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Navarro del Hierro J, Cantero-Bahillo E, Fernández-Felipe MT, García-Risco MR, Fornari T, Rada P, Doblado L, Ferreira V, Hitos AB, Valverde ÁM, Monsalve M, Martin D. Effects of a Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor) Extract on Metabolic Syndrome-Related Pathologies: In Vitro Insulin Sensitivity, Inflammatory Response, Hypolipidemic Activity and Oxidative Stress. INSECTS 2022; 13:896. [PMID: 36292844 PMCID: PMC9604471 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mealworm (Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus 1758) is gaining importance as one of the most popular edible insects. Studies focusing on its bioactivities are increasing, although alternative forms of consumption other than the whole insect or flour, such as bioactive non-protein extracts, remain underexplored. Furthermore, the incidence of metabolic syndrome-related pathologies keeps increasing, hence the importance of seeking novel natural sources for reducing the impact of certain risk factors. The aim was to study the potential of a non-protein mealworm extract on metabolic syndrome-related pathologies, obtained with ethanol:water (1:1, v/v) by ultrasound-assisted extraction. We characterized the extract by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry and assessed its hypolipidemic potential, its ability to scavenger free radicals, to attenuate the inflammatory response in microglial cells, to affect mitochondrial respiration and to enhance insulin sensitivity in mouse hepatocytes. The extract contained fatty acids, monoglycerides, amino acids, certain acids and sugars. The mealworm extract caused a 30% pancreatic lipase inhibition, 80% DPPH· scavenging activity and 55.9% reduction in the bioaccessibility of cholesterol (p = 0.009). The extract was effective in decreasing iNOS levels, increasing basal, maximal and ATP coupled respiration as well as enhancing insulin-mediated AKT phosphorylation at low insulin concentrations (p < 0.05). The potential of a non-protein bioactive mealworm extract against metabolic syndrome-related pathologies is shown, although further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms and relationship with compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Navarro del Hierro
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.N.d.H.); (E.C.-B.); (M.T.F.-F.); (M.R.G.-R.); (T.F.)
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Cantero-Bahillo
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.N.d.H.); (E.C.-B.); (M.T.F.-F.); (M.R.G.-R.); (T.F.)
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Fernández-Felipe
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.N.d.H.); (E.C.-B.); (M.T.F.-F.); (M.R.G.-R.); (T.F.)
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica R. García-Risco
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.N.d.H.); (E.C.-B.); (M.T.F.-F.); (M.R.G.-R.); (T.F.)
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiziana Fornari
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.N.d.H.); (E.C.-B.); (M.T.F.-F.); (M.R.G.-R.); (T.F.)
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Rada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (L.D.); (V.F.); (A.B.H.); (Á.M.V.); (M.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Doblado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (L.D.); (V.F.); (A.B.H.); (Á.M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Vitor Ferreira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (L.D.); (V.F.); (A.B.H.); (Á.M.V.); (M.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B. Hitos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (L.D.); (V.F.); (A.B.H.); (Á.M.V.); (M.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M. Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (L.D.); (V.F.); (A.B.H.); (Á.M.V.); (M.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (L.D.); (V.F.); (A.B.H.); (Á.M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Diana Martin
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.N.d.H.); (E.C.-B.); (M.T.F.-F.); (M.R.G.-R.); (T.F.)
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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“Malancha” [Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.]: A Potential Therapeutic Option against Viral Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040582. [PMID: 35454170 PMCID: PMC9025398 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb., commonly known as “Alligator weed” in English, and “Malancha” in Bengali, is a leafy vegetable from the family Amaranthaceae A. L. de Jussieu. This species is native to China, particularly to the provinces around the Yangtze River, other Far East and South-East Asian countries, and countries from other continents (e.g., South America). This plant also grows in certain areas in Australia, New Zealand, and the USA. While in Bangladesh the leaves of this plant are consumed as a vegetable, in China, this plant has been used widely as a traditional remedy for the treatment of various viral diseases (e.g., measles, influenza, and haemorrhagic fever). Flavonoids and saponins are the two largest groups of phytochemicals produced by this plant, and the antiviral property of this plant and its compounds has been studied extensively. This review article reviews all published literature on this plant and critically appraises its phytochemical profile linking to biomolecular interactions and therapeutic potential, particularly, against viral diseases.
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Volatilome and Essential Oil of Ulomoides dermestoides: A Broad-Spectrum Medical Insect. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206311. [PMID: 34684892 PMCID: PMC8537694 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulomoides dermestoides are used as a broad-spectrum medical insect in the alternative treatment of various diseases. Preliminary volatilome studies carried out to date have shown, as the main components, methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 1-tridecene, 1-pentadecene, and limonene. This work focused on the production of metabolites and their metabolic variations in U. dermestoides under stress conditions to provide additional valuable information to help better understand the broad-spectrum medical uses. To this end, VOCs were characterized by HS-SPME with PEG and CAR/PDMS fibers, and the first reported insect essential oils were obtained. In HS-SMPE, we found 17 terpenes, six quinones, five alkenes, and four aromatic compounds; in the essential oils, 53 terpenes, 54 carboxylic acids and derivatives, three alkynes, 12 alkenes (1-Pentadecene, EOT1: 77.6% and EOT2: 57.9%), 28 alkanes, nine alkyl disulfides, three aromatic compounds, 19 alcohols, three quinones, and 12 aldehydes were identified. Between both study approaches, a total of 171 secondary metabolites were identified with no previous report for U. dermestoides. A considerable number of the identified metabolites showed previous studies of the activity of pharmacological interest. Therefore, considering the wide variety of activities reported for these metabolites, this work allows a broader vision of the therapeutic potential of U. dermestoides in traditional medicine.
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