The Investigation of Polymorphisms in DNA Repair Genes (XRCC1, APE1 and XPD) in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Review of Multi-omics Analyses

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is among the most prevalent endocrinological abnormalities of young females, posing a grave public health challenge to the society. The objective of the present literature review is to analyze the enormous amount of information available by way of numerous multi-omic studies, and to explore a meaningful relationship between various factors such as genetic, proteomic, environmental etc. to understand the multifactorial metabolic disorder in a proper manner. Detailed literature search was done in various science article repositories and biomedical databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, BioMed Central, Embase etc. by using several keywords in whole gamut of combinations. PCOS is a heritable disease. It manifests as a result of a combination of several intricately inter-linked symptoms such as anovulation, obesity, type II diabetes, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries etc., the last one being the main manifestation of the disease, thus leading to infertility among several other complications. Such a multifactorial metabolic disorder with extreme symptomatic heterogeneity cannot be fully explained solely based on symptoms or genetic variations; thus, giving some space of thought to other factors such as epigenetic, microbiomic factors etc. playing a role in the causation of the disease. The present scientific survey of literature extensively reviews various aspects of PCOS by critically looking into the vast multi-omic data, and concluded with suggesting treatment options as well as lifestyle changes required to deal with the psychological/ emotional impacts of the condition on affected women.

XRCC1 Polymorphisms p.Arg194Trp, p.Arg280His, and p.Arg399Gln, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Infertility: A Case-Control and In Silico Study

XRCC1 is involved in repair of single-strand breaks generated by mutagenic exposure. Polymorphisms within XRCC1 affect its ability to efficiently repair DNA damage. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or PAHs are genotoxic compounds which form bulky DNA adducts that are linked with infertility. Few reports suggest combined role of XRCC1 polymorphisms and PAHs in infertility. Present study investigates association of three XRCC1 polymorphisms (p.Arg194Trp, p.Arg280His, p.Arg399Gln) with male and female infertility in a North-West Indian population using case-control approach. Additionally, in silico approach has been used to predict whether XRCC1 polymorphisms effect interaction of XRCC1 with different PAHs. For case-control study, XRCC1 polymorphisms were screened in peripheral blood samples of age- and gender-matched 201 infertile cases (♂-100, ♀-101) and 201 fertile controls (♂-100, ♀-101) using PCR-RFLP method. For in silico study, AutoDock v4.2.6 was used for molecular docking of B[a]P, BPDE-I, ( ±)-anti-BPDE, DB[a,l]P, 1-N, 2-N, 1-OHP, 2-OHF with XRCC1 and assess effect of XRCC1 polymorphisms on their interaction. In case-control study, statistical analysis showed association of XRCC1 p.Arg280His GA genotype (p = 0.027), A allele (p = 0.019) with reduced risk of male infertility. XRCC1 p.Arg399Gln AA genotype (p = 0.021), A allele (p = 0.014) were associated with reduced risk for female primary infertility. XRCC1 p.Arg194Trp T allele was associated with increased risk for female infertility (p = 0.035). In silico analysis showed XRCC1-PAH interaction with non-significant effect of XRCC1 polymorphisms on predicted binding. Therefore, present study concludes that XRCC1 polymorphism-modified risk for male and female infertility in North-West Indians without significant effect on predicted XRCC1-PAH interactions. This is the first report on XRCC1 in female infertility.

Multi-omics insights and therapeutic implications in polycystic ovary syndrome: a review

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynecological disease that causes adverse effects in women in their reproductive phase. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Over the last decade, sequencing and omics approaches have advanced at an increased pace. Omics initiatives have come to the forefront of biomedical research by presenting the significance of biological functions and processes. Thus, multi-omics profiling has yielded important insights into understanding the biology of PCOS by identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Multi-omics platforms provide high-throughput data to leverage the molecular mechanisms and pathways involving genetic alteration, epigenetic regulation, transcriptional regulation, protein interaction, and metabolic alterations in PCOS. The purpose of this review is to outline the prospects of multi-omics technologies in PCOS research by revealing novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Finally, we address the knowledge gaps and emerging treatment strategies for the management of PCOS. Future PCOS research in multi-omics at the single-cell level may enhance diagnostic and treatment options.

Multiomics Analysis-Based Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is an utmost communal endocrine, psychological, reproductive, and metabolic disorder that occurs in women of reproductive age with extensive range of clinical manifestations. This may even lead to long-term multiple morbidities including obesity, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, infertility, cerebrovascular diseases, and ovarian and endometrial cancer. Women affliction from PCOS in midst assemblage of manifestations allied with menstrual dysfunction and androgen exorbitance, which considerably affects eminence of life. PCOS is recognized as a multifactorial disorder and systemic syndrome in first-degree family members; therefore, the etiology of PCOS syndrome has not been copiously interpreted. The disorder of PCOS comprehends numerous allied health conditions and has influenced various metabolic processes. Due to multifaceted pathophysiology engaging several pathways and proteins, single genetic diagnostic tests cannot be supportive to determine in straight way. Clarification of cellular and biochemical pathways and various genetic players underlying PCOS could upsurge our consideration of pathophysiology of this syndrome. It is requisite to know pathophysiological relationship between biomarker and their reflection towards PCOS disease. Biomarkers deliver vibrantly and potent ways to apprehend the spectrum of PCOS with applications in screening, diagnosis, characterization, and monitoring. This paper relies on the endeavor to point out many candidates as potential biomarkers based on omics technologies, thus highlighting correlation between PCOS disease with innovative technologies. Therefore, the objective of existing review is to encapsulate more findings towards cutting-edge advances in prospective use of biomarkers for PCOS disease. Discussed biomarkers may be fruitful in guiding therapies, addressing disease risk, and predicting clinical outcomes in future.

A Dual Face of APE1 in the Maintenance of Genetic Stability in Monocytes: An Overview of the Current Status and Future Perspectives

Monocytes, which play a crucial role in the immune system, are characterized by an enormous sensitivity to oxidative stress. As they lack four key proteins responsible for DNA damage response (DDR) pathways, they are especially prone to reactive oxygen species (ROS) exposure leading to oxidative DNA lesions and, consequently, ROS-driven apoptosis. Although such a phenomenon is of important biological significance in the regulation of monocyte/macrophage/dendritic cells’ balance, it also a challenge for monocytic mechanisms that have to provide and maintain genetic stability of its own DNA. Interestingly, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), which is one of the key proteins in two DDR mechanisms, base excision repair (BER) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways, operates in monocytic cells, although both BER and NHEJ are impaired in these cells. Thus, on the one hand, APE1 endonucleolytic activity leads to enhanced levels of both single- and double-strand DNA breaks (SSDs and DSBs, respectively) in monocytic DNA that remain unrepaired because of the impaired BER and NHEJ. On the other hand, there is some experimental evidence suggesting that APE1 is a crucial player in monocytic genome maintenance and stability through different molecular mechanisms, including induction of cytoprotective and antioxidant genes. Here, the dual face of APE1 is discussed.