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Spacek
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Smith D, Spanel P. Pitfalls in the analysis of volatile breath biomarkers: suggested solutions and SIFT-MS quantification of single metabolites. J Breath Res 2015; 9:022001. [PMID: 25830501 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/2/022001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The experimental challenges presented by the analysis of trace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath with the objective of identifying reliable biomarkers are brought into focus. It is stressed that positive identification and accurate quantification of the VOCs are imperative if they are to be considered as discreet biomarkers. Breath sampling procedures are discussed and it is suggested that for accurate quantification on-line real time sampling and analysis is desirable. Whilst recognizing such real time analysis is not always possible and sample collection is often required, objective recognition of the pitfalls involved in this is essential. It is also emphasized that mouth-exhaled breath is always contaminated to some degree by orally generated compounds and so, when possible, analysis of nose-exhaled breath should be performed. Some difficulties in breath analysis are mitigated by the choice of analytical instrumentation used, but no single instrument can provide solutions to all the analytical challenges. Analysis and interpretation of breath analysis data, however acquired, needs to be treated circumspectly. In particular, the excessive use of statistics to treat imperfect mass spectrometry/mobility spectra should be avoided, since it can result in unjustifiable conclusions. It is should be understood that recognition of combinations of VOCs in breath that, for example, apparently describe particular cancer states, will not be taken seriously until they are replicated in other laboratories and clinics. Finally, the inhibiting notion that single biomarkers of infection and disease will not be identified and utilized clinically should be dispelled by the exemplary and widely used single biomarkers NO and H2 and now, as indicated by recent selected ion flow tube mass spectroscopy (SIFT-MS) results, triatomic hydrogen cyanide and perhaps pentane and acetic acid. Hopefully, these discoveries will provide encouragement to research workers to be more open-minded on this important and desirable issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
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14
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Smith D, Španěl P. SIFT-MS and FA-MS methods for ambient gas phase analysis: developments and applications in the UK. Analyst 2015; 140:2573-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02049a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The origins of SIFT created to study interstellar chemistry and SIFT-MS developed for ambient gas and exhaled breath analysis and the UK centres in which these techniques are being exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine – Keele University
- Guy Hilton Research Centre
- Stoke-on-Trent
- UK
| | - Patrik Španěl
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine – Keele University
- Guy Hilton Research Centre
- Stoke-on-Trent
- UK
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry
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15
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Solga SF, Mudalel M, Spacek LA, Lewicki R, Tittel FK, Loccioni C, Russo A, Ragnoni A, Risby TH. Changes in the concentration of breath ammonia in response to exercise: a preliminary investigation. J Breath Res 2014; 8:037103. [PMID: 25189784 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/3/037103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breath ammonia has proven to be a difficult compound to measure accurately. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects that the physiological intervention, exercise, had on the levels of breath ammonia. The effects of vigorous exercise (4000 m indoor row) in 13 participants were studied and increases in breath ammonia were observed in all participants. Mean pre-exercise concentrations of ammonia were 670 pmol ml(-1) CO2 (SD, 446) and these concentrations increased to post-exercise maxima of 1499 pmol ml(-1) CO2 (SD, 730), p < 0.0001. The mean increase in ammonia concentrations from pre-exercise to maximum achieved in conditioned (1362 pmol ml(-1) CO2) versus non-conditioned rowers (591 pmol ml(-1) CO2) were found to be statistically different, p = 0.029. Taken together, these results demonstrate our ability to repeatedly measure the influence of exercise on the concentration of breath ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Solga
- Solga Gastroenterology, Bethlehem, PA, USA. St. Luke's University Hospital/Temple School of Medicine, Bethlehem, PA, USA. School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Lourenço C, Turner C. Breath analysis in disease diagnosis: methodological considerations and applications. Metabolites 2014; 4:465-98. [PMID: 24957037 PMCID: PMC4101517 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4020465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breath analysis is a promising field with great potential for non-invasive diagnosis of a number of disease states. Analysis of the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath with an acceptable accuracy are assessed by means of using analytical techniques with high sensitivity, accuracy, precision, low response time, and low detection limit, which are desirable characteristics for the detection of VOCs in human breath. "Breath fingerprinting", indicative of a specific clinical status, relies on the use of multivariate statistics methods with powerful in-built algorithms. The need for standardisation of sample collection and analysis is the main issue concerning breath analysis, blocking the introduction of breath tests into clinical practice. This review describes recent scientific developments in basic research and clinical applications, namely issues concerning sampling and biochemistry, highlighting the diagnostic potential of breath analysis for disease diagnosis. Several considerations that need to be taken into account in breath analysis are documented here, including the growing need for metabolomics to deal with breath profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lourenço
- Department of Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, Chemistry and Analytical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Claire Turner
- Department of Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, Chemistry and Analytical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
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Smith D, Španěl P, Herbig J, Beauchamp J. Mass spectrometry for real-time quantitative breath analysis. J Breath Res 2014; 8:027101. [PMID: 24682047 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/2/027101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Breath analysis of ammonia, volatile organic compounds and deuterated water vapor in chronic kidney disease and during dialysis. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:843-57. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The volatile metabolites present in trace amounts in exhaled breath of healthy individuals and patients, for example those with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), can now be detected and quantified by sensitive analytical techniques. In this review, special attention is given to the major retention metabolites resulting from dialysis-dependent CKD stage 5 and especially ammonia, as a potential estimator of the severity of uremia. However, other biomarkers are important, including the hydrocarbons isoprene, ethane and pentane, in that they are likely to indicate tissue injury associated with the dialysis treatment itself. Evaluation of over-hydration, a serious complication of CKD stage5 can be improved by analysis of deuterium in exhaled water vapor after ingestion of a known amount of deuterated water, so providing total body water measurements at the bedside to support clinical management of volume status.
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Spanel P, Smith D. On the features, successes and challenges of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2013; 19:225-246. [PMID: 24575622 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The major features of the selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) analytical method that was conceived and designed for the analysis, in real time, of air obviating sample collections into bags or extraction by pre-concentration of trace compounds onto surfaces are reviewed. The unique analytical capabilities of SIFT-MS for ambient analysis are stressed that allow quantification of volatile organic and inorganic compounds directly from the measurement of physical parameters without the need for regular instrumental calibration using internal or external standards. Then, emphasis is placed on the challenging real-time accurate analysis of single exhalations of humid breath, which is now achieved and readily facilitates wider applications of SIFT-MS in other fields where trace gas analysis has value. The quality of the data obtained by SIFT-MS is illustrated by the quantification of some exhaled breath metabolites that are of immediate relevance to physiology and medicine, including that of hydrogen cyanide in the breath of patients with cystic fibrosis. The current status of SIFT-MS is revealed by a form of a strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis intended to present an objective view of this analytical technique and the likely way forward towards its further development and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Spanel
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, DolejSkova 3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - David Smith
- lnstitute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
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