Review on the Characteristic, Properties and Analytical Methods of Cefquinomesulphate: ß-lactam Veterinary Drug

PK/PD integration and pharmacodynamic cutoff of cefquinome against cow mastitis due to Escherichia coli

Cefquinome is the fourth generation of cephalosporin approved solely in animal usage. In order to slow down the resistance development of E. coli to cefquinome, and to protect and maintain the effectiveness of cefquinome, an ex vivo PK/PD modeling of cefquinome against E. coli in cows after intramammary infusion administration was conducted. The epidemiologic cutoff (ECOFF) and pharmacodynamic cutoff (COPD) of cefquinome against E. coli in lactation cows after intramammary infusion administration were recommended. The MICs of cefquinome against 1073 clinical E. coli isolates ranged from 0.015 to >64 μg/ml, and the ECOFF was defined as 0.125 μg/ml. The pharmacokinetic results showed that cefquinome maintained high concentration in milk for a long period with the T_1/2β of 10.60 h after intramammary infusion in dairy cows. The drug concentration in skimmed milk was still as high as 0.15 mg/ml after 48 h. Cefquinome displayed bacterial killing effect at 2× MIC with the initial inoculum of 10⁶  cfu/ml in vitro; however, the same effect was attained with a concentration as high as 32× MIC with the initial inoculum of 10⁸  cfu/ml both in artificial medium and in skimmed milk. The initial inoculum is an important factor on time-killing curve accounting for weakened killing pattern of cefquinome. The AUC_0-24 h /MIC index correlated well with ex vivo efficacy. The AUC_0-24 h /MIC values for bactericidal effect were 50, 016, and 67,644, respectively, for initial inoculum of 10⁶ and 10⁸  cfu/ml, indicating the bacterial loading or the severity of infection would infect the PK/PD modeling results. The ex vivo PK/PD-based population dose prediction indicated a target attainment rate (TAR) at the existing daily dose (75 mg/udder) of 84.77% against E. coli. Thus, it was recommended as rational dosage. The COPD of cefquinome against E. coli was determined as 8 μg/ml at the dose of 75 mg/udder. The derived ECOFF, COPD, together with ex vivo PK/PD-based population dose prediction served as important steps in the establishment of optimum dose regimen and provided a useful interpretative criterion to categorize the antimicrobial susceptibility testing results of cefquinome.