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Sun Y. Research on Detection of Sterol Doping in Sports by Electrochemical Sensors: A Review. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:3394079. [PMID: 36117750 PMCID: PMC9477621 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3394079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of doping by athletes to improve performance is prohibited. Therefore, doping testing is an important step to ensure fairness in sports. Doping is gradually metabolized in the body and is therefore difficult to detect immediately by a common method. At the same time, the emergence of new doping agents poses a challenge for highly sensitive detection. Electrochemical sensors are a fast, highly sensitive, and inexpensive analytical detection technology. It provides qualitative and quantitative determination of analytes by altering the electrochemical signal of the analyte or probe at the electrode. In this min-review, we summarized the different electrochemical sensing strategies for sterol doping detection. Some of the representative papers were interpreted in detail. In addition, we compare different sensing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Sun
- Physical Education Department, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, Henan 473000, China
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Lee JH, Yang YJ, Min AY, Kim SJ, Jung EJ, Kim JH, Beak SY. Screening and elucidation of fragmentations of 23 diuretics in dietary supplements using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap. Sci Justice 2021; 61:451-458. [PMID: 34482925 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diuretics are used to treat the edematous state in cases of renal insufficiency, nephrotic syndrome, liver cirrhosis, and heart failure. These compounds are used by athletes to lose weight and are included in the list of prohibited substances by the World Anti-Doping Agency. They are also used by obese and overweight people for losing weight, and there are a number of recent reports on the contamination of dietary supplements with diuretics. Due to the alluring online marketing and blogging, there is an extensive misuse of products that are illegally adulterated with diuretics, which has seriously increased health risks. Therefore, it is essential to develop an analytical method for the detection of adulterants in such substances. In this study, 23 diuretics, categorized into four groups, namely, thiazide diuretics (e.g., bendroflumethiazide), loop diuretics (e.g., bumetanide), potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., amiloride), and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., acetazolamide), were analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole orbitrap (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap). Their fragmentation was elucidated based on the MS/MS data. The 124 products were screened by the UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap (LC-HRMS) method, and the confirmed compounds were quantitated by a previously established LC-MS/MS method. Approximately 5% of the samples were found to be illegally contaminated with diuretics at a concentration of 0.051-162 mg/g. The high selectivity and sensitivity of the UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap (LC-HRMS) method, in combination with the established fragmentation, offer a new approach for the rapid and accurate screening of diuretics in adulterated products, which would be ultimately beneficial for the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Lee
- Center of Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Osongseangmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ji Yang
- Center of Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Osongseangmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - A Young Min
- Center of Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Osongseangmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Center of Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Osongseangmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Jung
- Center of Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Osongseangmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Kim
- Center of Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Osongseangmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Beak
- Center of Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Osongseangmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea.
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Li Y, Xie H, Wang J, Li X, Xiao Z, Xu Z, Lei H, Shen X. Lateral Flow Immunochromatography Assay for Detection of Furosemide in Slimming Health Foods. Foods 2021; 10:2041. [PMID: 34574151 PMCID: PMC8470185 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, furosemide has been found to be abused in slimming health foods. There is an urgent need for a simpler, faster method for detecting furosemide in slimming health foods. In this study, a rapid, convenient and sensitive lateral flow immunochromatography (LFIA) based on Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) was established for the first time. Under optimal conditions, the qualitative limit of detection (LOD) of the AuNPs-based LFIA was 1.0~1.2 μg/g in slimming health foods with different substrates. AuNPs-LFIA could specifically detect furosemide within 12 min (including sample pretreatment) and be read by the naked eye. The developed AuNPs-LFIA showed high consistency with liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and no false positive or false negative results were found in spiked slimming health foods, proving that the AuNPs-LFIA should be accurate and reliable. The AuNPs-LFIA reported here provides a serviceable analytical tool for the on-site detection and rapid initial screening of furosemide for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xing Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (H.X.); (J.W.); (X.L.); (Z.X.); (Z.X.); (H.L.)
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Viana C, Marcon GZ, Dal Molin TR, Bohrer D, do Nascimento PC, de Carvalho LM. Simultaneous Analysis of Sexual Stimulants and Anabolic Steroids as Adulterants in Dietary Supplements by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array Detection. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916999200415175325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The illegal virtual market for food supplements facilitates fraud and
adulteration. Worldwide concern for consumer safety is growing on the part regulatory
agencies, healthcare professionals and consumers.
Objective:
This work aimed to evaluate the presence of sexual stimulants and anabolic
steroids commonly used in the adulteration of dietary supplements through the
development of a high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array
detection (HPLC-DAD) method for the identification and quantification of these
compounds.
Method:
The mobile phase composed of an ammonium acetate solution, acetonitrile and
methanol leaded to the efficient separation of vardenafil, testosterone base, testosterone
propionate, tadalafil, sildenafil and yohimbine.
Results:
The assay was linear (r2> 0.999), precise (RSD% <0.5), accurate (99.1 to 105.2%), and the
limits of detection and quantification were less than 0.05 and 0.15 μg/mL, respectively. Four samples
of dietary supplements contained testosterone (n=1), tadalafil (n=2) and yohimbine (n=1) as adulterants.
The adulterants found were in subtherapeutic doses, probably to reduce possible adverse effects
and the action expected to appear natural. Since about 80% of adverse drug reactions are dose dependent,
unpredictable adverse drug reactions are dose independent and based on idiosyncratic or allergic
mechanisms or intolerance.
Conclusion:
The developed method is convenient and easily applicable for adulteration detection of the
analyzed drugs in the multicomponent supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Viana
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria-RS,Brazil
| | - Gabriela Zanella Marcon
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria-RS,Brazil
| | - Thais Ramos Dal Molin
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria-RS,Brazil
| | - Denise Bohrer
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria-RS,Brazil
| | | | - Leandro M. de Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria-RS,Brazil
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Muschietti L, Redko F, Ulloa J. Adulterants in selected dietary supplements and their detection methods. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:861-886. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Muschietti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Flavia Redko
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Jerónimo Ulloa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
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Dal Molin TR, da Silveira GD, Leal GC, Müller LS, Muratt DT, de Carvalho LM, Viana C. A new approach to ion exchange chromatography with conductivity detection for adulterants investigation in dietary supplements. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4669. [PMID: 31368119 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The extent of adulteration of dietary supplements has significantly increased in recent years. This situation worries health authorities and requires auxiliary analytical tools for the investigation of illegal substances purposely added. Ion exchange chromatography with conductivity detection is a consolidated analytical technique for the determination of inorganic compounds in various matrices. This technique has been applied to the pharmaceutical characterization of mainly impurities and degradation products. This work presents a new approach to ion exchange chromatography as a screening method to investigate the presence of amfepramone, femproporex, sibutramine, bisacodyl and amiloride in dietary supplements advertised for weight loss. The method was optimized and validated using a Metrosep C4 100/4.0 cation exchange column. The mobile phase consisted of 1.8 mm HNO3 containing 2% acetonitrile (v/v), with a flow rate of 0.9 ml min-1 , and nonsuppressed conductivity detection was applied. The limits of detection and quantification varied from 1.01 to 3.62 mg L-1 and from 1.48 to 8.72 mg L-1 , respectively. The proposed method was successful applied to 78 solid dietary supplement samples, in two of which adulterations were found. Moreover, ion exchange chromatography with conductivity detection could be easily used for quality control without prior complex sample pre-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Ramos Dal Molin
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Camera Leal
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Sabo Müller
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Diana Tomazi Muratt
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Leandro Machado de Carvalho
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Carine Viana
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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