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Mattei TA, Rehman AA. Technological developments and future perspectives on graphene-based metamaterials: a primer for neurosurgeons. Neurosurgery 2014; 74:499-516; discussion 516. [PMID: 24476906 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene, a monolayer atomic-scale honeycomb lattice of carbon atoms, has been considered the greatest revolution in metamaterials research in the past 5 years. Its developers were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010, and massive funding has been directed to graphene-based experimental research in the last years. For instance, an international scientific collaboration has recently received a €1 billion grant from the European Flagship Initiative, the largest amount of financial resources ever granted for a single research project in the history of modern science. Because of graphene's unique optical, thermal, mechanical, electronic, and quantum properties, the incorporation of graphene-based metamaterials to biomedical applications is expected to lead to major technological breakthroughs in the next few decades. Current frontline research in graphene technology includes the development of high-performance, lightweight, and malleable electronic devices, new optical modulators, ultracapacitors, molecular biodevices, organic photovoltaic cells, lithium-ion microbatteries, frequency multipliers, quantum dots, and integrated circuits, just to mention a few. With such advances, graphene technology is expected to significantly impact several areas of neurosurgery, including neuro-oncology, neurointensive care, neuroregeneration research, peripheral nerve surgery, functional neurosurgery, and spine surgery. In this topic review, the authors provide a basic introduction to the main electrophysical properties of graphene. Additionally, future perspectives of ongoing frontline investigations on this new metamaterial are discussed, with special emphasis on those research fields that are expected to most substantially impact experimental and clinical neurosurgery in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A Mattei
- *Invision Health Brain and Spine Center, Williamsville, New York; ‡University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois
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Wenner J, Yin Y, Lucero E, Barends R, Chen Y, Chiaro B, Kelly J, Lenander M, Mariantoni M, Megrant A, Neill C, O'Malley PJJ, Sank D, Vainsencher A, Wang H, White TC, Cleland AN, Martinis JM. Excitation of superconducting qubits from hot nonequilibrium quasiparticles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:150502. [PMID: 25167235 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.150502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Superconducting qubits probe environmental defects such as nonequilibrium quasiparticles, an important source of decoherence. We show that "hot" nonequilibrium quasiparticles, with energies above the superconducting gap, affect qubits differently from quasiparticles at the gap, implying qubits can probe the dynamic quasiparticle energy distribution. For hot quasiparticles, we predict a non-negligible increase in the qubit excited state probability Pe. By injecting hot quasiparticles into a qubit, we experimentally measure an increase of Pe in semiquantitative agreement with the model and rule out the typically assumed thermal distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wenner
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Erik Lucero
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - R Barends
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - B Chiaro
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - J Kelly
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - M Lenander
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Matteo Mariantoni
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - A Megrant
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA and Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - C Neill
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - P J J O'Malley
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - D Sank
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - A Vainsencher
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA and Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - T C White
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - A N Cleland
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - John M Martinis
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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