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Muñoz MNM, Alvarado UG, Reyes JIL, Watanabe K. Acute oral toxicity assessment of ethanolic extracts of Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng fruits in mice. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1289-1299. [PMID: 34221900 PMCID: PMC8246092 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In treated mice, mortality during 14-day experimental period was not observed. Bignay extract did not cause behavioral, respiratory and neurologic changes. Liver, kidney, stomach, intestines and esophagus remained intact post Bignay treatment. 16 volatile compounds and 10 secondary metabolites were identified.
The aim of the study is to assess the acute oral toxicity of ethanolic extracts of Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng [Bignay] in ICR mice in accordance to OECD guideline 423. Single doses of Bignay fruit extracts ranging from 500 mg/kg to 2000 mg/kg, as well as a vehicle control, were given orally and monitored for 14 days. We observed that there is no mortality or adverse effects after treatment of mice indicating that Bignay extracts are safe for use in laboratory animals. Behavioral, respiratory, and neurologic changes, as well as changes in body weight, food and water consumption, did not occur during the experimental period. Hematological- (total-red and -white blood cells) and biochemical-profile analysis (alanine transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine) remained within normal concentrations in treated mice regardless of sex. The morphology of visceral organs in all treated mice was typical in appearance when stained with H&E. It is assumed that the LD50 is greater than 2000 mg/kg and there is no mortality at the maximum dose used (2000 mg/kg). We have also determined the active components of dried Bignay by headspace GC–MS and by phytochemical analysis of ethanolic Bignay extracts. We have identified 16 compounds by GC–MS and 10 secondary metabolites. In this study, the assessment of extracted Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng fruits [Bignay] on the value of safety measures in mice is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nilda M Muñoz
- Research & Development Extension, Cagayan State University, Tuguegarao City, Philippines.,Center for Natural Sciences and Environmental Research (CENSER), De La Salle University, Metro Manila, Philippines.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Urdujah G Alvarado
- Research & Development Extension, Cagayan State University, Tuguegarao City, Philippines
| | - Jerica Isabel L Reyes
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Japan.,Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Japan
| | - Kozo Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Japan.,Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Japan
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Yadav NK, Shukla P, Omer A, Singh P, Singh RK. Alternative methods in toxicology: CFU assays application, limitation and future prospective. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:1-12. [PMID: 25678196 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.994217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Blood is a fluid connective tissue which plays a vital role for normal body function. It consist different type of blood cells which is continuously reproduce inside the bone marrow from hematopoietic system. Xenobiotics could be specifically toxic to the hematopoietic system and they can cause hematological disorders by disturbing the normal functions. In vitro hematopoietic colony-forming cell assays play a crucial role to evaluate potential toxic effects of new xenobiotics and also helpful in bridging the gap between preclinical toxicology studies in animal models and clinical investigations. Use of these assays in conjunction with, high-throughput screening reduces the cost and time associated with these assays. This article provides a critical view over in vitro hematopoietic colony-forming cell assays in assessment of hematotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kumar Yadav
- a Hematological Facility, Division of Toxicology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India and
| | - Pooja Shukla
- a Hematological Facility, Division of Toxicology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India and.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Ankur Omer
- a Hematological Facility, Division of Toxicology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India and.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Poonam Singh
- a Hematological Facility, Division of Toxicology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India and.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - R K Singh
- a Hematological Facility, Division of Toxicology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India and.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
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Yin T, Lallena MJ, Kreklau EL, Fales KR, Carballares S, Torrres R, Wishart GN, Ajamie RT, Cronier DM, Iversen PW, Meier TI, Foreman RT, Zeckner D, Sissons SE, Halstead BW, Lin AB, Donoho GP, Qian Y, Li S, Wu S, Aggarwal A, Ye XS, Starling JJ, Gaynor RB, de Dios A, Du J. A novel CDK9 inhibitor shows potent antitumor efficacy in preclinical hematologic tumor models. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1442-56. [PMID: 24688048 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) largest subunit RPB1 C-terminal domain (CTD) kinases, including CDK9, are serine/threonine kinases known to regulate transcriptional initiation and elongation by phosphorylating Ser 2, 5, and 7 residues on CTD. Given the reported dysregulation of these kinases in some cancers, we asked whether inhibiting CDK9 may induce stress response and preferentially kill tumor cells. Herein, we describe a potent CDK9 inhibitor, LY2857785, that significantly reduces RNAP II CTD phosphorylation and dramatically decreases MCL1 protein levels to result in apoptosis in a variety of leukemia and solid tumor cell lines. This molecule inhibits the growth of a broad panel of cancer cell lines, and is particularly efficacious in leukemia cells, including orthotopic leukemia preclinical models as well as in ex vivo acute myeloid leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient tumor samples. Thus, inhibition of CDK9 may represent an interesting approach as a cancer therapeutic target, especially in hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinggui Yin
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria J Lallena
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Emiko L Kreklau
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin R Fales
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Santiago Carballares
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Raquel Torrres
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Graham N Wishart
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Rose T Ajamie
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Damien M Cronier
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip W Iversen
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy I Meier
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert T Foreman
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Zeckner
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Sean E Sissons
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Bart W Halstead
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Aimee B Lin
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory P Donoho
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Yuewei Qian
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Shuyu Li
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Song Wu
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Aggarwal
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Xiang S Ye
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - James J Starling
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard B Gaynor
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Alfonso de Dios
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Du
- Authors' Affiliations: Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; and Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, United Kingdom
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Helfer BM, Balducci A, Sadeghi Z, O'Hanlon C, Hijaz A, Flask CA, Wesa A. ¹⁹F MRI tracer preserves in vitro and in vivo properties of hematopoietic stem cells. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:87-97. [PMID: 22862925 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x653174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have numerous therapeutic applications including immune reconstitution, enzyme replacement, regenerative medicine, and immunomodulation. The trafficking and persistence of these cells after administration is a fundamental question for future therapeutic applications of HSCs. Here, we describe the safe and efficacious labeling of human CD34(+) HSCs with a novel, self-delivering perfluorocarbon ¹⁹F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tracer, which has recently been authorized for use in a clinical trial to track therapeutic cells. While various imaging contrast agents have been used to track cellular therapeutics, the impact of this MRI tracer on HSC function has not previously been studied. Both human CD34(+) and murine bone marrow (BM) HSCs were effectively labeled with the MRI tracer, with only a slight reduction in viability, relative to mock-labeled cells. In a pilot study, ¹⁹F MRI enabled the rapid evaluation of HSC delivery/retention following administration into a rat thigh muscle, revealing the dispersal of HSCs after injection, but not after surgical implantation. To investigate effects on cell functionality, labeled and unlabeled human HSCs were tested in in vitro colony forming unit (CFU) assays, which resulted in equal numbers of total CFU as well as individual CFU types, indicating that labeling did not alter multipotency. Cobblestone assay forming cell precursor frequency was also unaffected, providing additional evidence that stem cell function was preserved after labeling. In vivo tests of multipotency and reconstitution studies in mice with murine BM containing labeled HSCs resulted in normal development of CFU in the spleen, compared to unlabeled cells, and reconstitution of both lymphoid and myeloid compartments. The lack of interference in these complex biological processes provides strong evidence that the function and therapeutic potential of the HSCs are likely maintained after labeling. These data support the safety and efficacy of the MRI tracer for clinical tracking of human stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M Helfer
- Celsense, Inc., Department of Research and Development, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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