Collection of breath condensate in horses

The application of exhaled breath gas and exhaled breath condensate analysis in the investigation of the lower respiratory tract in veterinary medicine: A review

The analysis of biomarkers in exhaled breath (EB) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) may allow non-invasive and repeatable assessment of respiratory health and disease in mammals. Compared to human medicine, however, research data from EB and EBC analysis in veterinary medicine are limited and more patient variables influencing concentrations of EB/EBC analytes may be present. In addition, variations in methodologies between studies may influence results. A comparison of the approaches used in veterinary research by different groups may aid in the identification of potentially reliable and repeatable biomarkers suitable for further investigation. To date, changes in acid-base status and increased concentrations of inflammatory mediators have been the main findings in studies of pulmonary disease states in animals. Whilst these biomarkers are unlikely to represent specific and sensitive diagnostic parameters, they do have potential application in monitoring disease progression and treatment response.

Exhaled breath condensate: lessons learned from veterinary medicine

Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) describes any sample collected by cooling exhaled breath. Because the method of condensate collection is simple, non-invasive, repeatable and does not necessarily require patient cooperation, EBC is not only an interesting, but also challenging, biological sample. Despite a period of EBC research lasting for more than 15 years, there are still many open questions with respect to EBC collection and analysis, and many biomarkers are still awaiting careful validation. In veterinary research, EBC collection has been described in conscious animals including calves, pigs, horses, cats and dogs. Numerous studies performed in these domestic animals not only contributed substantially to the current knowledge about the potentials of EBC-based diagnoses but also demonstrated pitfalls in EBC collection, analysis and interpretation. This review summarizes information about the collection of EBC and the interpretation of EBC results, particularly with respect to proteins, leukotrienes, hydrogen peroxide, urea, ammonia and pH. Published data emphasize the need to standardize approaches to produce reproducible EBC data. Quantifying the concentration of the EBC component of interest exhaled in a defined volume of exhaled breath (instead of comparing concentrations of this component analysed in liquid EBC) is an important step of standardization that might help to overcome methodological limitations deriving from the EBC collection process. Although information is based on domestic animal studies, it contributes to the general understanding in EBC research-independent of any particular mammalian species-and opens new perspectives for further studies.

Current and future uses of breath analysis as a diagnostic tool

The analysis of exhaled breath is a potentially useful method for application in veterinary diagnostics. Breath samples can be easily collected from animals by means of a face mask or collection chamber with minimal disturbance to the animal. After the administration of a 13C-labelled compound the recovery of 13C in breath can be used to investigate gastrointestinal and digestive functions. Exhaled hydrogen can be used to assess orocaecal transit time and malabsorption, and exhaled nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and pentane can be used to assess oxidative stress and inflammation. The analysis of compounds dissolved in the aqueous phase of breath (the exhaled breath condensate) can be used to assess airway inflammation. This review summarises the current status of breath analysis in veterinary medicine, and analyses its potential for assessing animal health and disease.