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Yang H, Xun Y, Ke C, Tateishi K, You H. Extranodal lymphoma: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:29. [PMID: 37718386 PMCID: PMC10505605 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30% of lymphomas occur outside the lymph nodes, spleen, or bone marrow, and the incidence of extranodal lymphoma has been rising in the past decade. While traditional chemotherapy and radiation therapy can improve survival outcomes for certain patients, the prognosis for extranodal lymphoma patients remains unsatisfactory. Extranodal lymphomas in different anatomical sites often have distinct cellular origins, pathogenic mechanisms, and clinical manifestations, significantly influencing their diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a comprehensive summary of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment progress of extranodal lymphoma overall and specifically for different anatomical sites. This review summarizes the current progress in the common key signaling pathways in the development of extranodal lymphomas and intervention therapy. Furthermore, it provides insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment strategies of common extranodal lymphomas, including gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, mycosis fungoides (MF), natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (nasal type, NKTCL-NT), and primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Additionally, as PCNSL is one of the extranodal lymphomas with the worst prognosis, this review specifically summarizes prognostic indicators and discusses the challenges and opportunities related to its clinical applications. The aim of this review is to assist clinical physicians and researchers in understanding the current status of extranodal lymphomas, enabling them to make informed clinical decisions that contribute to improving patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Yang Xun
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Chao Ke
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Kensuke Tateishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 2360004, Japan
| | - Hua You
- Laboratory for Excellence in Systems Biomedicine of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401122, China.
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Xia Z, Rong X, Dai Z, Zhou D. Identification of Novel Prognostic Biomarkers Relevant to Immune Infiltration in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:863796. [PMID: 35571056 PMCID: PMC9092026 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.863796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is a biomarker for assessing the immune microenvironment, prognosis, and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in the clinical treatment of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), but it does not work for all patients. This study aims to discover alternative biomarkers. Methods: Public data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and gene ontology (GO) were used to determine the gene modules relevant to tumor immunity. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and GO semantic similarity analyses were applied to identify the module hub genes with functional similarities to PD-L1, and we assessed their correlations with immune infiltration, patient prognosis, and immunotherapy response. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were used to validate the outcome at the protein level. Results: We identified an immune response–related module, and two hub genes (PSTPIP1 and PILRA) were selected as potential biomarkers with functional similarities to PD-L1. High expression levels of PSTPIP1 and PILRA were associated with longer overall survival and rich immune infiltration in LUAD patients, and both were significantly high in patients who responded to anti–PD-L1 treatment. Compared to PD-L1–negative LUAD tissues, the protein levels of PSTPIP1 and PILRA were relatively increased in the PD-L1–positive tissues, and the expression of PSTPIP1 and PILRA positively correlated with the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Conclusion: We identified PSTPIP1 and PILRA as prognostic biomarkers relevant to immune infiltration in LUAD, and both are associated with the response to anti–PD-L1 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xia
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xueyao Rong
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyu Dai
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongbo Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Dongbo Zhou,
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Clinicopathological risk factors for a poor prognosis of primary central nervous system lymphoma in elderly patients in the Tohoku and Niigata area: a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study of the Tohoku Brain Tumor Study Group. Brain Tumor Pathol 2022; 39:139-150. [PMID: 35312904 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-022-00427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Clinicopathological risk factors for a poor prognosis were investigated in elderly patients with malignant lymphoma of the central nervous system. A total of 82 pathologically confirmed, CD20-positive, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients aged 71 years or older who underwent therapeutic intervention in the Tohoku and Niigata area in Japan were retrospectively reviewed. A univariate analysis was performed by the log-rank test using the Kaplan-Meier method. A Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate analysis of risk factors. Of the 82 patients, 39 were male and 43 were female, and their median age at onset was 75 years. At the end of the study, there were 34 relapse-free patients (41.5%), 48 relapse cases (58.5%), median progression-free survival was 18 months, and median overall survival (OS) was 26 months; there were 41 deaths and 41 survivors. Multivariate analysis of median OS showed that Karnofsky Performance Status less than 60% 3 months after treatment (p = 0.022, hazard ratio (HR) = 2.591) was the clinical risk factor, and double expressor lymphoma (p = 0.004, HR = 3.163), expression of programmed death-ligand 1 in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes or tumor-associated macrophages (p < 0.001, HR = 5.455), and Epstein-Barr virus infection (p = 0.031, HR = 5.304) were the pathological risk factors.
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Targeted Therapies and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Primary CNS Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123073. [PMID: 34203062 PMCID: PMC8234854 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article outlines the current development of emerging treatment strategies for primary central nervous system lymphoma, a rare brain tumor with, thus far, limited therapeutic options. Small molecule targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, and immune checkpoint inhibitors will be discussed. The mechanisms of action, results of completed clinical studies, ongoing clinical trials, and future perspectives are summarized. Among the most promising clinical developments in the field of CNS lymphomas is ibrutinib, an inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, which relays activation of nuclear factor kappa B upon integration of constitutive B cell receptor and Toll-like receptor signals. Down-stream of nuclear factor kappa B, the thalidomide analogs lenalidomide and pomalidomide exert immunomodulatory functions and are currently explored against CNS lymphomas. Finally, immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as drugs targeting the PD-1 pathway, may become novel therapeutic options to unleash anti-tumor immunity in patients with primary CNS lymphoma.
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Tobin JWD, Bednarska K, Campbell A, Keane C. PD-1 and LAG-3 Checkpoint Blockade: Potential Avenues for Therapy in B-Cell Lymphoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051152. [PMID: 34068762 PMCID: PMC8151045 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dependence of cancer on an immunotolerant tumor microenvironment (TME) is well established. Immunotherapies that overcome tumor-induced immune suppression have been central to recent advancements in oncology. This is highlighted by the success of agents that interrupt PD-1 mediated immune suppression in a range of cancers. However, while PD-1 blockade has been paradigm-shifting in many malignancies, the majority of cancers show high rates of primary resistance to this approach. This has led to a rapid expansion in therapeutic targeting of other immune checkpoint molecules to provide combination immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), with one such promising approach is blockade of Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 (LAG-3). Clinically, lymphoproliferative disorders show a wide spectrum of responses to ICB. Specific subtypes including classical Hodgkin lymphoma have demonstrated striking efficacy with anti-PD-1 therapy. Conversely, early trials of ICB have been relatively disappointing in common subtypes of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In this review, we describe the TME of common lymphoma subtypes with an emphasis on the role of prominent immune checkpoint molecules PD-1 and LAG3. We will also discuss current clinical evidence for ICB in lymphoma and highlight key areas for further investigation where synergistic dual checkpoint blockade of LAG-3 and PD-1 could be used to overcome ICB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W. D. Tobin
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (J.W.D.T.); (K.B.)
- Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Karolina Bednarska
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (J.W.D.T.); (K.B.)
| | - Ashlea Campbell
- Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Colm Keane
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (J.W.D.T.); (K.B.)
- Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +617-3443-7912
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Fudaba H, Momii Y, Hirakawa T, Onishi K, Asou D, Matsushita W, Kawasaki Y, Sugita K, Fujiki M. Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-15 expression on peritumoral macrophages is a favorable prognostic factor for primary central nervous system lymphoma patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1206. [PMID: 33441719 PMCID: PMC7806611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-15 (Siglec-15) is a new immune checkpoint molecule and its role of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) tumor microenvironment has been unclear. We explored the Siglec-15 and programed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in tumor tissues and analyzed the association between the expression of these molecules and overall survival in newly diagnosed PCNSL. A total of 60 patients diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in PCNSL were included in this study. The Siglec-15 and PD-L1 expression on tumor cells, intratumoral macrophages and peritumoral macrophages were immunohistochemically evaluated. The expression of Siglec-15 and PD-L1 was greater in macrophages than in tumor cells. Regarding peritumoral macrophages, the number of Siglec-15-positive samples (n = 24) was greater than the number of PD-L1-positive samples (n = 16). A multivariate Cox analysis showed that the Siglec-15 positivity of peritumoral macrophages and performance of high-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy were independent predictors of overall survival (hazard ratio: 0.295 and 0.322, respectively). The Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that patients with Siglec-15-positive peritumoral macrophages had longer overall survival than those with Siglec-15-negative peritumoral macrophages (median overall survival: 3018 days and 746 days, respectively; p = 0.0290). Our findings indicate that the expression of Siglec-15 on peritumoral macrophages induces a favorable outcome in PCNSL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Fudaba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasamamachi, Yufu, 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Yasutomo Momii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasamamachi, Yufu, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Taisei Hirakawa
- School of Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kouhei Onishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasamamachi, Yufu, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Daigo Asou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasamamachi, Yufu, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Wataru Matsushita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasamamachi, Yufu, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Yukari Kawasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasamamachi, Yufu, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasamamachi, Yufu, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Minoru Fujiki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasamamachi, Yufu, 879-5593, Japan
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GSEA-assisted gene signatures valid for combinations of prognostic markers in PCNSL. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8435. [PMID: 32439996 PMCID: PMC7242340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a brain malignant non-Hodgkin’s B-cell lymphoma. The standard treatments are high-dose methotrexate (MTX)-based chemotherapies and deferred whole brain radiotherapy. However, MTX resistance-dependent global expression and signaling pathway changes and their relationship with prognoses have not yet been elucidated. Here, we conducted a global expression analysis with next-generation sequencing and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) in MTX-resistant PCNSL cell lines (HKBML-MTX and TK-MTX) and PCNSL tissues. In rank scores, genes listed in HKBML-MTX and TK-MTX were enriched in PCNSL with poor prognoses. In fold changes, a part of differentially-expressed genes in PCNSL tissues were also detected in HKBML-MTX and TK-MTX cells; FOXD2-AS1 and MMP19 were commonly expressed in both HKBML-MTX and TK-MTX, FABP5 and CD70 were HKBML-MTX-specifically expressed, and CLCN2, HOXB9, INE1, and LRP5L were TK-MTX-specifically expressed, which may provide a combination of prognostic markers on MTX-sensitivities in PCNSL. Additionally, PCNSL subgroups, divided with hierarchical clustering and Kaplan-Meier methods, included twenty commonly expressed genes in both HKBML-MTX and TK-MTX, ten HKBML-MTX-specifically expressed genes, and two TK-MTX-specifically expressed genes. These results suggest that the GSEA-assisted gene signatures can provide a combination for prognostic markers in recurrent PCNSL with MTX resistances.
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Furuse M, Kuwabara H, Ikeda N, Hattori Y, Ichikawa T, Kagawa N, Kikuta K, Tamai S, Nakada M, Wakabayashi T, Wanibuchi M, Kuroiwa T, Hirose Y, Miyatake SI. PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression in the tumor microenvironment including peritumoral tissue in primary central nervous system lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:277. [PMID: 32248797 PMCID: PMC7132991 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06755-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2 expression on tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells in primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) remains unclear. In the present study, we analyzed needle biopsy and craniotomy specimens of patients with PCNSL to compare the PD-L1 and PD-L2 levels in the tumor and surrounding (peritumoral) tissue. We also assessed the correlation between biological factors and the prognostic significance of PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the cases of 70 patients histologically diagnosed with PCNSL (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma). Immunohistochemistry for CD20, CD68, PD-L1, and PD-L2 was performed. In cases with specimens taken by craniotomy, the percentages of PD-L1- and PD-L2-positive macrophages were evaluated in both tumor and peritumoral tissue. The Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard model were used for survival analysis. Results The tumor cells expressed little or no PD-L1 and PD-L2, but macrophages expressed PD-L1 and PD-L2 in most of the patients. The median percentage of PD-L2-positive cells was significantly higher among peritumoral macrophages (32.5%; 95% CI: 0–94.6) than intratumoral macrophages (27.5%; 95% CI: 0–81.1, p = 0.0014). There was a significant correlation between the percentages of PD-L2-positive intratumoral macrophages and PD-L2-positive peritumoral macrophages (p = 0.0429), with very low coefficient correlation (ρ = 0.098535). PD-L1 expression on macrophages was significantly associated with biological factors (intratumoral macrophages: better KPS, p = 0.0008; better MSKCC score, p = 0.0103; peritumoral macrophages: low proportion of LDH elevation, p = 0.0064) and longer OS (for intratumoral macrophages: high PD-L1 = 60 months, 95% CI = 30–132.6; low PD-L1 = 24 months, 95% CI = 11–48; p = 0.032; for peritumoral macrophages: high PD-L1 = 60 months, 95% CI = 30.7–NR; low PD-L1 = 14 months, 95% CI = 3–26). PD-L1 expression on peritumoral macrophages was strongly predictive of a favorable outcome (HR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.12–0.77, p = 0.0129). Conclusions Macrophages in intratumoral and peritumoral tissue expressed PD-L1 and PD-L2 at a higher rate than tumor cells. PD-L1 expression, especially on peritumoral macrophages, seems to be an important prognostic factor in PCNSL. Future comprehensive analysis of checkpoint molecules in the tumor microenvironment, including the peritumoral tissue, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motomasa Furuse
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kuwabara
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naokado Ikeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Hattori
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Kagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kikuta
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Fukui School of Medical Science, Fukui, Japan
| | - Sho Tamai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Masahiko Wanibuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kuroiwa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | | | - Shin-Ichi Miyatake
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
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PD-L1 and tumor-associated macrophages in de novo DLBCL. Blood Adv 2020; 3:531-540. [PMID: 30770362 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018020602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and its receptor, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), are important negative regulators of immune cell activation. Therapeutically targeting PD-1/PD-L1 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients with a single agent has limited activity, meriting a deeper understanding of this complex biology and of available PD-L1 clinical assays. In this study, we leveraged 2 large de novo DLBCL phase 3 trials (GOYA and MAIN) to better understand the biologic and clinical relevance of PD-L1 in de novo DLBCL. PD-L1 was expressed on myeloid cells in 85% to 95% of DLBCL patients (depending on staining procedure), compared with 10% on tumor cells, and correlated with macrophage gene expression. PD-L1 did not identify high-risk patients in de novo DLBCL; it correlated with STAT3, macrophage gene expression, and improved outcomes among a subset of patients. These results may help identify immunologically distinct DLBCL subsets relevant for checkpoint blockade. GOYA and MAIN trials were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01287741 and #NCT00486759, respectively.
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Takashima Y, Kawaguchi A, Iwadate Y, Hondoh H, Fukai J, Kajiwara K, Hayano A, Yamanaka R. miR-101, miR-548b, miR-554, and miR-1202 are reliable prognosis predictors of the miRNAs associated with cancer immunity in primary central nervous system lymphoma. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229577. [PMID: 32101576 PMCID: PMC7043771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) inhibit protein function by silencing the translation of target mRNAs. However, in primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), the expression and functions of miRNAs are inadequately known. Here, we examined the expression of 847 miRNAs in 40 PCNSL patients with a microarray and investigated for the miRNA predictors associated with cancer immunity-related genes such as T helper cell type 1/2 (Th-1/Th-2) and regulatory T cell (T-reg) status, and stimulatory and inhibitory checkpoint genes, for prognosis prediction in PCNSL. The aim of this study is to find promising prognosis markers based on the miRNA expression in PCNSL. We detected 334 miRNAs related to 66 cancer immunity-related genes in the microarray profiling. Variable importance measured by the random survival forest analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression model elucidated that 11 miRNAs successfully constitute the survival formulae dividing the Kaplan-Meier curve of the respective PCNSL subgroups. On the other hand, univariate analysis shortlisted 23 miRNAs for overall survival times, with four miRNAs clearly dividing the survival curves-miR-101/548b/554/1202. These miRNAs regulated Th-1/Th-2 status, T-reg cell status, and immune checkpoints. The miRNAs were also associated with gene ontology terms as Ras/MAP-kinase, ubiquitin ligase, PRC2 and acetylation, CDK, and phosphorylation, and several diseases including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, glioma, and those related to blood and hippocampus with statistical significance. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the four miRNAs comprising miR-101/548b/554/1202 associated with cancer immunity can be a useful prognostic marker in PCNSL and would help us understand target pathways for PCNSL treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Takashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy for Cancer, Graduate School for Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Center for Comprehensive Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yasuo Iwadate
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hondoh
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Junya Fukai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Koji Kajiwara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Azusa Hayano
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy for Cancer, Graduate School for Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuya Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy for Cancer, Graduate School for Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Cho I, Lee H, Yoon SE, Ryu KJ, Ko YH, Kim WS, Kim SJ. Serum levels of soluble programmed death-ligand 1 (sPD-L1) in patients with primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:120. [PMID: 32054467 PMCID: PMC7020571 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-6612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The interaction of programmed death-1 protein (PD-1) and programmed death-1 ligand (PD-L1) produces immunosuppressive activity, protecting tumor cells from anti-tumor immunity and possibly releasing soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) from PD-L1 expressing tumor cells. Therefore, we measured serum levels of sPD-L1 in patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and explored its clinical implications. Methods Sixty-eight patients with newly diagnosed PCNSL had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and were treated with high-dose methotrexate-containing chemotherapy. The measurement of sPD-L1 and cytokines was performed using serum samples archived at diagnosis, and the tissue expression of PD-L1 was also analyzed from archived paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. Disease relapse, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were analyzed according to the extent of sPD-L1 in serum and PD-L1 in tissue. Results The median level of serum sPD-L1 (0.429 ng/mL) was higher than in healthy control patients (0.364 ng/mL). The occurrence of relapse was more frequent in the high sPD-L1 (78%) than the low sPD-L1 group (50%), though the groups did not have different clinical or pathological characteristics at diagnosis. As a result, the OS and PFS for the high sPD-L1 group were significantly lower than those in the low group. PD-L1-positive tumor cells were found in 35 patients (67%), and the extent of PD-L1-postive tumor cells was positively associated with serum sPD-L1 levels (r = 0.299, P = 0.031). Among the 34 cytokines analyzed, only the serum level of IL-7 correlated with the serum level of sPD-L1 (r = 0.521, P < 0.001). Conclusions Serum levels of sPD-L1 could reflect the expression of PD-L1 in PCNSL tumor cells and predict patient survival outcomes. Therefore, sPD-L1 in serum could be a feasible biomarker for determining a risk-adapted treatment strategy for PCNSL patients. Trial registration The study population was patients who were diagnosed with PCNSL between January 2009 and February 2017 and registered for our prospective cohort studies after providing written informed consent (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00822731 [date of registration - January 14, 2009] and NCT01877109 [date of registration - June 13, 2013]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Inju Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hansang Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Sang Eun Yoon
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Kyung Ju Ryu
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Hyeh Ko
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Seog Kim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jin Kim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
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12
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You H, Baluszek S, Kaminska B. Supportive roles of brain macrophages in CNS metastases and assessment of new approaches targeting their functions. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2949-2964. [PMID: 32194848 PMCID: PMC7053204 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastases to the central nervous system (CNS) occur frequently in adults and their frequency increases with the prolonged survival of cancer patients. Patients with CNS metastases have short survival, and modern therapeutics, while effective for extra-cranial cancers, do not reduce metastatic burden. Tumor cells attract and reprogram stromal cells, including tumor-associated macrophages that support cancer growth by promoting tissue remodeling, invasion, immunosuppression and metastasis. Specific roles of brain resident and infiltrating macrophages in creating a pre-metastatic niche for CNS invading cancer cells are less known. There are populations of CNS resident innate immune cells such as: parenchymal microglia and non-parenchymal, CNS border-associated macrophages that colonize CNS in early development and sustain its homeostasis. In this study we summarize available data on potential roles of different brain macrophages in most common brain metastases. We hypothesize that metastatic cancer cells exploit CNS macrophages and their cytoprotective mechanisms to create a pre-metastatic niche and facilitate metastatic growth. We assess current pharmacological strategies to manipulate functions of brain macrophages and hypothesize on their potential use in a therapy of CNS metastases. We conclude that the current data strongly support a notion that microglia, as well as non-parenchymal macrophages and peripheral infiltrating macrophages, are involved in multiple stages of CNS metastases. Understanding their contribution will lead to development of new therapeutic strategies.
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13
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Takashima Y, Kawaguchi A, Yamanaka R. Promising Prognosis Marker Candidates on the Status of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Glioma Stem Cells in Glioblastoma. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111312. [PMID: 31653034 PMCID: PMC6912254 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivariable analyses of global expression profiling are valid indicators of the prognosis of various diseases including brain cancers. To identify the candidates for markers of prognosis of glioblastoma, we performed multivariable analyses on the status of epithelial (EPI)-mesenchymal (MES) transition (EMT), glioma (GLI) stem cells (GSCs), molecular target therapy (MTT), and potential glioma biomarkers (PGBs) using the expression data and clinical information from patients. Random forest survival and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses indicated significant variable values for DSG3, CLDN1, CDH11, FN1, HDAC3/7, PTEN, L1CAM, OLIG2, TIMP4, IGFBP2, and GFAP. The analyses also comprised prognosis prediction formulae that could distinguish between the survival curves of the glioblastoma patients. In addition to the genes mentioned above, HDAC1, FLT1, EGFR, MGMT, PGF, STAT3, SIRT1, and GADD45A constituted complex genetic interaction networks. The calculated status scores obtained by principal component analysis indicated that GLI genes covered the status of EPI, GSC, and MTT-related genes. Moreover, survival tree analyses indicated that MEShigh, MEShighGLIlow, GSChighGLIlow, MEShighMTTlow, and PGBhigh showed poor prognoses and MESmiddle, GSClow, and PGBlow showed good prognoses, suggesting that enhanced EMT and GSC are associated with poor survival and that lower expression of EPI markers and the pre-stages of EMT are relatively less malignant in glioblastoma. These results demonstrate that the assessment of EMT and GSC enables the prediction of the prognosis of glioblastoma that would help develop novel therapeutics and de novo marker candidates for the prognoses of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Takashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy for Cancer, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Center for Comprehensive Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Ryuya Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy for Cancer, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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14
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Takashima Y, Yoshimura T, Kano Y, Hayano A, Hondoh H, Ikenaka K, Yamanaka R. Differential expression of N-linked oligosaccharides in methotrexate-resistant primary central nervous system lymphoma cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:910. [PMID: 31510952 PMCID: PMC6739943 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oligosaccharides of glycoprotein, particularly negatively-charged sialylated N-glycans, on the surface of lymphomas play important roles in cell–cell interactions and bind immunoglobulin-like lectins, causing inflammatory responses and bioregulation. However, their characterizations have largely been unknown in central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. Methods Here, we investigated expression patterns of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in cells derived from CNS lymphomas and clinical specimens. Results We first generated methotrexate (MTX)-resistant cells derived from HKBML and TK as CNS lymphoma, and RAJI as non-CNS lymphoma and determined N-linked oligosaccharide structures in these cells and other non-CNS lymphoma-derived cells including A4/FUK, OYB, and HBL1. Major components of the total oligosaccharides were high-mannose type N-glycans, whose level increased in MTX-resistant HKBML and TK but decreased in MTX-resistant RAJI. We also detected sialylated biantennary galactosylated N-glycans with α1,6-fucosylation, A2G2F, and A2G2FB from HKBML, TK, and RAJI. Sialylated A4G4F was specifically isolated from RAJI. However, the ratios of these sialylated N-glycans slightly decreased against MTX-resistant compared to non-resistant cells. Interestingly, almost all complex-type oligosaccharides were α2,6-sialylated. Discussion This is the first study for the expression profile of N-oligosaccharides on MTX-resistant primary CNS lymphoma-derived cells HKBML and TK, and tumor tissues resected from patients with CNS lymphoma, Conclusion These results propose a possibility that the differential expression of high-mannose types and sialylated A2G2F, A2G2FB, and A4G4F on the surface of CNS lymphomas may provide a hint for targets for diagnoses and treatments of the oligosaccharide type-specific lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Takashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy for Cancer, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshimura
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.,Present Address: Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kano
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Azusa Hayano
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy for Cancer, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hondoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, 930-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ryuya Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy for Cancer, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
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15
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You H, Baluszek S, Kaminska B. Immune Microenvironment of Brain Metastases-Are Microglia and Other Brain Macrophages Little Helpers? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1941. [PMID: 31481958 PMCID: PMC6710386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are common intracranial neoplasms and their frequency increases with prolonged survival of cancer patients. New pharmaceuticals targeting oncogenic kinases and immune checkpoint inhibitors augment both overall and progression-free survival in patients with brain metastases, but are not fully successful in reducing metastatic burden and still a majority of oncologic patients die due to dissemination of the disease. Despite therapy advancements, median survival of patients with brain metastases is several months, although it may vary in different types or subtypes of cancer. Contribution of the innate immune system to cancer progression is well established. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), instead of launching antitumor responses, promote extracellular matrix degradation, secrete immunosuppressive cytokines, promote neoangiogenesis and tumor growth. While their roles as pro-tumorigenic cells facilitating tissue remodeling, invasion and metastasis is well documented, much less is known about the immune microenvironment of brain metastases and roles of specific immune cells in those processes. The central nervous system (CNS) is armed in resident myeloid cells: microglia and perivascular macrophages which colonize CNS in early development and maintain homeostasis in brain parenchyma and at brain-blood vessels interfaces. In this study we discuss available data on the immune composition of most common brain metastases, focusing on interactions between metastatic cancer cells and microglia, perivascular and meningeal macrophages. Cancer cells ‘highjack’ several CNS protective mechanisms and may employ microglia and CNS-border associated macrophages into helping cancer cells to colonize a pre-metastatic niche. We describe emerging molecular insights into mechanisms governing communication between microglia and metastatic cancer cells that culminate in activation of CNS resident microglia and trafficking of monocytic cells from the periphery. We present mechanisms controlling those processes in brain metastases and hypothesize on potential therapeutic approaches. In summary, microglia and non-parenchymal brain macrophages are involved in multiple stages of a metastatic disease and, unlike tumor cells, are genetically stable and predictable, which makes them an attractive target for anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua You
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, YouJiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Szymon Baluszek
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Differential expression of individual transcript variants of PD-1 and PD-L2 genes on Th-1/Th-2 status is guaranteed for prognosis prediction in PCNSL. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10004. [PMID: 31292525 PMCID: PMC6620277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In current molecular medicine, next-generation sequencing (NGS) for transcript variant detection and multivariable analyses are valid methods for evaluating gene expression, cancer mechanisms, and prognoses of patients. We conducted RNA-sequencing on samples from patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) using NGS and performed multivariable analysis on gene expression data and correlations focused on Th-1/Th-2 helper T cell balance and immune checkpoint to identify diagnosis/prognosis markers and cancer immune pathways in PCNSL. We selected 84 transcript variants to limit the analysis range for Th-1/Th-2 balance and stimulatory and inhibitory checkpoints in 31 PCNSLs. Of these, 21 highly-expressed transcript variants were composed of the formulas for prognoses based on Th-1/Th-2 status and checkpoint activities. Using formulas, Th-1low, Th-2high, and stimulatory checkpointhigh resulted in poor prognoses. Further, Th-1highTh-2low was associated with good prognoses. On the other hand, CD40-001high and CD70-001high as stimulatory genes, and LAG3-001high, PDCD1 (PD-1)-001/002/003high, and PDCD1LG2 (PD-L2)-201low as inhibitory genes were associated with poor prognoses. Interestingly, Th-1highTh-2low and Th-1lowTh-2high were correlated with stimulatory checkpointlow as CD70-001low and inhibitory checkpointlow as HAVCR2 (TIM-3)-001low and PDCD1LG2-001/201low, respectively. Focused on the inhibitory checkpoint, specific variants of CD274 (PD-L1)-001 and PDCD1-002 served severe hazard ratios. In particular, PDCD1-002high by a cut off score was associated with poor prognoses, in addition to PDCD1-001/003high, PDCD1LG2-201low, and LAG3-001high. These results mainly suggest that expression of transcript variants of PDCD1 and PDCD1LG2 on the Th-1/Th-2 balance enable prognostic prediction in PCNSL. This study provides insights for development of molecular target therapies and identification of diagnosis/prognosis markers in PCNSL.
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17
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Sethi TK, Kovach AE, Grover NS, Huang LC, Lee LA, Rubinstein SM, Wang Y, Morgan DS, Greer JP, Park SI, Ann Thompson-Arildsen M, Yenamandra A, Vnencak-Jones CL, Reddy NM. Clinicopathologic correlates of MYD88 L265P mutation and programmed cell death (PD-1) pathway in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:2880-2889. [PMID: 31184237 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1620942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) patients have a poorer prognosis than systemic lymphoma. Gain-of-function MYD88 c.794T > C (p. L265P) mutation and programed cell death-1 (PD-1) pathway alterations are potential targetable pathways. Our study objective was to determine the clinicopathologic correlates of MYD88 mutation and PD-1 alterations in PCNSL and the impact of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. We studied 53 cases including 13 EBV-associated (EBVpos) PCNSL, 49% harbored MYD88 mutation, none seen in EBVpos PCNSL. MYD88 protein expression did not correlate with MYD88 mutation. T-cell and macrophage infiltration was common. All PD-L1-positive tumors were EBVpos. Two PD-L1 positive tumors showed 9p24.1/PD-L1 locus alterations by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization. T cells and macrophages expressed PD-1 and/or PD-L1 in 98% and 83% cases, respectively. MYD88 mutation or protein expression and PD-1 or PD-L1 expression did not predict outcome. We hypothesize that EBVpos PCNSL has a distinct activation mechanism, independent of genetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsheen K Sethi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alexandra E Kovach
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Natalie S Grover
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Li-Ching Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Laura A Lee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samuel M Rubinstein
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David S Morgan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John P Greer
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Mary Ann Thompson-Arildsen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ashwini Yenamandra
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cindy L Vnencak-Jones
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nishitha M Reddy
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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18
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Kim S, Nam SJ, Park C, Kwon D, Yim J, Song SG, Ock CY, Kim YA, Park SH, Kim TM, Jeon YK. High tumoral PD-L1 expression and low PD-1 + or CD8 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are predictive of a poor prognosis in primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1626653. [PMID: 31428525 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1626653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the clinicopathological role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system (PCNS-DLBCL) arising in the immune-privileged site. PD-L1 immunostaining of ≥30% of tumor cells was defined as tPD-L1+, and PD-L1 immunostaining of ≥30% of total cellularity, including tumor and non-tumoral cells, as tmPD-L1+ . PD-1+ and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were enumerated. Thirty-five cases (35.7%) were tPD-L1+ and 47 cases (48%) were tmPD-L1+ . The number of TILs was greater in tmPD-L1+ cases than in tmPD-L1- cases (CD8+, P= .050; PD-1+, P= .019). tPD-L1+ and tmPD-L1+ cases tended to have a poor performance status. In contrast, the numbers of CD8+ and PD-1+ TILs tended to be higher in patients with a good performance status and MYC/BCL2 negativity. Patients with tPD-L1+ had a worse overall survival (P= .026), and those with increased CD8+ or PD-1+ TILs tended to have a better overall survival (P= .081 and 0.044, respectively). Tumoral PD-L1 expression and the number of PD-1+ TILs were independent prognostic factors. tPD-L1+ patients with a small number of CD8+ or PD-1+ TILs had the worst prognosis, and tPD-L1- patients with a large number of CD8+ or PD-1+ TILs had the best prognosis. In validation group, increased CD8+ or PD-1+ TILs were significantly associated with a prolonged survival, but PD-L1 had no prognostic significance. In conclusion, PD-L1 is frequently expressed in tumor cells and the immune microenvironment of PCNS-DLBCL and is correlated with increased TILs. PD-L1 and CD8+ and PD-1+ TILs have potential as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in PCNS-DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehui Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jeong Nam
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohee Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeemin Yim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Geun Song
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Young Ock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young A Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Miyasato Y, Takashima Y, Takeya H, Yano H, Hayano A, Nakagawa T, Makino K, Takeya M, Yamanaka R, Komohara Y. The expression of PD-1 ligands and IDO1 by macrophage/microglia in primary central nervous system lymphoma. J Clin Exp Hematop 2018; 58:95-101. [PMID: 29998979 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.18001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in anti-tumor immunotherapy has focused on the significance of the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression and resistance to chemo/radio-therapy. Myeloid cells such as macrophages are predominant stromal components in hematological malignancies. In the present study, we investigated the regulation of programmed death-1 (PD-1) ligand expression in primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) using PCNSL cell lines and human monocyte-derived macrophages. TK PCNSL cell line-derived soluble factors induced overexpression of PD-1 ligands, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), and several other cytokines in macrophages. The expression of PD-1 ligands was dependent on the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. PD-L1 and IDO1 were overexpressed by macrophage/microglia in PCNSL tissues, and gene expression profiling indicated that IDO1 expression was positively correlated with the expression of macrophage and lymphocyte markers. Macrophage-derived factors did not influence the proliferation or chemo-sensitivity of cell lines. These data suggest that the expression of immunosuppressive molecules, including PD-1 ligands and IDO1, by macrophage/microglia may be involved in immune evasion of lymphoma cells.
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