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Damato A, Vianello F, Novelli E, Balzan S, Gianesella M, Giaretta E, Gabai G. Comprehensive Review on the Interactions of Clay Minerals With Animal Physiology and Production. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:889612. [PMID: 35619608 PMCID: PMC9127995 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.889612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clay minerals are naturally occurring rock and soil materials primarily composed of fine-grained aluminosilicate minerals, characterized by high hygroscopicity. In animal production, clays are often mixed with feed and, due to their high binding capacity towards organic molecules, used to limit animal absorption of feed contaminants, such as mycotoxins and other toxicants. Binding capacity of clays is not specific and these minerals can form complexes with different compounds, such as nutrients and pharmaceuticals, thus possibly affecting the intestinal absorption of important substances. Indeed, clays cannot be considered a completely inert feed additive, as they can interfere with gastro-intestinal (GI) metabolism, with possible consequences on animal physiology. Moreover, clays may contain impurities, constituted of inorganic micronutrients and/or toxic trace elements, and their ingestion can affect animal health. Furthermore, clays may also have effects on the GI mucosa, possibly modifying nutrient digestibility and animal microbiome. Finally, clays may directly interact with GI cells and, depending on their mineral grain size, shape, superficial charge and hydrophilicity, can elicit an inflammatory response. As in the near future due to climate change the presence of mycotoxins in feedstuffs will probably become a major problem, the use of clays in feedstuff, given their physico-chemical properties, low cost, apparent low toxicity and eco-compatibility, is expected to increase. The present review focuses on the characteristics and properties of clays as feed additives, evidencing pros and cons. Aims of future studies are suggested, evidencing that, in particular, possible interferences of these minerals with animal microbiome, nutrient absorption and drug delivery should be assessed. Finally, the fate of clay particles during their transit within the GI system and their long-term administration/accumulation should be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Damato
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Enrico Novelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefania Balzan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Gianesella
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Giaretta
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elisa Giaretta
| | - Gianfranco Gabai
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Elliott CT, Connolly L, Kolawole O. Potential adverse effects on animal health and performance caused by the addition of mineral adsorbents to feeds to reduce mycotoxin exposure. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:115-126. [PMID: 31515765 PMCID: PMC6971152 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of feed with mycotoxins is a continuing feed quality and safety issue, leading to significant losses in livestock production and potential human health risks. Consequently, various methods have been developed to reduce the occurrence of mycotoxins in feed; however, feed supplementation with clay minerals or mineral adsorbents is the most prominent approach widely practiced by farmers and the feed industry. Due to a negatively charged and high surface area, pore volume, swelling ability, and high cation exchange capacity, mineral adsorbents including bentonite, zeolite, montmorillonite, and hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate can bind or adsorb mycotoxins to their interlayer spaces, external surface, and edges. Several studies have shown these substances to be partly or fully effective in counteracting toxic effects of mycotoxins in farm animals fed contaminated diets and thus are extensively used in livestock production to reduce the risk of mycotoxin exposure. Nevertheless, a considerable number of studies have indicated that these agents may also cause undesirable effects in farm animals. The current work aims to review published reports regarding adverse effects that may arise in farm animals (with a focus on pig and poultry) and potential interaction with veterinary substances and nutrients in feeds, when mineral adsorbents are utilized as a technological feed additive. Furthermore, results of in vitro toxicity studies of both natural and modified mineral adsorbents on different cell lines are reported. Supplementation of mycotoxin-contaminated feed with mineral adsorbents must be carefully considered by farmers and feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Lisa Connolly
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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De Baere S, De Mil T, Antonissen G, Devreese M, Croubels S. In vitro model to assess the adsorption of oral veterinary drugs to mycotoxin binders in a feed- and aflatoxin B1-containing buffered matrix. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1728-1738. [PMID: 30016205 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1501163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin binders are feed additives which are mixed in the feed to adsorb mycotoxins and thereby reducing their toxic effects on animals. Interactions with orally administered veterinary medicinal products, such as antimicrobials or coccidiostats, have been reported previously. This paper describes an in vitro model to screen the interaction between mycotoxin binders and veterinary drugs with respect to the non-specific binding of drugs. It is designed as a static setup using a single concentration of drug and binder in a feed-containing or a feed-plus-mycotoxin-containing matrix, buffered at different pH values. The model was applied to two frequently used antimicrobials in veterinary medicine, doxycycline (DOX) and tylosin (TYL), one major mycotoxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and four mycotoxin binders. Proportions of feed, DOX or TYL, AFB1, and binder are equivalent to the in vivo situation for broiler chickens, while pH and volume of the buffer are representative of the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. A substantial binding of DOX (~ 88%) and TYL (~ 66%) to the feed-matrix was observed. For the mycotoxin binders, similar results were obtained for DOX and TYL; more specifically up to an inclusion rate of 20 g binder/kg feed, no significant binding was demonstrated, determined as the free concentration of DOX and TYL. A single exception was noticed for TYL and one specific bentonite-based mycotoxin binder, for which no significant interaction could be demonstrated up to 10 g binder/kg but there was an effect at 20 g/kg. In all cases, there was no competition between the tested drugs DOX or TYL and the mycotoxin AFB1 for binding to the bentonite-based mycotoxin binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegrid De Baere
- a Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Thomas De Mil
- a Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- a Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium.,b Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- a Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- a Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
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De Mil T, Devreese M, Maes A, De Saeger S, De Backer P, Croubels S. Influence of mycotoxin binders on the oral bioavailability of tylosin, doxycycline, diclazuril, and salinomycin in fed broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 96:2137-2144. [PMID: 28160001 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in broiler feed can have deleterious effects on the wellbeing of the animals and their performance. Mycotoxin binders are feed additives that aim to adsorb mycotoxins in the intestinal tract and thereby prevent the oral absorption of the mycotoxin. The simultaneous administration of coccidiostats and/or antimicrobials with mycotoxin binders might lead to a reduced oral bioavailability of these veterinary medicinal products. This paper describes the influence of 3 mycotoxin binders (i.e., clay 1 containing montmorillonite, mica, and feldspars; clay 2 containing montmorillonite and quartz; and yeast 1 being a modified glucomannan fraction of inactivated yeast cells) and activated carbon on the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters of the antimicrobials doxycycline and tylosin, and the coccidiostats diclazuril and salinomycin. A feeding study with 40 15 day-old broilers was performed evaluating the effects of long-term feeding 2 g mycotoxin binder/kg of feed. The birds were randomly divided into 5 groups of 8 birds each, i.e., a control group receiving no binder and 4 test groups receiving either clay 1, clay 2, yeast 1, or activated carbon mixed in the feed. After 15 d of feeding, both the control and each test group were administered doxycycline, tylosin, diclazuril, and salinomycin, consecutively, respecting a wash-out period of 2 to 3 d between each administration. The 4 medicinal products were dosed using a single bolus administration directly in the crop. After each bolus administration, blood was collected for plasma analysis and calculation of the main pharmacokinetic parameters and relative oral bioavailability (F = area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-8 h) in the test groups/AUC0-8 h in the control group)*100). No effects were observed of any of the mycotoxin binders on the relative oral bioavailability of the coccidiostats (i.e., F between 82 and 101% and 79 and 93% for diclazuril and salinomycin, respectively). Also, no significant effects could be noticed of any of the mycotoxin binders on the relative oral bioavailability of the antimicrobials doxycycline and tylosin (i.e., F between 67 and 83% and between 43 and 104%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- T De Mil
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Maes
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P De Backer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Tang J, Lu M, Fang Q, Lu F, Shao R, Shen J, Lu D, He J, Lu L, Niu D. Effects of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate on growth performance, fatty liver, intestine morphology, and serum parameters of overfed geese. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In geese, overfeeding induces hepatic steatosis and makes the liver functions enhanced. Aluminosilicate absorbs toxins created by moulds in animal feeds and enhances nutrient absorption. In the present study, the effects of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (Improved HSCAS, Jumpstar) on the growth performance, fatty liver, serum parameters, and intestinal morphology of overfed Landes geese were evaluated. The study included two Control groups, a non-overfed Control (Control I) and an overfed Control (Control II), as well as a treatment group. The results showed that compared with the Control I group, liver weight, relative liver weight, abdominal fat weight, intestinal fat weight, villus height, total cholesterol, very low density lipoproteins, lipoprotein lipase, aspartate aminotransferase, IgM, and IgG in the HSCAS treatment group all significantly increased (P < 0.05) at Days 10 and 20. The villus height/crypt depth, triglycerides, cholinesterase, alanine aminotransferase, and serum IgA levels were higher than those in the Control I (P < 0.05) after 20 days of overfeeding. Compared with the Control II group, the relative abdominal fat weight, relative intestinal fat weight, and crypt depth in the HSCAS treatment group were significantly increased (P < 0.05) after 10 days of overfeeding, whereas villus height/crypt depth decreased (P < 0.05). Relative liver weight and IgA were higher in HACAS group after 20 days’ overfeeding (P < 0.05). HSCAS treatment also led to higher cholinesterase, very low density lipoproteins and decreased lipase, alanine aminotransferase (P > 0.05), and decreased aspartate aminotransferase levels than those in the Control II group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, HSCAS treatment had a beneficial effect on fatty liver production, intestinal development, and serum parameters in overfed Landes geese, which could enhance the health status of these geese.
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De Mil T, Devreese M, De Saeger S, Eeckhout M, De Backer P, Croubels S. Influence of Mycotoxin Binders on the Oral Bioavailability of Doxycycline in Pigs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2120-6. [PMID: 26902900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin binders are feed additives that aim to adsorb mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, making them unavailable for systemic absorption. The antimicrobial drug doxycycline (DOX) is often used in pigs and is administered through feed or drinking water; hence, DOX can come in contact with mycotoxin binders in the gastrointestinal tract. This paper describes the effect of four mycotoxin binders on the absorption of orally administered DOX in pigs. Two experiments were conducted: The first used a setup with bolus administration to fasted pigs at two different dosages of mycotoxin binder. In the second experiment, DOX and the binders were mixed in the feed at dosages recommended by the manufacturers (= field conditions). Interactions are possible between some of the mycotoxin binders dosed at 10 g/kg feed but not at 2 g/kg feed. When applying field conditions, no influences were seen on the plasma concentrations of DOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas De Mil
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mia Eeckhout
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Backer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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GILANI A, KERMANSHAHI H, GOLIAN A, SEIFI S. Appraisal of the impact of aluminosilicate use on the health and performance of poultry. TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/vet-1501-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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De Mil T, Devreese M, Broekaert N, Fraeyman S, De Backer P, Croubels S. In Vitro Adsorption and in Vivo Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Doxycycline and Frequently Used Mycotoxin Binders in Broiler Chickens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4370-5. [PMID: 25876710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin binders are readily mixed in feeds to prevent uptake of mycotoxins by the animal. Concerns were raised for nonspecific binding with orally administered veterinary drugs by the European Food Safety Authority in 2010. This paper describes the screening for in vitro adsorption of doxycycline-a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic-to six different binders that were able to bind >75% of the doxycycline. Next, an in vivo pharmacokinetic interaction study of doxycycline with two of the binders, which demonstrated significant in vitro binding, was performed in broiler chickens using an oral bolus model. It was shown that two montmorillonite-based binders were able to lower the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of doxycycline by >60% compared to the control group. These results may indicate a possible risk for reduced efficacy of doxycycline when used concomitantly with montmorillonite-based mycotoxin binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas De Mil
- Department of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathan Broekaert
- Department of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie Fraeyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Backer
- Department of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Ghent, Belgium
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10
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An in vitro model using the IPEC-J2 cell line for efficacy and drug interaction testing of mycotoxin detoxifying agents. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Devreese M, Osselaere A, Goossens J, Vandenbroucke V, De Baere S, De Backer P, Croubels S. Interaction between tylosin and bentonite clay from a pharmacokinetic perspective. Vet J 2012; 194:437-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Hunter RP, Lees P, Concordet D, Toutain PL. Establishing bioequivalence of veterinary premixes (Type A medicated articles). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35 Suppl 1:53-63. [PMID: 22413792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
a) Key issues concerning Premix (Type A medicated articles) Bioequivalence evaluations: 1) This is a complex issue concerning both route of administration and formulation. 2) If the animal is not at the bunk/trough, the animal is not self-administering (eating medicated feed), thus there can be no drug absorption. b) Differing opinions among scientists and regulatory authorities/expert bodies regarding: 1) No harmonization on how to design, conduct, and interpret in vivo studies. 2) Applicability of biowaivers to Type A (premix) products. 3) Why are topdress and complete feed considered differently? Are they different formulations or different routes of administration? 4) Single dose vs. multi-dose studies. 5) What is the final formulation? c) What are the next steps: 1) Harmonize current bioequivalence guidelines through the VICH process. 2) Determine the applicability/non-applicability of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). 3) Establish the Total Mixed Ration (i.e. formulation) effects. 4) Define the test subject (individual, pen, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Hunter
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, USA.
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13
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of bentonite as a technological feed additive for all species. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Influence of mycotoxins and a mycotoxin adsorbing agent on the oral bioavailability of commonly used antibiotics in pigs. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:281-95. [PMID: 22606377 PMCID: PMC3347004 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4040281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is recognized that mycotoxins can cause a variety of adverse health effects in animals, including altered gastrointestinal barrier function. It is the aim of the present study to determine whether mycotoxin-contaminated diets can alter the oral bioavailability of the antibiotics doxycycline and paromomycin in pigs, and whether a mycotoxin adsorbing agent included into diets interacts with those antibiotics. Experiments were conducted with pigs utilizing diets that contained blank feed, mycotoxin-contaminated feed (T-2 toxin or deoxynivalenol), mycotoxin-contaminated feed supplemented with a glucomannan mycotoxin binder, or blank feed supplemented with mycotoxin binder. Diets with T-2 toxin and binder or deoxynivalenol and binder induced increased plasma concentrations of doxycycline administered as single bolus in pigs compared to diets containing blank feed. These results suggest that complex interactions may occur between mycotoxins, mycotoxin binders, and antibiotics which could alter antibiotic bioavailability. This could have consequences for animal toxicity, withdrawal time for oral antibiotics, or public health.
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Hunter RP, DeRidder E, Lucas A, Smedley KO, Yordy DW. How do you define equivalence of the API of biomass products? J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35 Suppl 1:99-101. [PMID: 22413797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R P Hunter
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, USA.
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16
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of bentonite (dioctahedral montmorillonite) as feed additive for all species. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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17
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Charleston B, Gate JJ, Aitken IA, Reeve‐Johnson L. Assessment of the efficacy of tilmicosin as a treatment forMycoplasma gallisepticuminfections in chickens. Avian Pathol 2007; 27:190-5. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459808419322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Xu Z, Wang J, Shen W, Cen P. STUDY ON THE EXTRACTION EQUILIBRIUM OF TILMICOSIN BETWEEN THE AQUEOUS AND BUTYL ACETATE PHASES. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/009864491008218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Santin E, Maiorka A, Krabbe E, Paulillo A, Alessi A. Effect of Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate on the Prevention of the Toxic Effects of Ochratoxin. J APPL POULTRY RES 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/11.1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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20
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Scorneaux B, Shryock TR. Intracellular accumulation, subcellular distribution, and efflux of tilmicosin in chicken phagocytes. Poult Sci 1998; 77:1510-21. [PMID: 9776059 DOI: 10.1093/ps/77.10.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tilmicosin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic, currently approved for veterinary use in cattle and swine respiratory disease, and is in development for use in poultry mycoplasma air sacculitis. In order to provide an understanding of clinical efficacy, the in vitro interaction of tilmicosin with three types of chicken phagocytes (MQ-NCSU macrophages, monocyte-macrophages, and heterophils) was evaluated. After incubation with radiolabeled tilmicosin, uptake was determined and expressed as the ratio of the cellular (Cc) to the extracellular (Ce) drug concentration (Cc:Ce). Tilmicosin was avidly accumulated by heterophils (Cc: Ce 138 at 4 h incubation vs 32 and 66, respectively, in MQ-NCSU and monocyte-macrophages) with 61 to 88% localized in the lysosomes. Uptake was dependent on cell viability, temperature, and pH, but was not influenced by metabolic inhibitors. However, phagocytosis of Pasteurella multocida and lipopolysaccharide exposure increased tilmicosin uptake by the chicken phagocytes. Upon removal of extracellular tilmicosin, 50% of the intracellular tilmicosin was effluxed within the first 30 min, but after 4 h of incubation in antibiotic-free medium, 30% remained cell-associated. Opsonized P. multocida significantly enhanced the release of tilmicosin from all three types of chicken phagocytes. Tilmicosin uptake was observed to increase lysosomal enzyme (acid phosphatase, lysozyme, avidin, and beta-glucuronidase) production. Finally, neutrophils were shown to transport and efflux bioactive tilmicosin in a test system measuring both neutrophil chemotaxis under agarose and a bioassay measuring inhibition of bacterial growth in the presence of antibiotic in agar. These in vitro observations of cellular pharmacology suggest a complex interaction between phagocytes and tilmicosin that contribute to clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Scorneaux
- Animal Science Research, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, Indiana 46140, USA
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21
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Scorneaux B, Shryock TR. Intracellular accumulation, subcellular distribution and efflux of tilmicosin in swine phagocytes. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1998; 21:257-68. [PMID: 9731947 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.1998.00133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tilmicosin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic, currently approved for veterinary use in cattle and swine respiratory disease. As the concentrations of tilmicosin are generally low in swine lung tissue, the interaction of tilmicosin with three types of swine phagocytes (monocyte-macrophages, alveolar macrophages, and neutrophils) was evaluated to provide an understanding of clinical efficacy. After incubation with radiolabelled tilmicosin, uptake was determined and expressed as the ratio of the intracellular (Ci) to the extracellular (Ce) drug concentration (Ci/Ce). Tilmicosin was avidly accumulated by the swine phagocytes (Ci/Ce 48-69 at 4 h incubation) with 51 to 85% localized in the lysosomes. Uptake was dependent on cell viability, temperature and pH, but was not influenced by the metabolic inhibitors, sodium cyanide or potassium fluoride. However, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure increased tilmicosin uptake by the swine phagocytes. In neutrophils, upon removal of extracellular tilmicosin, 60% of the intracellular tilmicosin was effluxed within the first 30 min, but after 4 h of incubation in drug-free medium, 25% remained cell-associated. In contrast, after 4 h of incubation in drug-free medium, 60% and 45% of tilmicosin remained cell-associated, within alveolar macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages, respectively. Tilmicosin uptake was observed to increase lysosomal enzyme (acid phosphatase, lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase) production. Finally, neutrophils were shown to transport and efflux bioactive tilmicosin in a test system measuring both neutrophil chemotaxis under agarose and a bioassay measuring inhibition of bacterial growth in the presence of antibiotic in agar. These in vitro interactions of tilmicosin with swine phagocytes suggest an integral role in effecting clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Scorneaux
- Animal science Research, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA.
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Kiehl DE, Kennington AS. Analysis of tilmicosin in swine liver extracts by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 1995; 9:1297-1301. [PMID: 8527821 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1290091315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tilmicosin is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle and swine. The technique of liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC/APCI-MS) was employed in an on-line capacity for the analysis of tilmicosin in extracts from spiked swine liver. Increasing the potential in the cone/skimmer region of the ion source resulted in an increased abundance of unique structurally indicating fragment ions of tilmicosin. Three ions, [M+H]+ and two diagnostic fragment ions were chosen for confirmation of the presence of tilmicosin in swine liver tissue extracts using the mass spectrometer in selected-ion monitoring mode. The ion abundance ratios arising from any given combination of ions in data acquired from extracts of swine liver tissue spiked with tilmicosin at 5 and 10 ppm were within +/- 10% of the corresponding mean standard abundance ratio, and duplicate sample analyses exhibited < 10% relative standard deviation. These results suggest the potential for the application of LC/APCI-MS as a confirmatory technique for tilmicosin in swine liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Kiehl
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Greenfield Laboratories, Indiana 46140-0708, USA
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