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Maillard F, Elie N, Villain-Naud N, Lepoittevin M, Martinez AS, Lelong C. Male triploid oysters of Crassostrea gigas exhibit defects in mitosis and meiosis during early spermatogenesis. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 12:1438-1452. [PMID: 34935310 PMCID: PMC9340784 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas is a successive irregular hermaphrodite mollusc which has an annual breeding cycle. Oysters are naturally diploid organisms, but triploid oysters have been developed for use in shellfish aquaculture, with the aim of obtaining sterile animals with commercial value. However, studies have shown that some triploid oysters are partially able to undergo gametogenesis, with numerous proliferating cells closed to diploids (3n alpha) or a partial one with an accumulation of locked germ cells (3n beta). The aim of our study therefore was to understand the regulation of spermatogenesis in both groups of triploid oysters (alpha and beta) from the beginning of spermatogenesis, during mitosis and meiosis events. Our results demonstrate that the reduced spermatogenesis in triploids results from a deregulation of the development of the germinal lineage and the establishment of the gonadal tract led by a lower number of tubules. Morphological cellular investigation also revealed an abnormal condensation of germ cell nuclei and the presence of clear patches in the nucleoplasm of triploid cells, which were more pronounced in beta oysters. Furthermore, studies of molecular and cellular regulation showed a downregulation of mitotic spindle checkpoint in beta oysters, resulting in disturbance of chromosomal segregation, notably on Spindle Assembly Checkpoint involved in the binding of microtubules to chromosomes. Taken together, our results suggest that the lower reproductive ability of triploid oysters may be due to cellular and molecular events such as impairment of spermatogenesis and disruptions of mitosis and meiosis, occurring early and at various stages of the gametogenetic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Maillard
- Unité de Formation et de Recherches (UFR) des sciences, Université de Caen Normandie, 14032, Caen CEDEX, France.,Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), FRE2030, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Sorbonne Université (SU), Université de Caen Normandie (UCN), Université des Antilles (UA), 75231, Paris CEDEX, France
| | - Nicolas Elie
- Unité de Formation et de Recherches (UFR) des sciences, Université de Caen Normandie, 14032, Caen CEDEX, France.,Microscopie Appliquée à la Biologie, SF4206 Interaction Cellule-Organisme-Environnement (ICORE), Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la paix, 14032, Caen CEDEX, France
| | - Nadège Villain-Naud
- Unité de Formation et de Recherches (UFR) des sciences, Université de Caen Normandie, 14032, Caen CEDEX, France.,Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), FRE2030, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Sorbonne Université (SU), Université de Caen Normandie (UCN), Université des Antilles (UA), 75231, Paris CEDEX, France
| | - Mélanie Lepoittevin
- Unité de Formation et de Recherches (UFR) des sciences, Université de Caen Normandie, 14032, Caen CEDEX, France.,Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), FRE2030, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Sorbonne Université (SU), Université de Caen Normandie (UCN), Université des Antilles (UA), 75231, Paris CEDEX, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Martinez
- Unité de Formation et de Recherches (UFR) des sciences, Université de Caen Normandie, 14032, Caen CEDEX, France.,Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), FRE2030, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Sorbonne Université (SU), Université de Caen Normandie (UCN), Université des Antilles (UA), 75231, Paris CEDEX, France
| | - Christophe Lelong
- Unité de Formation et de Recherches (UFR) des sciences, Université de Caen Normandie, 14032, Caen CEDEX, France.,Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), FRE2030, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Sorbonne Université (SU), Université de Caen Normandie (UCN), Université des Antilles (UA), 75231, Paris CEDEX, France.,Oestrogènes et Reproduction (OeReCa), EA2608, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la paix, 14032, Caen CEDEX, France
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Qin Y, Noor Z, Li X, Ma H, Li J, Zhou Y, Mo R, Zhang Y, Yu Z. Tetraploid induction of Crassostrea hongkongensis and C. sikamea by inhibiting the polar body 1 release in diploid fertilized eggs. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:463-473. [PMID: 37073264 PMCID: PMC10077269 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-021-00107-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The production of an all-triploid population by mating tetraploid males with diploid females is the best and most fundamental method for the large-scale production of triploid oysters. Obtaining a stable tetraploid population is essential for guaranteed production in industrialized triploid cultivation. C. hongkongensis and C. sikamea are important oyster breeding species in southern China, and have great economic value. However, there are not any published data on inducing tetraploid C. hongkongensis or C. sikamea. Therefore, we investigated tetraploid induction in these two oyster species by inhibiting the PB1 release in diploid fertilized eggs using Cytochalasin B (CB) under 31 °C, 15 ‰ salinity. The results confirmed that the optimal tetraploid induction conditions for C. hongkongensis were a CB concentration of 0.50 mg/L with induction starting at 9.0 min after fertilization, and stopping at 21.0 min after fertilization; the induction efficiency index reached 0.123 under these conditions. The optimal tetraploid induction conditions for C. sikamea were a CB concentration of 0.50 mg/L, with induction starting at 7.5 min after fertilization and stopping at 18 min after fertilization; the induction efficiency index could be as high as 0.281 under these conditions. However, we confirmed that the tetraploid rate decreased with larval growth, and no tetraploids were detected in the juvenile period of either C. hongkongensis or C. sikamea. This may be attributed to the very low survival of the tetraploid larvae induced by this method, especially as most tetraploid larvae died during the first three days. In summary, it is simple to directly induce tetraploid C. hongkongensis and C. sikamea larvae by inhibiting the PB1 release of diploid zygotes, but the low survival rate makes it challenging to obtain viable juvenile tetraploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - Zohaib Noor
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xingyou Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Haitao Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - Yinyin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Riguan Mo
- Guangxi A Bang-Ding Marine Technology Company, Nanning, 530000 China
| | - Yuehuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
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de Sousa JT, Allen SK, Baker H, Matt JL. Aneuploid progeny of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, produced by tetraploid × diploid crosses: another example of chromosome instability in polyploid oysters. Genome 2016; 59:327-38. [PMID: 27070368 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2015-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The commercial production of triploids, and the creation of tetraploid broodstock to support it, has become an important technique in aquaculture of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Tetraploids are produced by cytogenetic manipulation of embryos and have been shown to undergo chromosome loss (to become a mosaic) with unknown consequences for breeding. Our objective was to determine the extent of aneuploidy in triploid progeny produced from both mosaic and non-mosaic tetraploids. Six families of triploids were produced using a single diploid female and crossed with three mosaic and non-mosaic tetraploid male oysters. A second set of crosses was performed with the reciprocals. Chromosome counts of the resultant embryos were tallied at 2-4 cell stage and as 6-hour(h)-old embryos. A significant level of aneuploidy was observed in 6-h-old embryos. For crosses using tetraploid males, aneuploidy ranged from 53% to 77% of observed metaphases, compared to 36% in the diploid control. For crosses using tetraploid females, 51%-71% of metaphases were aneuploidy versus 53% in the diploid control. We conclude that somatic chromosome loss may be a regular feature of early development in triploids, and perhaps polyploid oysters in general. Other aspects of chromosome loss in polyploid oysters are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Teixeira de Sousa
- a Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Standish K Allen
- a Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Haley Baker
- b The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Joseph L Matt
- a Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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The negative correlation between somatic aneuploidy and growth in the oysterCrassostrea gigasand implications for the effects of induced polyploidization. Genet Res (Camb) 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300033991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryThis study extends previous observations that chromosome loss in somaticcells of juveniles of the pacific oysterCrassostrea gigasis associated with reduced growth rate. All four studies designed to examine this association (two usingrandom population samples and two using full sibs) produced the same result. This consistent effect appears to be unrelated with the commonly, but not consistently, observed correlation between degree of allozyme heterozygosity and growth. We propose thatthe inverse relationship between aneuploidy and growth is due to the unmasking of deleterious recessive genes caused by ‘progressive haploidization’ of somatic cells. Because unmasking of deleterious recessive genes by random chromosome lossisunlikely in polyploid cells, this hypothesis may also provide an explanation for theobservation that artificially produced polyploid shellfish usually grow at faster rates than normal diploid ones.
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McCombie H, Ledu C, Phelipot P, Lapègue S, Boudry P, Gérard A. A complementary method for production of tetraploid Crassostrea gigas using crosses between diploids and tetraploids with cytochalasin b treatments. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2005; 7:318-30. [PMID: 15906113 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-004-0440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a new method to produce tetraploid Crassostrea gigas by cytochalasin B inhibition of polar body 2 expulsion in diploid females crossed with tetraploid males. This offers a means of direct introgression of genetic characters from selected diploid to tetraploid lines, avoiding a triploid step. Offspring larval ploidy shifted over time and depended on size, with tetraploids more frequent among the smaller larvae and triploids among the large. Viable tetraploids were found at 4 and 6 months, indicating the technique was successful. The possibility that gynogenesis occurred was tested by microsatellite analysis to confirm the presence of paternally inherited alleles. These were present in all animals of the 2n x 4n + CB (female first) cross. However, a 4n x 2n + CB cross produced triploids, including some gynogens. Our method illustrates for the first time that diploid C. gigas eggs, if selected for large size, can give viable tetraploid offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen McCombie
- Institut Français pour la Recherche et Exploitation de la Mer, Laboratoire d' Génétique et Pathologie, La Tremblade, 17390, France,
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Hertzler PL. Twin meiosis 2 spindles form after suppression of polar body 1 formation in oocytes of the marine shrimp Sicyonia ingentis. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2002; 202:100-103. [PMID: 11971806 DOI: 10.2307/1543647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Hertzler
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48859, USA.
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Ishibashi R, Komaru A, Ookubo K, Kiyomoto M. The second meiosis occurs in cytochalasin D-treated eggs of Corbicula leana even though it is not observed in control androgenetic eggs because the maternal chromosomes and centrosomes are extruded at first meiosis. Dev Biol 2002; 244:37-43. [PMID: 11900457 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2002.0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hermaphroditic freshwater clam Corbicula leana reproduces by androgenesis. In the control (androgenetic development), all maternal chromosomes and maternal centrosomes at the meiotic poles were extruded as the two first polar bodies, and subsequently, second meiosis did not occur. But, in C. leana eggs treated with cytochalasin D (CD) to inhibit polar body extrusion, the second meiosis occurred. At metaphase-I, the spindle showed the typical bipolar structure and two spheroid centrosomes were located at its poles. All the maternal chromosomes were divided at anaphase-I, but they were not extruded as polar bodies due to the effects of CD. After completion of first meiosis, the maternal centrosomes split into four. At the second meiosis, twin or tetrapolar spindles were formed and two groups of maternal chromosomes divided into four sets of chromosomes. After the second meiosis, the spindle disassociated and the four maternal centrosomes disappeared. Four groups of maternal chromosomes transformed into the four female pronuclei. Male and female pronuclei became metaphase chromosomes of the first mitosis. The present study clearly indicates that typical meiosis systems still proceed in androgenetic triploid C. leana. We conclude that the androgenetic form may have arisen from the meiotic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ishibashi
- Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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Eudeline B, Allen SK, Guo X. Delayed meiosis and polar body release in eggs of triploid Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, in relation to tetraploid production. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 2000; 248:151-161. [PMID: 10771299 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of polar body release are important for creating polyploid shellfish. For producing triploids, these dynamics concern meiosis in diploid eggs and are well understood. For creating tetraploids, eggs from triploids are employed and the dynamics, variation, and environmental influences upon polar body release are less studied. We investigated the effects of several agents on the timing of 50% first polar body (PB1) release in eggs of triploids. PB1 release is generally slower in triploid eggs than diploid ones at 26 degrees C. Lowering the temperature (from 26 to 19 degrees C) had a marked effect on timing of 50% PB1 in both diploid and triploid eggs. While lower temperature merely slowed development in diploid eggs, it nearly halted it in triploid eggs. At any temperature, the variability in 50% PB1 release was much higher in triploid eggs than diploid ones; this variation occurred both within eggs from individual females and among eggs from different females. The amount of time eggs remain in seawater between the time they are stripped and fertilized (or time of hydration) also affected rate of meiosis. In triploid eggs, the average time necessary for the expulsion of 50% PB1 was 23 min post-fertilization (PF) for 75 min of hydration versus 29 min PF for 35 min. However, increasing the time of hydration had no effect on the variability in the timing among females. Serotonin also had no effect on the dynamics of polar body release in triploids. Variability among triploid females in timing of meiosis cannot be improved with any treatments we tried. Consequently we recommend that treatments of triploid eggs to produce tetraploids incorporate a single female at a time.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Eudeline
- College of William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Technology Center, Gloucester Point, VA, USA
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Zhang Q, Arai K, Yamashita M. Cytogenetic mechanisms for triploid and haploid egg formation in the triploid loachMisgurnus anguillicaudatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19980815)281:6<608::aid-jez9>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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