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Casas SM, La Peyre JF. Heat shock protein 70 levels and post-harvest survival of eastern oysters following sublethal heat shock in the laboratory or conditioning in the field. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:369-378. [PMID: 31916124 PMCID: PMC7058772 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A major problem of storing and shipping eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) from the Northern Gulf of Mexico in summer and early fall is their elevated mortality. A study was therefore conducted to determine whether heat shocking the oysters or conditioning them to aerial exposure prior to harvest could reduce their mortality during cold storage. Increasing the levels of stress proteins in bivalves has been shown to reduce their mortality when exposed to additional stressors. In this study, the levels of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) proteins and cumulative mortality during cold storage, out of water, of market-sized oysters were measured, in summer, following (1) sublethal heat shocks (41 °C, 1 h) in the laboratory or (2) 3 weeks to 6 weeks of daily exposures to air (0 h, ~ 10 h, or ~ 18 h) in the field. In total, four heat shock and two aerial exposure studies were done. Consistently, heat shocks or 6 weeks of daily aerial exposures increased HSP70 levels in oysters but did not reduce their mortality during cold storage. Three weeks of daily aerial exposure did not increase HSP70 levels and only marginally reduced mortality; a significant reduction in cumulative mortality occurred in one of the aerial exposure studies after 7 days of cold storage (0 h [26%], ~ 18 h [8%]). In conclusion, upregulation of HSP70 proteins or aerial exposure during grow-out was not an effective tool in reducing the mortality of oysters harvested in summer and held in cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Casas
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Jerome F La Peyre
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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Bernatchez S, Xuereb A, Laporte M, Benestan L, Steeves R, Laflamme M, Bernatchez L, Mallet MA. Seascape genomics of eastern oyster ( Crassostrea virginica) along the Atlantic coast of Canada. Evol Appl 2019; 12:587-609. [PMID: 30828376 PMCID: PMC6383708 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between environmental factors and complex life-history characteristics of marine organisms produce the genetic diversity and structure observed within species. Our main goal was to test for genetic differentiation among eastern oyster populations from the coastal region of Canadian Maritimes against expected genetic homogeneity caused by historical events, taking into account spatial and environmental (temperature, salinity, turbidity) variation. This was achieved by genotyping 486 individuals originating from 13 locations using RADSeq. A total of 11,321 filtered SNPs were used in a combination of population genomics and environmental association analyses. We revealed significant neutral genetic differentiation (mean F ST = 0.009) between sampling locations, and the occurrence of six major genetic clusters within the studied system. Redundancy analyses (RDAs) revealed that spatial and environmental variables explained 3.1% and 4.9% of the neutral genetic variation and 38.6% and 12.2% of the putatively adaptive genetic variation, respectively. These results indicate that these environmental factors play a role in the distribution of both neutral and putatively adaptive genetic diversity in the system. Moreover, polygenic selection was suggested by genotype-environment association analysis and significant correlations between additive polygenic scores and temperature and salinity. We discuss our results in the context of their conservation and management implications for the eastern oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS)Université LavalQuébecQuébecCanada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
- L’Étang Ruisseau Bar Ltd.ShippaganNew BrunswickCanada
| | - Amanda Xuereb
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Martin Laporte
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS)Université LavalQuébecQuébecCanada
| | - Laura Benestan
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS)Université LavalQuébecQuébecCanada
| | - Royce Steeves
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
| | - Mark Laflamme
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS)Université LavalQuébecQuébecCanada
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Silliman KE, Bowyer TK, Roberts SB. Consistent differences in fitness traits across multiple generations of Olympia oysters. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6080. [PMID: 29666427 PMCID: PMC5904129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive evolution and plasticity are two mechanisms that facilitate phenotypic differences between populations living in different environments. Understanding which mechanism underlies variation in fitness-related traits is a crucial step in designing conservation and restoration management strategies for taxa at risk from anthropogenic stressors. Olympia oysters (Ostrea lurida) have received considerable attention with regard to restoration, however there is limited information on adaptive population structure. Using oysters raised under common conditions for up to two generations (F1s and F2s), we tested for evidence of divergence in reproduction, larval growth, and juvenile growth among three populations in Puget Sound, Washington. We found that the population with the fastest growth rate also exhibited delayed and reduced reproductive activity, indicating a potential adaptive trade-off. Our results corroborate and extend upon a previous reciprocal transplant study on F1 oysters from the same populations, indicating that variation in growth rate and differences in reproductive timing are consistent across both natural and laboratory environments and have a strongly heritable component that cannot be entirely attributed to plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tynan K Bowyer
- University of Chicago, Ecology and Evolution, Chicago, 60637, United States
| | - Steven B Roberts
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Seattle, 98195, United States
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Rodríguez-Jaramillo C, Ibarra AM, Soudant P, Palacios E. Comparison of quantitative gonad maturation scales in a temperate oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) and a sub-tropical oyster ( Crassostrea corteziensis). INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2017.1315341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Rodríguez-Jaramillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz, Mexico
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur. Ciencias Marinas y Costeras (CIMACO), La Paz, Mexico
| | - A. M. Ibarra
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz, Mexico
| | - P. Soudant
- UMR/CNRS Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer LEMAR- Laboratoire des sciences de l'environnement marin (UMR 6539) Technopole Brest Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, Plouzané, France
| | - E. Palacios
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz, Mexico
- UMR/CNRS Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer LEMAR- Laboratoire des sciences de l'environnement marin (UMR 6539) Technopole Brest Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, Plouzané, France
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Anderson JD, Karel WJ, Mace CE, Bartram BL, Hare MP. Spatial genetic features of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) in the Gulf of Mexico: northward movement of a secondary contact zone. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:1671-85. [PMID: 24967084 PMCID: PMC4063467 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) is an economically and ecologically valuable marine bivalve occurring in the Gulf of Mexico. This study builds upon previous research that identified two divergent populations of eastern oysters in the western Gulf of Mexico. Allelic and genotypic patterns from 11 microsatellite markers were used to assess genetic structure and migration between the previously described oyster populations in Texas. The main findings are as follows: (1) there are two distinct populations (F ST = 0.392, P < 0.001) of oysters that overlap in the Corpus Christi/Aransas Bay estuarine complex in Texas, (2) the distribution of genotypes among individuals in the contact zone suggests limited hybridization between populations, (3) the variables of salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and depth are not correlated with allele frequencies on reefs in the contact zone or when analyzed across Texas, and (4) there is little evidence of directional selection acting on the loci assayed here, although patterns at four markers suggested the influence of balancing selection based on outlier analyses. These results are consistent with long-term historical isolation between populations, followed by secondary contact. Recent hydrological changes in the area of secondary contact may be promoting migration in areas that were previously inhospitable to eastern oysters, and observed differences in the timing of spawning may limit hybridization between populations. Comparison of these findings with the results of an earlier study of oysters in Texas suggests that the secondary contact zone has shifted approximately 27 km north, in as little as a 23-year span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Anderson
- Perry R. Bass Marine Fisheries Research Station, Texas Parks and Wildlife 3864 FM 3280, Palacios, Texas, 77465
| | - William J Karel
- Perry R. Bass Marine Fisheries Research Station, Texas Parks and Wildlife 3864 FM 3280, Palacios, Texas, 77465
| | - Christopher E Mace
- Rockport Marine Lab, Texas Parks and Wildlife 824 S. Fuqua St., Rockport, TX, 78382
| | - Brian L Bartram
- Rockport Marine Lab, Texas Parks and Wildlife 824 S. Fuqua St., Rockport, TX, 78382
| | - Matthew P Hare
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University 213 Bruckner Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853
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Arias-De León C, Lango-Reynoso F, Chávez-Villalba J, Castañeda-Chávez MR, Ramírez-Gutiérrez SC. Oocyte cohort analysis: reproductive patterns of Crassostrea virginica(Bivalvia) in tropical lagoons of the Gulf of Mexico. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2012.674065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Powell EN, Klinck JM, Hofmann EE. Generation time and the stability of sex-determining alleles in oyster populations as deduced using a gene-based population dynamics model. J Theor Biol 2011; 271:27-43. [PMID: 21056580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Crassostrea oysters are protandrous hermaphrodites. Sex is thought to be determined by a single gene with a dominant male allele M and a recessive protandrous allele F, such that FF animals are protandrous and MF animals are permanent males. We investigate the possibility that a reduction in generation time, brought about for example by disease, might jeopardize retention of the M allele. Simulations show that MF males have a significantly lessened lifetime fecundity when generation time declines. The allele frequency of the M allele declines and eventually the M allele is lost. The probability of loss is modulated by population abundance. As abundance increases, the probability of M allele loss declines. Simulations suggest that stabilization of the female-to-male ratio when generation time is long is the dominant function of the M allele. As generation time shortens, the raison d'être for the M allele also fades as mortality usurps the stabilizing role. Disease and exploitation have shortened oyster generation time: one consequence may be to jeopardize retention of the M allele. Two alternative genetic bases for protandry also provide stable sex ratios when generation time is long; an F-dominant protandric allele and protandry restricted to the MF heterozygote. In both cases, simulations show that FF individuals become rare in the population at high abundance and/or long generation time. Protandry restricted to the MF heterozygote maintains sex ratio stability over a wider range of generation times and abundances than the alternatives, suggesting that sex determination based on a male-dominant allele (MM/MF) may not be the optimal solution to the genetic basis for protandry in Crassostrea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Powell
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Rutgers University, 6959 Miller Avenue, Port Norris, NJ 08349, United States
| | - John M Klinck
- Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, 4111 Monarch Way, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States
| | - Eileen E Hofmann
- Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, 4111 Monarch Way, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States
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Evaluation of methods using ray's fluid thioglycollate medium for diagnosis of Perkinsus marinus infection in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0959-8030(94)90029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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