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Sitsanidis ED, Schirmer J, Lampinen A, Mentel KK, Hiltunen VM, Ruokolainen V, Johansson A, Myllyperkiö P, Nissinen M, Pettersson M. Tuning protein adsorption on graphene surfaces via laser-induced oxidation. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2065-2074. [PMID: 36133099 PMCID: PMC9418809 DOI: 10.1039/d0na01028f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An approach for controlled protein immobilization on laser-induced two-photon (2P) oxidation patterned graphene oxide (GO) surfaces is described. Selected proteins, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and biotinylated bovine serum albumin (b-BSA) were successfully immobilized on oxidized graphene surfaces, via non-covalent interactions, by immersion of graphene-coated microchips in the protein solution. The effects of laser pulse energy, irradiation time, protein concentration and duration of incubation on the topography of immobilized proteins and consequent defects upon the lattice of graphene were systemically studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy. AFM and fluorescence microscopy confirmed the selective aggregation of protein molecules towards the irradiated areas. In addition, the attachment of b-BSA was detected by a reaction with fluorescently labelled avidin-fluorescein isothiocyanate (Av-FITC). In contrast to chemically oxidized graphene, laser-induced oxidation introduces the capability for localization on oxidized areas and tunability of the levels of oxidation, resulting in controlled guidance of proteins by light over graphene surfaces and progressing towards graphene microchips suitable for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios D Sitsanidis
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 JYU Finland
| | - Johanna Schirmer
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 JYU Finland
| | - Aku Lampinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 JYU Finland
| | - Kamila K Mentel
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 JYU Finland
| | - Vesa-Matti Hiltunen
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 JYU Finland
| | - Visa Ruokolainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 JYU Finland
| | - Andreas Johansson
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 JYU Finland
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 JYU Finland
| | - Pasi Myllyperkiö
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 JYU Finland
| | - Maija Nissinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 JYU Finland
| | - Mika Pettersson
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 JYU Finland
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