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Kimura G, Fujii Y, Honda K, Osawa T, Uchitomi Y, Kondo M, Otani A, Wako T, Kawai D, Mitsuda Y, Sakashita N, Shinohara N. Financial Toxicity in Japanese Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1904. [PMID: 38791981 PMCID: PMC11119599 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Information on the financial toxicity experienced by Japanese patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is lacking, even though Japan has its own unique public health insurance system. Thus, a web-based survey was conducted to evaluate the financial toxicity experienced by Japanese mRCC patients using the COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) tool. This study enrolled Japanese patients who underwent, or were undergoing, systemic therapy for mRCC. The outcomes evaluated were the distribution of COST scores, the correlation between COST and quality of life (QOL) assessed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) scale, and demographic factors associated with financial toxicity. The median (range) COST score was 19.0 (3.0-36.0). The Pearson correlation coefficient for COST and FACT-G total scores was 0.40. Univariate analysis revealed that not having private health insurance and lower household income per year were significantly associated with lower COST scores. Multivariate analyses showed that age < 65 years and not having private health insurance were significantly associated with lower COST scores. This study revealed that Japanese mRCC patients experience adverse financial impacts even under the universal health insurance coverage system available in Japan, and financial toxicity negatively affects their QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Kimura
- Department of Urology, Nippon Medical School Hospital, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan;
| | - Yasuhisa Fujii
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan;
| | - Kazunori Honda
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center, 1-1, Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Aichi, Japan;
| | - Takahiro Osawa
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Yosuke Uchitomi
- Innovation Center for Supportive, Palliative and Psychosocial Care, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
| | - Miki Kondo
- Department of Nursing, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8577, Chiba, Japan; (M.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Ariko Otani
- Department of Nursing, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8577, Chiba, Japan; (M.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Tetsuya Wako
- Department of Pharmacy, Nippon Medical School Hospital, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Kawai
- Eisai Co., Ltd., 4-6-10 Koishikawa, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8088, Japan; (D.K.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yoshihide Mitsuda
- Eisai Co., Ltd., 4-6-10 Koishikawa, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8088, Japan; (D.K.); (Y.M.)
| | - Naotaka Sakashita
- Medilead, Inc., 24F Tokyo Opera City Tower, 3-20-2, Nishishinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 163-1424, Japan;
| | - Nobuo Shinohara
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan;
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Ozdemir S, Quaife M, Mohamed AF, Norman R. An Overview of Data Collection in Health Preference Research. THE PATIENT 2024:10.1007/s40271-024-00695-6. [PMID: 38662323 DOI: 10.1007/s40271-024-00695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This paper focuses on survey administration and data collection methods employed for stated-preference studies in health applications. First, it describes different types of survey administration methods, encompassing web-based surveys, face-to-face (in-person) surveys, and mail surveys. Second, the concept of sampling frames is introduced, clarifying distinctions between the target population and survey frame population. The discussion then extends to different types of sampling methods, such as probability and non-probability sampling, along with an evaluation of potential issues associated with different sampling methods within the context of health preference research. Third, the paper provides information about different recruitment methods, including web-surveys, leveraging patient groups, and in-clinic recruitment. Fourth, a crucial aspect addressed is the calculation of response rate, with insights into determining an adequate response rate and strategies to improve response rates in stated-preference surveys. Lastly, the paper concludes by discussing data management plans and suggesting insights for future research in this field. In summary, this paper examines the nuanced aspects of survey administration and data collection methods in stated-preference studies, offering valuable guidance for researchers and practitioners in the health domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Ozdemir
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | | | - Richard Norman
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Zhang S, West BT, Wagner J, Couper MP, Gatward R, Axinn WG. Visible Cash, a Second Incentive, and Priority Mail? An Experimental Evaluation of Mailing Strategies for a Screening Questionnaire in a National Push-to-Web/Mail Survey. JOURNAL OF SURVEY STATISTICS AND METHODOLOGY 2023; 11:1011-1031. [PMID: 37975065 PMCID: PMC10646700 DOI: 10.1093/jssam/smac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In push-to-web surveys that use postal mail to contact sampled cases, participation is contingent on the mail being opened and the survey invitations being delivered. The design of the mailings is crucial to the success of the survey. We address the question of how to design invitation mailings that can grab potential respondents' attention and sway them to be interested in the survey in a short window of time. In the household screening stage of a national survey, the American Family Health Study, we experimentally tested three mailing design techniques for recruiting respondents: (1) a visible cash incentive in the initial mailing, (2) a second incentive for initial nonrespondents, and (3) use of Priority Mail in the nonresponse follow-up mailing. We evaluated the three techniques' overall effects on response rates as well as how they differentially attracted respondents with different characteristics. We found that all three techniques were useful in increasing the screening response rates, but there was little evidence that they had differential effects on sample subgroups that could help to reduce nonresponse biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zhang
- is a PhD candidate, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brady T West
- is a Research Associate Professor, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James Wagner
- is a Research Professor, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mick P Couper
- is a Research Professor, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca Gatward
- is a Survey Director, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William G Axinn
- is a Research Professor at the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Fang H, Chen L, Li J, Ren L, Yin Y, Chen D, Yin H, Liu E, Hu Y, Luo X. A Web-Based Instrument for Infantile Atopic Dermatitis Identification (Electronic Version of the Modified Child Eczema Questionnaire): Development and Implementation. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e44614. [PMID: 37467020 PMCID: PMC10398555 DOI: 10.2196/44614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory cutaneous disease that affects 30.48% of young children; thus, there is a need for epidemiological studies in community settings. Web-based questionnaires (WBQs) are more convenient, time-saving, and efficient than traditional surveys, but the reliability of identifying AD through WBQs and whether AD can be identified without the attendance of doctors, especially in community or similar settings, remains unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop and validate a web-based instrument for infantile AD identification (electronic version of the modified Child Eczema Questionnaire [eCEQ]) and to clarify the possibility of conducting WBQs to identify infantile AD without the attendance of doctors in a community-representative population. METHODS This study was divided into 2 phases. Phase 1 investigated 205 children younger than 2 years to develop and validate the eCEQ by comparison with the diagnoses of dermatologists. Phase 2 recruited 1375 children younger than 2 years to implement the eCEQ and verify the obtained prevalence by comparison with the previously published prevalence. RESULTS In phase 1, a total of 195 questionnaires were analyzed from children with a median age of 8.8 (IQR 4.5-15.0) months. The identification values of the eCEQ according to the appropriate rules were acceptable (logic rule: sensitivity 89.2%, specificity 91.5%, positive predictive value 97.1%, and negative predictive value 72.9%; statistic rule: sensitivity 90.5%, specificity 89.4%, positive predictive value 96.4%, and negative predictive value 75%). In phase 2, a total of 837 questionnaires were analyzed from children with a median age of 8.4 (IQR 5.2-14.6) months. The prevalence of infantile AD obtained by the eCEQ (logic rule) was 31.9% (267/837), which was close to the published prevalence (30.48%). Based on the results of phase 2, only 20.2% (54/267) of the participants identified by the eCEQ had previously received a diagnosis from doctors. Additionally, among the participants who were not diagnosed by doctors but were identified by the eCEQ, only 6.1% (13/213) were actually aware of the possible presence of AD. CONCLUSIONS Infantile AD can be identified without the attendance of doctors by using the eCEQ, which can be easily applied to community-based epidemiological studies and provide acceptable identification reliability. In addition, the eCEQ can also be applied to the field of public health to improve the health awareness of the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Fang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Luo Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Yin
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Danleng Chen
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Huaying Yin
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
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Braekman E, Charafeddine R, Berete F, Bruggeman H, Drieskens S, Gisle L, Hermans L, Van der Heyden J, Demarest S. Data collection in pandemic times: the case of the Belgian COVID-19 health surveys. Arch Public Health 2023; 81:124. [PMID: 37403166 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-023-01135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survey data were needed to assess the mental and social health, health related behaviors and compliance with preventive measures of the population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, the pandemic challenged classical survey methods. Time and budgetary constraints at the beginning of the pandemic led to ad hoc recruitment of participants and easily manageable data collection modes. This paper describes the methodological choices and results in terms of participation for the COVID-19 health surveys conducted in Belgium. METHODS The COVID-19 health surveys refer to a series of ten non-probability web surveys organized between April 2020 and March 2022. The applied recruitment strategies were diverse including, amongst others, a launch through the website and the social media of the organizing research institute. In addition, the survey links were shared in articles published in the national press and participants were requested to share the surveys in their network. Furthermore, participants were asked consent to be re-contacted for next survey editions using e-mail invitations. RESULTS These mixed approaches allowed to reach a substantial number of participants per edition ranging from 49339 in survey 1 to 13882 in survey 10. In addition, a longitudinal component was created; a large share of the same individuals were followed up over time; 12599 participants completed at least 5 surveys. There were, however, sex, age, educational level and regional differences in participation. Post-stratification weighting on socio-demographic factors was applied to at least partly take this into account. CONCLUSION The COVID-19 health surveys allowed rapid data collection after the onset of the pandemic. Data from these non-probability web surveys had their limitations in terms of representativeness due to self-selection but were an important information source as there were few alternatives. Moreover, by following-up the same individuals over time it was possible to study the effect of the different crisis phases on, amongst others, the mental health. It is important to draw lessons from these experiences: initiatives in order to create a survey infrastructure better equipped for future crises are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Braekman
- Department Epidemiology and public health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Rana Charafeddine
- Department Epidemiology and public health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Finaba Berete
- Department Epidemiology and public health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Helena Bruggeman
- Department Epidemiology and public health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabine Drieskens
- Department Epidemiology and public health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lydia Gisle
- Department Epidemiology and public health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lize Hermans
- Department Epidemiology and public health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Stefaan Demarest
- Department Epidemiology and public health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Rockler Meurling C, Adell E, Wolff M, Calling S, Milos Nymberg V, Borgström Bolmsjö B. Telemedicine in Swedish primary health care - a web-based survey exploring patient satisfaction. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:129. [PMID: 36755273 PMCID: PMC9905766 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct-to-consumer telemedicine (TM), with patients having access to a physician via video or text chat, has gradually been introduced into Swedish primary care during the last two decades. Earlier studies have concluded that patients were generally satisfied with TM and the satisfaction rate was consistently above 80% and comparable with in-person visits. Despite the number of studies looking at user experience, studies assessing what factors influence patient satisfaction are lacking. To further develop digital care, it is important to explore the patients' opinions of this relatively new phenomenon. The primary aim of this study was to explore patient opinions regarding satisfaction with TM-provided care, based on different age groups, sex, symptoms, and which type of health care professional they were assessed by. METHODS The study was a quantitative web survey performed in 2020-2021 in which 688 patients using a TM provider in Southern Sweden responded. The results were analysed using Chi-2 test with the main outputs; satisfaction level and percentage that would use TM for similar symptoms in the future. RESULTS The results from the survey population show that patients that were assessed by a doctor were more likely to intend to use TM in the future and were more satisfied with the visit than patients assessed by a nurse. Our results also show that patients older than 70 years of age were less likely to use TM again compared to the total population. CONCLUSION This study shows that patient satisfaction with TM varied depending on the patient's age. The older patients were less satisfied than their younger equivalents. For patient satisfaction to be high, it was also crucial which health care provider the patient had been assessed by. The patients were more satisfied when assessed by a doctor than by a nurse. In addition, the study shows that patient satisfaction with TM was generally comparable to traditional care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Rockler Meurling
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Lund University, building 28, floor 11, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Region Skåne Sweden
| | - Elisabet Adell
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Lund University, building 28, floor 11, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Region Skåne Sweden
| | - Moa Wolff
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Lund University, building 28, floor 11, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Region Skåne Sweden
| | - Susanna Calling
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Lund University, building 28, floor 11, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Region Skåne Sweden
| | - Veronica Milos Nymberg
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Lund University, building 28, floor 11, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Region Skåne Sweden
| | - Beata Borgström Bolmsjö
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Lund University, building 28, floor 11, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Region Skåne, Sweden.
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Mekanna AN, Panchal SK, Li L. Beyond lockdowns: a systematic review of the impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on dietary pattern, physical activity, body weight, and food security. Nutr Rev 2022:6762057. [PMID: 36250794 PMCID: PMC9619764 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Context COVID-19 lockdowns may have impacted dietary patterns and nutritional outcomes in many populations. Objective The aim of this review was to evaluate the impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on nutritional patterns, investigating behaviors in the periods before, during, and after lockdowns. Data Source This systematic review followed the PRISMA-P methodology. The articles included were identified by searching the key words in Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. The key words used in the search included: “COVID19” AND “diet*”, “coronavirus” AND “diet*”, “coronavirus 2” AND “diet*”, “COVID19” AND “nutri*”, “coronavirus” AND “nutri*”, “coronavirus 2” AND “nutri*”, “COVID19” AND “food”. Data Extraction Twenty-two original studies were included in this review. Data extraction tables were created for recording author names, year of publication, location of study, duration, lockdown phase, design, methods, aims, number of participants, age, gender, health status, education, socioeconomic status, dietary patterns, food security, physical activity, body weight change or body mass index, and associations with sociodemographic characteristics. Data Analysis Impacts of lockdowns on eating patterns, physical activity, body weight or body mass index, and food security were the primary outcomes investigated. Secondary outcomes investigated were associations with sociodemographic characteristics. Conclusion COVID-19 lockdowns were associated with significant changes in dietary and lifestyle behaviors of worldwide populations. Impacts were seen during and post-lockdown likely due to more time spent at home, working from home, decreased food availability and accessibility, and augmented stress associated with lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil K Panchal
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia.,Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Li Li
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
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Hermans L, Braekman E, Drieskens S, Demarest S. Organizing the health interview survey at the local level: design of a pilot study. ARCHIVES OF PUBLIC HEALTH = ARCHIVES BELGES DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2022; 80:155. [PMID: 35689255 PMCID: PMC9185910 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-022-00909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The local Health Interview Study (LHIS) was developed to gain health information at the level of the municipality in Flanders, the northern part of Belgium. It enables municipalities to make evidence-based decisions in their public health policy. To test the feasibility of implementing the LHIS, a pilot study was conducted in Melle, a small Flemish municipality with 11.736 inhabitants. Methods The target sample size was 1000 (≥ 15 years). A systematic sampling technique was applied with substitutes for non-respondents who were matched in terms of statistical sector, age and sex. Selected persons were contacted by post to complete the questionnaire and in case of non-response, a reminder was sent. Questionnaires were collected using a concurrent mixed-mode design: a paper and pencil, and web option. All questions were selected from the Belgian Health Interview Survey relating to health status and determinants of health. Results One thousand twenty-two questionnaires were obtained after inviting 3137 individuals (response rate = 32.6%). Older adults were more likely to participate than younger adults, and women more than men. The final sample resembled the initial sample in terms of sex and statistical sector, but not in terms of age. Younger adults were underrepresented whereas older adults were overrepresented. Lastly, older adults were more likely to fill in the questionnaire on paper than younger adults, and women more than men. Conclusion The LHIS can be successfully implemented in Flemish municipalities. The method, however, does not guarantee that the composition of the final sample reflects the initial sample. Therefore, weights should be added in the analyses to correct for potential deviations in sample composition. Furthermore, implementing a sequential mixed-mode design with a web option preceding a paper and pencil option in future studies could reduce costs and improve data quality. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13690-022-00909-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lize Hermans
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction Public Health and Epidemiology, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Elise Braekman
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction Public Health and Epidemiology, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabine Drieskens
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction Public Health and Epidemiology, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Demarest
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction Public Health and Epidemiology, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Bruggeman H, Smith P, Berete F, Demarest S, Hermans L, Braekman E, Charafeddine R, Drieskens S, De Ridder K, Gisle L. Anxiety and Depression in Belgium during the First 15 Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12050141. [PMID: 35621438 PMCID: PMC9137576 DOI: 10.3390/bs12050141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and policy measures enacted to contain the spread of the coronavirus have had nationwide psychological effects. This study aimed to assess the impact of the first 15 months of the COVID-19 pandemic on the level of anxiety (GAD-7 scale) and depression (PHQ-9 scale) of the Belgian adult population. A longitudinal study was conducted from April 2020 to June 2021, with 1838 respondents participating in 6 online surveys. Linear mixed models were used to model the associations between the predictor variables and the mental health outcomes. Results showed that the prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression was higher in times of stricter policy measures. Furthermore, after the initial stress from the outbreak, coping and adjustment were observed in participants, as symptoms of anxiety and depression decreased during times of lower policy restrictions to almost the same level as in pre-COVID times (2018). Though time trends were similar for all population subgroups, higher levels of both anxiety and depression were generally found among women, young people, people with poor social support, extraverts, people having pre-existing psychological problems, and people who were infected/exposed to the COVID-19 virus. Therefore, investment in mental health treatment programs and supports, especially for those risk groups, is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Bruggeman
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (P.S.); (F.B.); (S.D.); (L.H.); (E.B.); (R.C.); (S.D.); (K.D.R.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Pierre Smith
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (P.S.); (F.B.); (S.D.); (L.H.); (E.B.); (R.C.); (S.D.); (K.D.R.); (L.G.)
- Institute of Health and Society, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Finaba Berete
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (P.S.); (F.B.); (S.D.); (L.H.); (E.B.); (R.C.); (S.D.); (K.D.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Stefaan Demarest
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (P.S.); (F.B.); (S.D.); (L.H.); (E.B.); (R.C.); (S.D.); (K.D.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Lize Hermans
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (P.S.); (F.B.); (S.D.); (L.H.); (E.B.); (R.C.); (S.D.); (K.D.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Elise Braekman
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (P.S.); (F.B.); (S.D.); (L.H.); (E.B.); (R.C.); (S.D.); (K.D.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Rana Charafeddine
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (P.S.); (F.B.); (S.D.); (L.H.); (E.B.); (R.C.); (S.D.); (K.D.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Sabine Drieskens
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (P.S.); (F.B.); (S.D.); (L.H.); (E.B.); (R.C.); (S.D.); (K.D.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Karin De Ridder
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (P.S.); (F.B.); (S.D.); (L.H.); (E.B.); (R.C.); (S.D.); (K.D.R.); (L.G.)
| | - Lydia Gisle
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (P.S.); (F.B.); (S.D.); (L.H.); (E.B.); (R.C.); (S.D.); (K.D.R.); (L.G.)
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