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Huang L, Ökmen B, Stolze SC, Kastl M, Khan M, Hilbig D, Nakagami H, Djamei A, Doehlemann G. The fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis targets the maize corepressor RELK2 to modulate host transcription for tumorigenesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1747-1762. [PMID: 38037456 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic fungus that causes tumor formation on all aerial parts of maize. U. maydis secretes effector proteins during penetration and colonization to successfully overcome the plant immune response and reprogram host physiology to promote infection. In this study, we functionally characterized the U. maydis effector protein Topless (TPL) interacting protein 6 (Tip6). We found that Tip6 interacts with the N-terminus of RELK2 through its two Ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motifs. We show that the EAR motifs are essential for the virulence function of Tip6 and critical for altering the nuclear distribution pattern of RELK2. We propose that Tip6 mimics the recruitment of RELK2 by plant repressor proteins, thus disrupting host transcriptional regulation. We show that a large group of AP2/ERF B1 subfamily transcription factors are misregulated in the presence of Tip6. Our study suggests a regulatory mechanism where the U. maydis effector Tip6 utilizes repressive domains to recruit the corepressor RELK2 to disrupt the transcriptional networks of the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Huang
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Bilal Ökmen
- Department of Microbial Interactions, IMIT/ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Sara Christina Stolze
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Melanie Kastl
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Mamoona Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Daniel Hilbig
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Armin Djamei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
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Zuo W, Depotter JRL, Stolze SC, Nakagami H, Doehlemann G. A transcriptional activator effector of Ustilago maydis regulates hyperplasia in maize during pathogen-induced tumor formation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6722. [PMID: 37872143 PMCID: PMC10593772 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42522-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ustilago maydis causes common smut in maize, which is characterized by tumor formation in aerial parts of maize. Tumors result from the de novo cell division of highly developed bundle sheath and subsequent cell enlargement. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis are still largely unknown. Here, we characterize the U. maydis effector Sts2 (Small tumor on seedlings 2), which promotes the division of hyperplasia tumor cells. Upon infection, Sts2 is translocated into the maize cell nucleus, where it acts as a transcriptional activator, and the transactivation activity is crucial for its virulence function. Sts2 interacts with ZmNECAP1, a yet undescribed plant transcriptional activator, and it activates the expression of several leaf developmental regulators to potentiate tumor formation. On the contrary, fusion of a suppressive SRDX-motif to Sts2 causes dominant negative inhibition of tumor formation, underpinning the central role of Sts2 for tumorigenesis. Our results not only disclose the virulence mechanism of a tumorigenic effector, but also reveal the essential role of leaf developmental regulators in pathogen-induced tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Zuo
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany.
| | - Jasper R L Depotter
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sara Christina Stolze
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany.
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Huang Y, Li Y, Zou K, Wang Y, Ma Y, Meng D, Luo H, Qu J, Li F, Xuan Y, Du W. The Resistance of Maize to Ustilago maydis Infection Is Correlated with the Degree of Methyl Esterification of Pectin in the Cell Wall. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14737. [PMID: 37834187 PMCID: PMC10573042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Common smut caused by Ustilago maydis is one of the dominant fungal diseases in plants. The resistance mechanism to U. maydis infection involving alterations in the cell wall is poorly studied. In this study, the resistant single segment substitution line (SSSL) R445 and its susceptible recurrent parent line Ye478 of maize were infected with U. maydis, and the changes in cell wall components and structure were studied at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 days postinfection. In R445 and Ye478, the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin increased by varying degrees, and pectin methylesterase (PME) activity increased. The changes in hemicellulose and pectin in the cell wall after U. maydis infection were analyzed via immunolabeling using monoclonal antibodies against hemicellulsic xylans and high/low-methylated pectin. U. maydis infection altered methyl esterification of pectin, and the degree of methyl esterification was correlated with the resistance of maize to U. maydis. Furthermore, the relationship between methyl esterification of pectin and host resistance was validated using 15 maize inbred lines with different resistance levels. The results revealed that cell wall components, particularly pectin, were important factors affecting the colonization and propagation of U. maydis in maize, and methyl esterification of pectin played a role in the resistance of maize to U. maydis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingni Huang
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yang Li
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Kunkun Zou
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuting Ma
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Dexuan Meng
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Haishan Luo
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jianzhou Qu
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Fengcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Wanli Du
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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Abstract
Djamei introduces the fungal pathogen (and culinary delicacy) Ustilago maydis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Djamei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Khan M, Djamei A. Co-immunoprecipitation-Based Identification of Effector-Host Protein Interactions from Pathogen-Infected Plant Tissue. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2690:87-100. [PMID: 37450139 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3327-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions play an essential role in host-pathogen interactions. Phytopathogens secrete a cocktail of effector proteins to suppress plant immunity and reprogram host cell metabolism in their favor. Identification and characterization of effectors and their target protein complexes by co-immunoprecipitation can help to gain a deeper understanding of the functions of individual effectors during pathogenicity and can also provide new insights into the wiring of plant signaling pathways or metabolic complexes. Here we describe a detailed protocol to perform co-immunoprecipitation of effector-target protein complexes from plant extracts with an example of the Ustilago maydis/maize pathosystem for which we also provide a fungal protoplast transformation and maize seedling infection protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoona Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Armin Djamei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Bindics J, Khan M, Uhse S, Kogelmann B, Baggely L, Reumann D, Ingole KD, Stirnberg A, Rybecky A, Darino M, Navarrete F, Doehlemann G, Djamei A. Many ways to TOPLESS - manipulation of plant auxin signalling by a cluster of fungal effectors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1455-1470. [PMID: 35944559 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant biotrophic pathogens employ secreted molecules, called effectors, to suppress the host immune system and redirect the host's metabolism and development in their favour. Putative effectors of the gall-inducing maize pathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis were analysed for their ability to induce auxin signalling in plants. Using genetic, biochemical, cell-biological, and bioinformatic approaches we functionally elucidate a set of five, genetically linked effectors, called Topless (TPL) interacting protein (Tips) effectors that induce auxin signalling. We show that Tips induce auxin signalling by interfering with central corepressors of the TPL family. CRISPR-Cas9 mutants and deletion strain analysis indicate that the auxin signalling inducing subcluster effectors plays a redundant role in virulence. Although none of the Tips seem to have a conserved interaction motif, four of them bind solely to the N-terminal TPL domain and, for Tip1 and Tip4, we demonstrate direct competition with auxin/indole-3-acetic acid transcriptional repressors for their binding to TPL class of corepressors. Our findings reveal that TPL proteins, key regulators of growth-defence antagonism, are a major target of the U. maydis effectome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Bindics
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mamoona Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simon Uhse
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Kogelmann
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Baggely
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Reumann
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kishor D Ingole
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Stirnberg
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Rybecky
- CEPLAS, Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Darino
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fernando Navarrete
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- CEPLAS, Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Armin Djamei
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
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Dissection of the Complex Transcription and Metabolism Regulation Networks Associated with Maize Resistance to Ustilago maydis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111789. [PMID: 34828395 PMCID: PMC8619255 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis causes common smut in maize, forming tumors on all aerial organs, especially on reproductive organs, leading to significant reduction in yield and quality defects. Resistance to U. maydis is thought to be a quantitative trait, likely controlled by many minor gene effects. However, the genes and the underlying complex mechanisms for maize resistance to U. maydis remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we conducted comparative transcriptome and metabolome study using a pair of maize lines with contrast resistance to U. maydis post-infection. WGCNA of transcriptome profiling reveals that defense response, photosynthesis, and cell cycle are critical processes in maize response to U. maydis, and metabolism regulation of glycolysis, amino acids, phenylpropanoid, and reactive oxygen species are closely correlated with defense response. Metabolomic analysis supported that phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis was induced upon U. maydis infection, and an obviously higher content of shikimic acid, a key compound in glycolysis and aromatic amino acids biosynthesis pathways, was detected in resistant samples. Thus, we propose that complex gene co-expression and metabolism networks related to amino acids and ROS metabolism might contribute to the resistance to corn smut.
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Zuo W, Depotter JRL, Gupta DK, Thines M, Doehlemann G. Cross-species analysis between the maize smut fungi Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium reilianum highlights the role of transcriptional change of effector orthologs for virulence and disease. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:719-733. [PMID: 34270791 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The constitution and regulation of effector repertoires shape host-microbe interactions. Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium reilianum are two closely related smut fungi, which both infect maize but cause distinct disease symptoms. Understanding how effector orthologs are regulated in these two pathogens can therefore provide insights into the evolution of different infection strategies. We tracked the infection progress of U. maydis and S. reilianum in maize leaves and used two distinct infection stages for cross-species RNA-sequencing analyses. We identified 207 of 335 one-to-one effector orthologs as differentially regulated during host colonization, which might reflect the distinct disease development strategies. Using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene conversion, we identified two differentially expressed effector orthologs with conserved function between two pathogens. Thus, differential expression of functionally conserved genes might contribute to species-specific adaptation and symptom development. Interestingly, another differentially expressed orthogroup (UMAG_05318/Sr10075) showed divergent protein function, providing a possible case for neofunctionalization. Collectively, we demonstrated that the diversification of effector genes in related pathogens can be caused both by alteration on the transcriptional level and through functional diversification of the encoded effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Zuo
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47a, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Jasper R L Depotter
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47a, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Deepak K Gupta
- Department for Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF), Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Marco Thines
- Department for Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF), Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47a, Cologne, 50674, Germany
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Schurack S, Depotter JRL, Gupta D, Thines M, Doehlemann G. Comparative transcriptome profiling identifies maize line specificity of fungal effectors in the maize-Ustilago maydis interaction. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:733-752. [PMID: 33570802 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The biotrophic pathogen Ustilago maydis causes smut disease on maize (Zea mays) and induces the formation of tumours on all aerial parts of the plant. Unlike in other biotrophic interactions, no gene-for-gene interactions have been identified in the maize-U. maydis pathosystem. Thus, maize resistance to U. maydis is considered a polygenic, quantitative trait. Here, we study the molecular mechanisms of quantitative disease resistance (QDR) in maize, and how U. maydis interferes with its components. Based on quantitative scoring of disease symptoms in 26 maize lines, we performed an RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of six U. maydis-infected maize lines of highly distinct resistance levels. The different maize lines showed specific responses of diverse cellular processes to U. maydis infection. For U. maydis, our analysis identified 406 genes being differentially expressed between maize lines, of which 102 encode predicted effector proteins. Based on this analysis, we generated U. maydis CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out mutants for selected candidate effector sets. After infections of different maize lines with the fungal mutants, RNA-Seq analysis identified effectors with quantitative, maize line-specific virulence functions, and revealed auxin-related processes as a possible target for one of them. Thus, we show that both transcriptional activity and virulence function of fungal effector genes are modified according to the infected maize line, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying QDR in the maize-U. maydis interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Schurack
- CEPLAS, Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- IMPRS, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jasper R L Depotter
- CEPLAS, Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Deepak Gupta
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt a. M, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Frankfurt a. M, Germany
| | - Marco Thines
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt a. M, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Frankfurt a. M, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- CEPLAS, Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Montenegro Alonso AP, Ali S, Song X, Linning R, Bakkeren G. UhAVR1, an HR-Triggering Avirulence Effector of Ustilago hordei, Is Secreted via the ER-Golgi Pathway, Localizes to the Cytosol of Barley Cells during in Planta-Expression, and Contributes to Virulence Early in Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E178. [PMID: 32961976 PMCID: PMC7559581 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycete Ustilago hordei causes covered smut disease of barley and oats. Virulence effectors promoting infection and supporting pathogen lifestyle have been described for this fungus. Genetically, six avirulence genes are known and one codes for UhAVR1, the only proven avirulence effector identified in smuts to date that triggers complete immunity in barley cultivars carrying resistance gene Ruh1. A prerequisite for resistance breeding is understanding the host targets and molecular function of UhAVR1. Analysis of this effector upon natural infection of barley coleoptiles using teliospores showed that UhAVR1 is expressed during the early stages of fungal infection where it leads to HR triggering in resistant cultivars or performs its virulence function in susceptible cultivars. Fungal secretion of UhAVR1 is directed by its signal peptide and occurs via the BrefeldinA-sensitive ER-Golgi pathway in cell culture away from its host. Transient in planta expression of UhAVR1 in barley and a nonhost, Nicotiana benthamiana, supports a cytosolic localization. Delivery of UhAVR1 via foxtail mosaic virus or Pseudomonas species in both barley and N. benthamiana reveals a role in suppressing components common to both plant systems of Effector- and Pattern-Triggered Immunity, including necrosis triggered by Agrobacterium-delivered cell death inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Priscilla Montenegro Alonso
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada;
| | - Shawkat Ali
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada;
| | - Xiao Song
- Sandstone Pharmacies Glenmore Landing Calgary-Compounding, 167D, 1600–90 Ave SW Calgary, AB T2V 5A8, Canada;
| | - Rob Linning
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada;
| | - Guus Bakkeren
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada;
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11
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Redkar A, Jaeger E, Doehlemann G. Visualization of Growth and Morphology of Fungal Hyphae in planta Using WGA-AF488 and Propidium Iodide Co-staining. Bio Protoc 2018. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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12
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Cao Y, Wang L, Duan L, Li J, Ma J, Xie S, Shi L, Li H. Development of a real-time fluorescence loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and quantitative detection of Ustilago maydis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13394. [PMID: 29042629 PMCID: PMC5645423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The common smut of corn, caused by Ustilago maydis is a troublesome disease of maize. Early and accurate detection of U. maydis is essential for the disease management. In this study, primer set Pep-2 was selected for LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) from 12 sets of primers targeting three U. maydis effector genes See1, Pit2 and Pep1 according to primer screening. The optimal concentrations of Bst DNA polymerase and Mg2+ as well as inner/outer primer ratio of the LAMP reaction system were screened by combining a single factor experiment and an orthogonal design arrangement. The specificity of this real-time LAMP (RealAmp) assay was confirmed by negative testing for other pathogens. The detection sensitivity of the RealAmp assay was 200 times higher than that of detection through conventional PCR. Results of the RealAmp assay for quantifying the genomic DNA of U. maydis were confirmed by testing with both artificially and naturally infected samples. In addition, the RealAmp reaction could be conducted via an improved tube scanner to implement a "electricity free" assay from template preparation to quantitative detection. The resulting assay could be more convenient for use in the field as a simple, rapid, and effective technique for monitoring U. maydis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Cao
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Liping Duan
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Juan Ma
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shuna Xie
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Huiyong Li
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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13
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Redkar A, Doehlemann G. EdU Based DNA Synthesis and Cell Proliferation Assay in Maize Infected by the Smut Fungus Ustilago maydis. Bio Protoc 2016. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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