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Magrone T, Jirillo E. Sepsis: From Historical Aspects to Novel Vistas. Pathogenic and Therapeutic Considerations. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:490-502. [PMID: 30857516 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666181129112708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a clinical condition due to an infectious event which leads to an early hyper-inflammatory phase followed by a status of tolerance or immune paralysis. Hyper-inflammation derives from a massive activation of immune (neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells and lymphocytes) and non-immune cells (platelets and endothelial cells) in response to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. DISCUSSION A storm of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species accounts for the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In this phase, bacterial clearance may be associated with a severe organ failure development. Tolerance or compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS) depends on the production of anti-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-10, secreted by T regulatory cells. However, once triggered, CARS, if prolonged, may also be detrimental to the host, thus reducing bacterial clearance. CONCLUSION In this review, the description of pathogenic mechanisms of sepsis is propaedeutic to the illustration of novel therapeutic attempts for the prevention or attenuation of experimental sepsis as well as of clinical trials. In this direction, inhibitors of NF-κB pathway, cell therapy and use of dietary products in sepsis will be described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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Ji YP, Shi TY, Zhang YY, Lin D, Linghu KG, Xu YN, Tao L, Lu Q, Shen XC. Essential oil from Fructus Alpinia zerumbet (fruit of Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt.et Smith) protected against aortic endothelial cell injury and inflammation in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 237:149-158. [PMID: 30880260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fructus Alpinia zerumbet (FAZ), a dry and ripe fruit of Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Smith, is widely used as a spice to treat cardiovascular diseases in clinic as a miao folk medicine in Guizhou Province of China. Essential oil extracted from FAZ (EOFAZ) is the key bioactive ingredients. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to examine the effects and mechanisms of EOFAZ on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endothelial cell injury, inflammation and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the in vitro study, LPS-treated human aortic endothelial cells were used to perform PCR, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. For the in vivo study, male mouse were divided into four groups, vehicle control group and LPS group received 0.5% Tween-80 in saline; and two EOFAZ groups receive different dose of EOFAZ (90 mg kg -1·day-1, 180 mg kg -1·day-1) respectively. Each group was fed for 7 days by intragastrical administration at daily base. Then, except vehicle control group received saline, mice in other three groups were administered with LPS (1 mg kg -1, dissolved in saline) by intraperitoneal injection. 24 h later, Aorta tissue was collected and frozen immediately in liquid N2, stored at -80 °C for western blot analysis. RESULTS We found that EOFAZ completely prevented LPS-induced HAEC activation and inflammation in vitro and in vivo, as assessed by expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Similarly, EOFAZ significantly blunted LPS-induced endothelial injury, as tested by MTT assay, LDH release and caspase-3 activation. We further demonstrated that TLR4-dependent NF-κB signaling may be involved in the process. CONCLUSION EOFAZ protected against LPS-induced endothelial cell injury and inflammation likely via inhibition of TLR4-dependent NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Peng Ji
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicianl Pharmacology and Drug Ability, The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical Univeristy, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China; Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ting-Yu Shi
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicianl Pharmacology and Drug Ability, The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical Univeristy, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China; Department of Neonatal Disease Screening, Shenyang Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicianl Pharmacology and Drug Ability, The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical Univeristy, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Dan Lin
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicianl Pharmacology and Drug Ability, The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical Univeristy, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Ke-Gang Linghu
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicianl Pharmacology and Drug Ability, The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical Univeristy, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Yi-Ni Xu
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicianl Pharmacology and Drug Ability, The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical Univeristy, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Ling Tao
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicianl Pharmacology and Drug Ability, The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical Univeristy, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center/ Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Xiang-Chun Shen
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicianl Pharmacology and Drug Ability, The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical Univeristy, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China.
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Sawchuck DJ, Wittmann BK. Pre-eclampsia renamed and reframed: Intra-abdominal hypertension in pregnancy. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:619-32. [PMID: 25189485 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This hypothesis proposes pre-eclampsia is caused by intra-abdominal hypertension in pregnancy. Sustained or increasing intra-abdominal pressure ⩾12mmHg causes impaired venous return to the heart, systemic vascular resistance, ischemia reperfusion injury, intestinal permeability, translocation of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin to the liver, cytotoxic immune response, systemic inflammatory response, pressure transmission to thoracic and intra-cranial compartments, and multi-organ dysfunction. This hypothesis is predicated on Pascal's law, evidence founded in the intra-abdominal hypertension literature, and the adapted equation ΔIAP-P=ΔIAVF/Cab, where ΔIAP-P=change in intra-abdominal pressure in pregnancy, ΔIAVF=change in intra-abdominal vector force (volume and force direction) and Cab=abdominal compliance. Factors causing increased intra-abdominal pressure in pregnancy include: progressive uterine expansion, obstetrical factors that increase intra-uterine volume excessively or acutely, maternal anthropometric measurements that affect intra-abdominal pressure thresholds, maternal postures that increase abdominal force direction, abdominal compliance that is decreased, diminished with advancing gestation, or has reached maximum expansion, habitation at high altitude, and rapid drops in barometric pressure. We postulate that the threshold for lipopolysaccharide translocation depends on the magnitude of intra-abdominal pressure, the intestinal microbiome complex, and the degree of intestinal permeability. We advance that delivery cures pre-eclampsia through the mechanism of abdominal decompression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane J Sawchuck
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Applied Sciences, T201-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
| | - Bernd K Wittmann
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Applied Sciences, T201-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
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Predescu DN, Bardita C, Tandon R, Predescu SA. Intersectin-1s: an important regulator of cellular and molecular pathways in lung injury. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:478-98. [PMID: 24618535 PMCID: PMC4070809 DOI: 10.1086/674439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are severe syndromes resulting from the diffuse damage of the pulmonary parenchyma. ALI and ARDS are induced by a plethora of local or systemic insults, leading to the activation of multiple pathways responsible for injury, resolution, and repair or scarring of the lungs. Despite the large efforts aimed at exploring the roles of different pathways in humans and animal models and the great strides made in understanding the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS, the only viable treatment options are still dependent on ventilator and cardiovascular support. Investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for initiation and resolution or advancement toward lung scarring in ALI/ARDS animal models led to a better understanding of the disease's complexity and helped in elucidating the links between ALI and systemic multiorgan failure. Although animal models of ALI/ARDS have pointed out a variety of new ideas for study, there are still limited data regarding the initiating factors, the critical steps in the progression of the disease, and the central mechanisms dictating its resolution or progression to lung scarring. Recent studies link deficiency of intersectin-1s (ITSN-1s), a prosurvival protein of lung endothelial cells, to endothelial barrier dysfunction and pulmonary edema as well as to the repair/recovery from ALI. This review discusses the effects of ITSN-1s deficiency on pulmonary endothelium and its significance in the pathology of ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan N Predescu
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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