Ferulic Acid Attenuates Kainate-induced Neurodegeneration in a Rat Poststatus Epilepticus Model

Effects of Troxerutin on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Galectin- 3 Expression in Intracerebroventricular Kainic Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity

Excitotoxicity caused by excessive concentration of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate causes neuronal cell death and promotes neurodegenerative disorders. The neuroexcitant neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) induces excitotoxicity, leading to neuronal death via oxidative stress and inflammation, and its experimental use is widespread. This study was designed to determine the protective effect of Troxerutin (TXR) and its relationship with Galectin-3 (Gal-3) in experimental excitotoxicity with neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 10): Control group rats received intraperitoneal (ip) normal saline for 6 days. Sham group rats received a single dose of intracerebroventricular (icv) normal saline on the first day. KA group rats were treated with a single dose of KA; icv-0.5 μg/μl). TXR group rats treated with TXR for 6 days: ip-100 mg/kg) and KA + TXR group rats treated with KA (single dose) and TXR (6 days). It was observed that malondialdehyde (MDA) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels increased and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels decreased in the cerebral cortex of rats with KA neurotoxicity. TXR treatment caused a significant improvement in MDA and GSH levels and a significant decrease in IL-1β levels in rats with the excitotoxicity model. Gal-3 expressions in the hippocampus and cerebellum increased in KA-treated rats, whereas TXR treatment decreased Gal-3 expressions. In addition, histopathological changes caused by KA administration showed improvement in TXR-treated groups. In conclusion, the findings showed that TXR treatment attenuated KA-induced neurotoxicity by reducing oxidative tissue damage, inflammatory response and Gal-3 expression.