Microbial Etiology and Antimicrobial Therapy of Peri-implantitis: A Comprehensive Review

The Orthodontic Mini-Implants Failures Based on Patient Outcomes: Systematic Review

Anchorage is a challenge and essential issue for an orthodontist in determining the success of orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic anchorage is defined as resistance to unwanted tooth movement. Mini-implant is one of the devices that can be used as an anchor in orthodontic treatment. Many cases have reported successful treatment using mini-implant, but there are cases where mini-implants may fail. Failure of mini-implants can affect orthodontic treatment, and it is known that several factors may lead to mini-implant loss in orthodontic treatment. This systematic review aimed to determine the factors influencing mini-implant failure in orthodontic treatment. Articles were selected from electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, The Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect) from January 2015 until 2023 according to the PRISMA method (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) under the PEOS (Population-Exposure-Outcome-StudyType) framework questions for systematic review. The study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (CRD42022337684). All data collected were in English, and filtering was done by eliminating duplicate data, meta-analysis, case reports, case series, mini-reviews, and animal studies. The analysis was further divided into three groups, that is, patient-related, implant-related, and operator-related and operator-related (A graphical abstract provided as a Supplementary information [available in the online version]). Twenty-one articles were identified according to the inclusion criteria in the form of retrospective, prospective, in vivo, and randomized controlled trial studies. Mini-implant failures due to patient-related showed six etiological factors, failures due to implant-related had eight etiological factors, and only one factor was operator-related, which may lead to mini-implant failure. The data was extracted without a computerized system and only in English. Mini-implant failure can be caused by many factors; we could not accuse one major factor as a cause. However, the quality or condition of the bones and oral hygiene are factors that play a significant role in obtaining the stability of implants. Mini-implant failure is highly influenced by poor oral hygiene and peri-implant inflammation. Comprehensive diagnostic prior to mini-implant insertion should be appropriately considered. This systematic review describes several factors that can influence mini-implant failure, divided into three groups: patient-related, implant-related, and operator-related (A graphical abstract provided as a Supplementary information [available in the online version]).

Immunomodulators and Their Applications in Dentistry and Periodontics: A Comprehensive Review

The intricate interplay between the immune system and oral health has revealed opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions in dentistry and periodontics. This review article delves into the pivotal role of immunomodulators in orchestrating immune responses within the oral cavity and their applications in managing various oral and periodontal conditions. The oral environment faces many challenges, from microbial infections to tissue injuries, necessitating a precise immune response for optimal oral health maintenance. Characterized by their ability to modulate immune reactions, immunomodulators emerge as versatile tools for maintaining immune equilibrium. This is a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms through which immunomodulators exert their effects, shedding light on their dual role as regulators of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways. The diverse applications of immunomodulators within dentistry are explored in depth. Immunomodulators exhibit promising outcomes from managing common oral conditions like gingivitis, periodontitis, and oral ulcers to enhancing the integration of dental implants and promoting wound healing post-surgery. This article highlights the various types of immunomodulatory agents utilized in dental practice, elucidating their mechanisms of action, routes of administration, dosages, and potential side effects.

Anti-Peri-implantitis Bacteria's Ability of Robusta Green Coffee Bean (Coffea Canephora) Ethanol Extract: An In Silico and In Vitro Study

OBJECTIVE

 This study was aimed to investigate RGCBE extract as antioxidant and anti-peri-implantitis bacteria through in vitro study and its potential as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antibone resorption, and proosteogenic through in silico study.

MATERIALS

AND METHODS:  Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity prediction, molecular docking simulation, and visualization of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and coumaric acid (CA) as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial were investigated in silico. Inhibition zone by diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of RGCBE extract against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) were done.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

the analysis of variance (ANOVA) difference test, and the post-hoc Tukey's Honest Significant Different (HSD) with a different significance value of p<0.05 RESULTS:  GCA and CA compounds are good drug molecules and it has low toxicity. Chlorogenic acid have higher binding activity than coumaric acid to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, receptor activation NF-κB (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, runt related transcription factor (RUNX2), receptor activator nuclear Kappa beta Ligand-osteoprotegrin osteocalcin (RANKL-OPG), osteocalcin, nuclear factor associated T-cell 1 (NFATc1), tartate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), peptidoglycan, flagellin, dectin, Hsp70, and Hsp10 protein. RGCB ethanol extract has high antioxidant ability and it has MIC, MBC, and inhibit the growth of Aa, Pg, Fn, and Pi at 50% concentration with significantly different (p=0.0001 and<0.05).

CONCLUSION

 RGCB ethanol extract has high antioxidant ability and 50% RGCB ethanol extract may act as strong anti-peri-implantitis bacteria in vitro. In addition, CGA in RGCB potential as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antibone resorption, and proosteogenic in silico.

New solutions for combatting implant bacterial infection based on silver nano-dispersed and gallium incorporated phosphate bioactive glass sputtered films: A preliminary study

Ag/Ga were incorporated into resorbable orthopaedic phosphate bioactive glasses (PBG, containing P, Ca, Mg, Na, and Fe) thin films to demonstrate their potential to limit growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in post-operative prosthetic implantation. Dual target consecutive co-sputtering was uniquely employed to produce a 46 nm Ag:PBG composite observed by high resolution TEM to consist of uniformly dispersed ~5 nm metallic Ag nano-particles in a glass matrix. Ga3+ was integrated into a phosphate glass preform target which was magnetron sputtered to film thicknesses of ~400 or 1400 nm. All coatings exhibited high surface energy of 75.4-77.3 mN/m, attributed to the presence of hydrolytic P-O-P structural surface bonds. Degradation profiles obtained in deionized water, nutrient broth and cell culture medium showed varying ion release profiles, whereby Ga release was measured in 1400 nm coating by ICP-MS to be ~6, 27, and 4 ppm respectively, fully dissolving by 24 h. Solubility of Ag nanoparticles was only observed in nutrient broth (~9 ppm by 24 h). Quantification of colony forming units after 24 h showed encouraging antibacterial efficacy towards both S. aureus (4-log reduction for Ag:PBG and 6-log reduction for Ga-PBG≈1400 nm) and E. coli (5-log reduction for all physical vapour deposited layers) strains. Human Hs27 fibroblast and mesenchymal stem cell line in vitro tests indicated good cytocompatibility for all sputtered layers, with a marginal cell proliferation inertia in the case of the Ag:PBG composite thin film. The study therefore highlights the (i) significant manufacturing development via the controlled inclusion of metallic nanoparticles into a PBG glass matrix by dual consecutive target co-sputtering and (ii) potential of PBG resorbable thin-film structures to incorporate and release cytocompatible/antibacterial oxides. Both architectures showed prospective bio-functional performance for a future generation of endo-osseous implant-type coatings.

Microbial Biofilm Decontamination on Dental Implant Surfaces: A Mini Review

Introduction

After insertion into the bone, implants osseointegrate, which is required for their long-term success. However, inflammation and infection around the implants may lead to implant failure leading to peri-implantitis and loss of supporting bone, which may eventually lead to failure of implant. Surface chemistry of the implant and lack of cleanliness on the part of the patient are related to peri-implantitis. The only way to get rid of this infection is decontamination of dental implants.

Objective

This systematic review intended to study decontamination of microbial biofilm methods on titanium implant surfaces used in dentistry.

Methods

The electronic databases Springer Link, Science Direct, and PubMed were explored from their inception until December 2020 to identify relevant studies. Studies included had to evaluate the efficiency of new strategies either to prevent formation of biofilm or to treat matured biofilm on dental implant surfaces.

Results and Discussion

In this systematic review, 17 different groups of decontamination methods were summarized from 116 studies. The decontamination methods included coating materials, mechanical cleaning, laser treatment, photodynamic therapy, air polishing, anodizing treatment, radiation, sonication, thermal treatment, ultrasound treatment, chemical treatment, electrochemical treatment, antimicrobial drugs, argon treatment, and probiotics.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that most of the decontamination methods were effective in preventing the formation of biofilm and in decontaminating established biofilm on dental implants. This narrative review provides a summary of methods for future research in the development of new dental implants and decontamination techniques.