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Packaging and Delivery of Asthma Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:pharmaceutics14010092. [PMID: 35056988 PMCID: PMC8777963 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a life-altering, chronic disease of heterogenous origin that features a complex interplay of immune and environmental signaling. Although very little progress has been made in prevention, diverse types of medications and delivery systems, including nanoscale systems, have been or are currently being developed to control airway inflammation and prevent exacerbations and fibrosis. These medications are delivered through mechanical methods, with various inhalers (with benefits and drawbacks) existing, and new types offering some variety in delivery. Of particular interest is the progress being made in nanosized materials for efficient penetration into the epithelial mucus layer and delivery into the deepest parts of the lungs. Liposomes, nanoparticles, and extracellular vesicles, both natural and synthetic, have been explored in animal models of asthma and have produced promising results. This review will summarize and synthesize the latest developments in both macro-(inhaler) and micro-sized delivery systems for the purpose of treating asthma patients.
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Pelaia C, Crimi C, Crimi N, Ricciardi L, Scichilone N, Valenti G, Bonavita O, Andaloro S, Morini P, Rizzi A, Pelaia G. Indacaterol/glycopyrronium/mometasone fixed dose combination for uncontrolled asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 16:183-195. [PMID: 34845963 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.2011222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma symptoms can be relieved through a maintenance treatment combining long-acting β2-agonist and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS). However, for patients with inadequately controlled asthma, the LABA/ICS combination might not be sufficient, and clinical guidelines recommend the administration of inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) as an add-on therapy to better control asthma and improve lung function. For nearly two decades, the only LAMA to be approved on the market has been tiotropium. AREAS COVERED We reviewed recent clinical studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of LABA/LAMA/ICS fixed dose combinations by searching the PubMed database. Molecular mechanisms and clinical data support the use of a once-daily, single-inhaler fixed dose combination of the LABA/LAMA/ICS indacaterol/glycopyrronium/mometasone (IND/GLY/MF), the first therapy combining three agents in a fixed dose approved in Europe for the treatment of uncontrolled asthma. EXPERT OPINION IND/GLY/MF was superior to both IND/MF and salmeterol/fluticasone, a well-established LABA/ICS combination improving the lung function in uncontrolled asthma. Moreover, IND/GLY/MF, delivered through the Breezhaler inhaler in a single inhalation, is the first inhaled therapy prescribed alongside a digital companion, a sensor and the Propeller app, allowing for improved treatment adherence, reduced rescue inhaler usage and hospitalizations, increased patient satisfaction and asthma control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Pelaia
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Crimi
- Respiratory Disease Unit, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Crimi
- Respiratory Disease Unit, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Luisa Ricciardi
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Martino", Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Scichilone
- Medicine of the Respiratory System, Hospital 'P. Giaccone', University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valenti
- Allergology and Pulmonology Unit, Pta Biondo, ASP Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Morini
- Medical Department, Novartis Farma Origgio, Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Rizzi
- Medical Department, Novartis Farma Origgio, Varese, Italy
| | - Girolamo Pelaia
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Wei W, Chen W, He N. HDAC4 induces the development of asthma by increasing Slug-upregulated CXCL12 expression through KLF5 deacetylation. J Transl Med 2021; 19:258. [PMID: 34118928 PMCID: PMC8199843 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma is a frequently occurring respiratory disease with an increasing incidence around the world. Airway inflammation and remodeling are important contributors to the occurrence of asthma. We conducted this study aiming at exploring the effect of Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4)-mediated Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5)/Slug/CXC chemokine ligand-12 (CXCL12) axis on the development of asthma in regulation of airway inflammation and remodeling. Methods An asthmatic rat model was induced by ovalbumin (OVA) irrigation, and determined HDAC4, KLF5, Slug, and CXCL12 expression in the lung tissues by RT-qPCR and Western blot assay. OVA was also used to induce a cell model of asthma in human BEAS-2B and HBE135-E6E7bronchial epithelial cells. The airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and expression of inflammatory cytokines in model mice were examined using methacholine challenge test and ELISA. The biological behaviors were measured in asthma model bronchial smooth muscle cells (BSMCs) following loss- and gain- function approaches. The interactions between HDAC4, KLF5, Slug, and CXCL12 were also detected by IP assay, dual luciferase gene reporter assay, and ChIP. Results HDAC4 was upregulated in lung tissues of OVA-induced asthmatic mice, and inhibition of HDAC4 alleviated the airway inflammation and remodeling. HDAC4 increased KLF5 transcriptional activity through deacetylation; deacetylated KLF5 bound to the promoter of Slug and transcriptionally upregulated Slug expression, which in turn increased the expression of CXCL12 to promote the inflammation in bronchial epithelial cells and thus induce the proliferation and migration of BSMCs. Conclusion Collectively, HDAC4 deacetylates KLF5 to upregulate Slug and CXCL12, thereby causing airway remodeling and facilitating progression of asthma. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02812-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Wei
- Department of Hepatology, Taian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taian, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weida Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Naifeng He
- School of Health, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Albertson TE, Pugashetti JV, Chau-Etchepare F, Chenoweth JA, Murin S. Pharmacotherapeutic management of asthma in the elderly patient. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1991-2010. [PMID: 32686969 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1795131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is a heterogeneous syndrome with variable phenotypes. Reversible airway obstruction and airway hyper-responsiveness often with an atopic or eosinophilic component is common in the elderly asthmatic. Asthma chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome (ACOS), a combination of atopy-mediated airway hyper-responsiveness and a history of smoking or other environmental noxious exposures, can lead to some fixed airway obstruction and is also common in elderly patients. Little specific data exist for the treating the elderly asthmatic, thus requiring the clinician to extrapolate from general adult data and asthma treatment guidelines. AREAS COVERED A stepwise approach to pharmacotherapy of the elderly patient with asthma and ACOS is offered and the literature supporting the use of each class of drugs reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Inhaled, long-acting bronchodilators in combination with inhaled corticosteroids represent the backbone of treatment for the elderly patient with asthma or ACOS . Beyond these medications used as direct bronchodilators and topical anti-inflammatory agents, a stepwise approach to escalation of therapy includes multiple options such as oral leukotriene receptor antagonist or 5-lipoxygense inhibitor therapy, oral phosphodiesterase inhibitors, systemic corticosteroids, oral macrolide antibiotics and if evidence of eosinophilic/atopic component disease exists then modifying monoclonal antibody therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Albertson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, U. C. Davis , Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, U. C. Davis , Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Northern California Health Care System , Mather, CA, USA
| | - Janelle V Pugashetti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, U. C. Davis , Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Northern California Health Care System , Mather, CA, USA
| | - Florence Chau-Etchepare
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, U. C. Davis , Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Northern California Health Care System , Mather, CA, USA
| | - James A Chenoweth
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, U. C. Davis , Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Northern California Health Care System , Mather, CA, USA
| | - Susan Murin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, U. C. Davis , Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Northern California Health Care System , Mather, CA, USA
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