1
|
Isazadeh H, Oruji F, Shabani S, Behroozi J, Nasiri H, Isazadeh A, Akbari M. Advances in siRNA delivery approaches in cancer therapy: challenges and opportunities. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9529-9543. [PMID: 37741808 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in the clinical applications of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in cancer therapy have opened up new possibilities for precision medicine. siRNAs, as powerful genetic tools, have shown potential in targeting and suppressing the expression of specific genes associated with cancer progression. Their effectiveness has been further enhanced by incorporating them into nanoparticles, which protect siRNAs from degradation and enable targeted delivery. However, despite these promising developments, several challenges persist in the clinical translation of siRNA-based cancer therapy. This comprehensive review explores the progress and challenges associated with the clinical applications of siRNA in cancer therapy. This review highlights the use of siRNA-loaded nanoparticles as an effective delivery system for optimizing siRNA efficacy in various types of carcinomas and the potential of siRNA-based therapy as a genetic approach to overcome limitations associated with conventional chemotherapeutic agents, including severe drug toxicities and organ damage. Moreover, it emphasizes on the key challenges, including off-target effects, enzymatic degradation of siRNAs in serum, low tumor localization, stability issues, and rapid clearance from circulation that need to be addressed for successful clinical development of siRNA-based cancer therapy. Despite these challenges, the review identifies significant avenues for advancing siRNA technology from the laboratory to clinical settings. The ongoing progress in siRNA-loaded nanoparticles for cancer treatment demonstrates potential antitumor activities and safety profiles. By understanding the current state of siRNA-based therapy and addressing the existing challenges, we aim to pave the way for translating siRNA technology into effective oncologic clinics as an improved treatment options for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houman Isazadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshghah Ave, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farshid Oruji
- College of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shima Shabani
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Javad Behroozi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Nasiri
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshghah Ave, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Isazadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshghah Ave, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshghah Ave, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abbasi M, Reihanisaransari R, Poustchi F, Hheidari A, Ghanbarikondori P, Salehi H, Salehi V, Izadkhah M, Moazzam F, Allahyartorkaman M. Toxicity of Carboplatin-Niosomal Nanoparticles in a Brain Cancer Cell Line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:3985-3991. [PMID: 38019259 PMCID: PMC10772781 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.11.3985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer poses a significant challenge in modern medicine, standing as the primary cause of death in many countries, second only to cardiovascular diseases. Among the various treatments available, carboplatin, a chemotherapy drug, is employed for specific cancer types, including brain carcinoma. The main objective of this investigation is to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of carboplatin by utilizing niosomal nanocarriers. METHODS We synthesized nanoniosomal carboplatin using the reverse-phase evaporation technique and conducted an assessment of its particle size, zeta potential, and drug-release properties. Subsequently, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of nanoniosomal carboplatin using the C6 rat glioma cell line. RESULTS Our research revealed that these niosomal nanoparticles possessed a particle size of 290.5±5.5 nm and a zeta potential of -21.7±7.4 mV. The amount of encapsulated drug and drug loading level were found to be 60.2±2.3% and 2.5±1.1%, respectively. Importantly, the cytotoxic impact of these nanoniosomes on the C6 rat glioma cell line exhibited a significant increase compared to the free drug (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Based on our discoveries, it is evident that carboplatin niosomal nanocarriers hold potential as an innovative approach to chemotherapy for brain cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Abbasi
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Islamic Azad University of Medical Science Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Reihanisaransari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Fatemeh Poustchi
- Departments of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Ali Hheidari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parizad Ghanbarikondori
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hanifeh Salehi
- Dental medicine student, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Vahid Salehi
- Dental medicine student, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia.
| | | | - Farimah Moazzam
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Investigation of Decitabine Effects on HDAC3 and HDAC7 mRNA Expression in NALM-6 and HL-60 Cancer Cell Lines. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 10:420-428. [PMID: 34981019 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.10.3.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Decitabine is a potent anticancer hypomethylating agent and changes the gene expression through the gene's promoter demethylation and also independently from DNA demethylation. So, the present study was designed to distinguish whether Decitabine, in addition to inhibitory effects on DNA methyltransferase, can change HDAC3 and HDAC7 mRNA expression in NALM-6 and HL-60 cancer cell lines. Methods HL-60, NALM-6, and normal cells were cultured, and the Decitabine treatment dose was obtained (1 µM) through the MTT assay. Finally, HDAC3 and HDAC7 mRNA expression were measured by Real-Time PCR in HL-60 and NALM-6 cancerous cells before and after treatment. Furthermore, HDAC3 and HDAC7 mRNA expression in untreated HL-60 and NALM-6 cancerous cells were compared to normal cells. Results Our results revealed that the expression of HDAC3 and HDAC7 in HL-60 and NALM-6 cells increases as compared to normal cells. After treatment of HL-60 and NALM-6 cells with Decitabine, HDAC3, and HDAC7 mRNA expression were decreased significantly. Conclusion Our data confirmed that the effects of Decitabine are not limited to direct hypomethylation of DNMTs, but it can indirectly affect other epigenetic factors, such as HDACs activity, through converging pathways.
Collapse
|
4
|
Taghvaei F, Rastin SJ, Milani AT, Khameneh ZR, Hamini F, Rasouli MA, Asghari K, Rekabi Shishavan AM, Ebrahimifar M, Rashidi S. Carboplatin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate synergistically induce cytotoxic effects in esophageal cancer cells. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:240-249. [PMID: 34221057 PMCID: PMC8216160 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.314822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: We aimed at evaluating the effects of combinatorial treatments with carboplatin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the KYSE-30 esophageal cancer (EC) cell line and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Experimental approach: EC cells were harvested and exposed to increasing concentrations of carboplatin and EGCG to construct a dose-response plot. Cell inhibitory effects were assessed by the MTT method and apoptosis-related gene expression levels (caspases 8 and 9) and Bcl-2 mRNA were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The lactate levels in the various treated cases were analyzed using the colorimetric assay kit. In addition, total antioxidant capacity was measured. Findings/Results: The results indicated that, following treatments with carboplatin in IC20, IC25, and IC10 concentrations when combined with EGCG in similar concentrations, synergistically decreased cell viability versus single treatments of both agents. Also, in combined treatments at IC20 and IC25 of both agents the gene expression ratio of caspases 8 and 9 upregulated significantly compared to monotherapies (P < 0.05). Bcl-2 gene expression ratios were decreased in double agents treated cells versus monotherapies. Following treatment of KYSE-30 cells with carboplatin and EGCG in double combinations, lactate levels were significantly decreased compared with the untreated cells and single treatments (P < 0.05). Also, in IC25, IC20, and IC10 concentrations of both agents the total antioxidant capacity levels were decreased versus monotherapies and untreated cells. Conclusion and implications: The presented study determined that treatment with carboplatin and EGCG was capable of promoting cytotoxicity in EC cells and inhibits the cancer progress. Combined treatments with low concentrations of carboplatin and EGCG may promote apoptosis induction and inhibit cell growth. These results confirmed the anticancer effects of carboplatin and EGCG and providing a base for additional use of EGCG to the EC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Taghvaei
- Biotechnology Research Center, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, I.R. Iran
| | - Sepideh Jafarzadeh Rastin
- Biotechnology Research Center, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, I.R. Iran
| | - Attabak Toofani Milani
- Department of Biochemistry, Medicine Faculty, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Zakieh Rostamzadeh Khameneh
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Forough Hamini
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Aziz Rasouli
- Vice Chancellor for Educational and Research, Kowsar Hospital, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, I.R. Iran
| | - Keivan Asghari
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Rekabi Shishavan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Meysam Ebrahimifar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahreza Azad University, Shahreza, I.R. Iran
| | - Siamak Rashidi
- Tohid Hospital, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, I.R. Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mohammadian M, Feizollahzadeh S, Mahmoudi R, Toofani Milani A, Rezapour-Firouzi S, Karimi Douna B. Hsp90 Inhibitor; NVP-AUY922 in Combination with Doxorubicin Induces Apoptosis and Downregulates VEGF in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1773-1778. [PMID: 32592377 PMCID: PMC7568890 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.6.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies and leading causes of females’ mortality worldwide. Because of resistance to various treatment options, new treatments based on molecular targeting has introduced as noticeable strategies in cancer treatment. In this regard, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors are proposed as effective anticancer drugs. The goal of the study was to utilize a combination of the doxorubicin (DOX) and NVP-AUY 922 on the MCF-7 breast cancer model to investigate the possible cytotoxic mechanisms. Methods: MCF-7 breast cancer cell line was prepared and treated with various concentrations of DOX and NVP-AUY922 in single-drug treatments. We investigated the growth-inhibitory pattern by MTT assay after continuous exposure to NVP-AUY922 and DOX in order to determine dose-response. Then the combinatorial effects were evaluated in concentrations of 0.5 × IC50, 0.2 × IC50, 1 × IC50 and, 2 × IC50 of each drugs. Based on MTT results of double combinations, low effective doses were selected for Real-time PCR [caspase3 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] and caspase 3 enzyme activity. Results: A dose-dependent inhibitory effects were presented with increasing the doses of both drugs in single treatments. The upregulation of caspase 3 and downregulation of VEGF mRNA were observed in double combinations of NVP-AUY922 and DOX versus single treatments. Also, in these combinations in low doses of examined drugs (0.5 × IC50, 0.2 × IC50), higher caspase 3 activity were presented in comparison to single treatments (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our findings indicate an effective action of NVP-AUY922 in combined with DOX in this cell line. These results can predict the treatment outcome in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Mohammadian
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sadegh Feizollahzadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Reza Mahmoudi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Iran
| | - Attabak Toofani Milani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Soheila Rezapour-Firouzi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Bahareh Karimi Douna
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Petrova I, Xu S, Joesten WC, Ni S, Kennedy MA. Influence of Drying Method on NMR-Based Metabolic Profiling of Human Cell Lines. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9110256. [PMID: 31683565 PMCID: PMC6918379 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9110256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic profiling of cell line and tissue extracts involves sample processing that includes a drying step prior to re-dissolving the cell or tissue extracts in a buffer for analysis by GC/LC-MS or NMR. Two of the most commonly used drying techniques are centrifugal evaporation under vacuum (SpeedVac) and lyophilization. Here, NMR spectroscopy was used to determine how the metabolic profiles of hydrophilic extracts of three human pancreatic cancer cell lines, MiaPaCa-2, Panc-1 and AsPC-1, were influenced by the choice of drying technique. In each of the three cell lines, 40-50 metabolites were identified as having statistically significant differences in abundance in redissolved extract samples depending on the drying technique used during sample preparation. In addition to these differences, some metabolites were only present in the lyophilized samples, for example, n-methyl-α-aminoisobutyric acid, n-methylnicotimamide, sarcosine and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid, whereas some metabolites were only present in SpeedVac dried samples, for example, trimethylamine. This research demonstrates that the choice of drying technique used during the preparation of samples of human cell lines or tissue extracts can significantly influence the observed metabolome, making it important to carefully consider the selection of a drying method prior to preparation of such samples for metabolic profiling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Petrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Shenyuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - William C Joesten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Shuisong Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Michael A Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mohammadian M, Zeynali-Moghaddam S, Khadem Ansari MH, Rasmi Y, Fathi Azarbayjani A, Kheradmand F. Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Levels in Colorectal Cancer Cells Treated with a Combination of Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor and Oxaliplatin or Capecitabine. Adv Pharm Bull 2019; 9:439-444. [PMID: 31592113 PMCID: PMC6773945 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2019.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is the principal enzyme in the catabolism of fluoropyrimidine drugs including capecitabine. A recent report has suggested that oxaliplatin chemotherapy is associated with elevated DPD levels and chemoresistance pattern. As a newly developed chemotherapeutic agent, 17-allyloamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin (17-AAG) can be effective in combination therapy with oxaliplatin and capecitabine in colorectal cancer (CRC). DPD expression level can be a predictive factor in oxaliplatin and capecitabine-based chemotherapy. We evaluated DPD in mRNA and protein levels with new treatments: 17-AAG in combination with oxaliplatin and capecitabine in HT-29 and HCT-116 cell lines. Methods: Drug sensitivity was determined by the water-soluble tetrazolium-1 assay in a previous survey. Then, we evaluated the expression levels of DPD and its relationship with the chemotherapy response in capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and 17-AAG treated cases in single and combination cases in two panels of CRC cell lines. DPD gene and protein expression levels were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting assay, respectively. Results: DPD gene expression levels insignificantly increased in single-treated cases versus untreated controls in both cell lines versus controls. Then, the capecitabine and oxaliplatin were added in double combinations, where DPD gene and protein expression increased in combination cases compared to pre-chemotherapy and single drug treatments. Conclusion: The elevated levels of cytotoxicity in more effective combinations could be related to a different mechanism apart from DPD mediating effects or high DPD level in the remaining resistance cells (drug-insensitive cells), which should be investigated in subsequent studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Mohammadian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Shima Zeynali-Moghaddam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | | | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Anahita Fathi Azarbayjani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kheradmand
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran.,Solid Tumor Research Center and Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chiani M, Toofani Milani A, Nemati M, Rezaeidian J, Ehsanbakhsh H, Ahmadi Z, Mazloomi E, Sadeghi V, Akbarzadeh Khiyavi A. Anticancer Effect of Cisplatin-Loaded Poly (Butylcyanoacrylate) Nanoparticles on A172 Brain Cancer Cells Line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:303-309. [PMID: 30678454 PMCID: PMC6485583 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.1.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Drug delivery systems have been designed to achieve targeted delivery and control the release rate
of the drugs. A serious challenge associated with drug delivery systems is the presence of the blood-brain barrier which
limits drugs penetration. In the current study, the effects of cisplatin nanoparticles on A172 brain cancer cell line were
investigated. Methods: Cisplatin nanoparticles were produced by miniemulsion polymerization technique and their
properties were evaluated. Drug release assay was performed to characterize the nanoparticles’ properties. Here, we
examined the effects of cisplatin nanoparticles and free form of cisplatin on A172 cancer cell line. MTT assay was
performed for different concentrations of the drug. To measure the apoptosis rate in A172 cell line in the presence
of cisplatin nanoparticles or its free from, Annexin V staining method was used. Results: Our results indicated that
loading type of cisplatin was physical loading and only 4.7% of cisplatin was released after 68 h. Furthermore, MTT
assay showed that cisplatin nanoparticles in all concentrations had more cytotoxic effects on the cells comparing with
the free form of cisplatin and control groups. We also showed that cisplatin nanoparticles could increase apoptosis
in cancer cells more than the drug in the free form by using flow cytometry technique. Conclusion: Overall, these
findings proved that cisplatin loaded on poly (Butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles, was more efficient than the free form
of cisplatin in treating A172 cancer cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Chiani
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Arshad Z, Rezapour-Firouzi S, Mohammadian M, Ebrahimifar. The Sources of Essential Fatty Acids for Allergic and Cancer Patients; a Connection with Insight into Mammalian Target of Rapamycin: A Narrative Review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:2391-2401. [PMID: 30255691 PMCID: PMC6249470 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.9.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Disturbance in essential fatty acids (EFA) metabolism plays a key role in autoimmune diseases, but EFA supplementation with sources of borage, evening primrose, hemp seed and fish oils was not effective in atopic and cancer diseases, as that seen in the case of multiple sclerosis. It seems that two complexes of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, mTORC1 and mTORC2, are congruent with the two bases of the Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) therapy, Cold and Hot nature, which are essential for the efficacy of functional oils for controlling immune responses in autoimmune diseases. Methods: We searched PubMed database, Web of Science (WOS), Google Scholar, Scopus and selected studies by predefined eligibility criteria. We then assessed their quality and extracted data. Results: The oils controlled by Cold or Hot nature may be helpful in maintaining homeostasis and preventing autoimmune diseases. In summary, studies of randomized controlled trials for allergy and cancer patients found no improvement in the signs or response to tests, despite a remarkable change in EFA fractions in the blood by supplementation with sources of borage, evening primrose, hemp seed and fish oils. In contrast, portulaca oleracea oil exhibited protective effects by anti-inflammatory properties via the PI3K/Akt/mTORC2 pathway with a deviation immune response to Th1 to treat atopic diseases and cancer. Conclusions: According to the concept of Traditional Iranian Medicine therapy, in contrast to Cold-nature oils, EFA supplementation with the sources of Hot-nature oilsis not suitable for the treatment of atopic and cancerous diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Arshad
- Department of Pathology of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Baku University of Medical Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan. ,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|