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Criollo V, John FA, Gaghan C, Fletcher OJ, Thachil A, Crespo R, Kulkarni RR. Characterization of immune responses and immunopathology in turkeys experimentally infected with clostridial dermatitis-producing strains of Clostridium septicum. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 269:110717. [PMID: 38340537 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Clostridium septicum is one of the major causative agents of clostridial dermatitis (CD), an emerging disease of turkeys, characterized by sudden deaths and necrotic dermatitis. Despite its economic burden on the poultry industry, the immunopathological changes and pathogen-specific immune responses are poorly characterized. Here, we used three strains of C. septicum, namely Str. A1, Str. B1 and Str. C1, isolated from CD field outbreaks, to experimentally infect turkeys to evaluate local (skin and muscle) and systemic (spleen) pathological and immunological responses. Results showed that while all three strains produced an acute disease, Str. A1 and B1 caused significantly higher mortality when compared to Str. C1. Gross and histopathology evaluation showed that birds infected with Str. A1 and B1 had severe inflammatory, edematous, granulomatous and necrotic lesions in the skin, muscle and spleen, while these lesions produced by Str. C1 were relatively less severe and mostly confined to skin and/or muscle. Immune gene expression in these tissues showed that Str. B1-infected birds had significantly higher expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and interferon (IFN)γ genes compared to uninfected control, suggesting a robust inflammatory response both locally as well as systemically. The transcription of IL-1β and IFNγ in the muscle or spleen of Str. A1-infected birds and IL-1β in the skin of Str. C1-infected group was also significantly higher than control. Additionally, Str. A1 or B1-infected groups also had significantly higher IL-4 transcription in these tissues, while birds infected with all three strains developed C. septicum-specific serum antibodies. Furthermore, splenic cellular immunophenotyping in the infected turkeys showed a marked reduction in CD4+ cells. Collectively, it can be inferred that host responses against C. septicum involve an acute inflammatory response along with antibody production and that the disease severity seem to depend on the strain of C. septicum involved in CD in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Criollo
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Feba Ann John
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Carissa Gaghan
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Oscar J Fletcher
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Anil Thachil
- Bacteriology & Mycology Division, Rollins Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, 4400 Reedy Creek Rd, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Rocio Crespo
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Raveendra R Kulkarni
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, United States.
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Fancher CA, Thames HT, Colvin MG, Zhang L, Nuthalapati N, Kiess A, Dinh TTN, Sukumaran AT. Research Note: Prevalence and molecular characteristics of Clostridium perfringens in "no antibiotics ever" broiler farms. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101414. [PMID: 34534849 PMCID: PMC8449044 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is the etiological agent of necrotic enteritis and gangrenous dermatitis; 2 diseases that cause significant economic and welfare concerns to the broiler industry. Previously, Clostridium-related diseases were managed with the use of antimicrobial growth promoters fed to broilers that improved gut health and performance. The recent shift to no antibiotics ever (NAE) production has increased the incidence of Clostridium-related diseases. The objective of this study was to identify C. perfringens prevalence and toxinotypes in NAE farms. Samples of litter, feces, and cloacal swabs were collected from 4 NAE broiler farms in the summer of 2019, on d 28 and d 56 of one flock cycle. A total of 734 presumptive isolates were obtained from 192 samples collected in the study. Irrespective of the age of flock and sample type, all 192 samples contained at least one colony presumptively identified as C. perfringens on Perfringens agar plate with morphology as a single, round colony with opaque ring and black center. All isolates were further screened using PCR for confirmation, toxinotyping, and identification of virulence-associated genes. Only 9 isolates among the 734 presumptive isolates were confirmed as C. perfringens and all confirmed isolates were toxinotype A with variation in presence of netB, cpb2, and tpeL. More extensive studies are required to assess the prevalence and virulence of C. perfringens in NAE farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Fancher
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Hudson T Thames
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Mary G Colvin
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Nikhil Nuthalapati
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Aaron Kiess
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA
| | - Thu T N Dinh
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Anuraj T Sukumaran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Fancher CA, Zhang L, Kiess AS, Adhikari PA, Dinh TT, Sukumaran AT. Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens: Challenges in No Antibiotics Ever Broiler Production and Potential Solutions. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1533. [PMID: 33036173 PMCID: PMC7599686 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
United States is the largest producer and the second largest exporter of broiler meat in the world. In the US, broiler production is largely converting to antibiotic-free programs which has caused an increase in morbidity and mortality within broiler farms. Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens are two important pathogenic bacteria readily found in the broiler environment and result in annual billion-dollar losses from colibacillosis, gangrenous dermatitis, and necrotic enteritis. The broiler industry is in search of non-antibiotic alternatives including novel vaccines, prebiotics, probiotics, and housing management strategies to mitigate production losses due to these diseases. This review provides an overview of the broiler industry and antibiotic free production, current challenges, and emerging research on antibiotic alternatives to reduce pathogenic microbial presence and improve bird health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A. Fancher
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Aaron S. Kiess
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Pratima A. Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Thu T.N. Dinh
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA;
| | - Anuraj T. Sukumaran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
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Wang S, Yao J, Zhou B, Yang J, Chaudry MT, Wang M, Xiao F, Li Y, Yin W. Bacteriostatic Effect of Quercetin as an Antibiotic Alternative In Vivo and Its Antibacterial Mechanism In Vitro. J Food Prot 2018; 81:68-78. [PMID: 29271686 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin, a ubiquitous flavonoid, is known to have antibacterial effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of quercetin on cecal microbiota of Arbor Acre (AA) broiler chickens in vivo and the bacteriostatic effect and antibacterial mechanism of quercetin in vitro. In vivo, 480 AA broilers (1 day old) were randomly allotted to four treatments (negative control and 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 g of quercetin per kg of diet) for 42 days. Cecal microbial population and distribution were measured at the end of the experiment. The cecal microflora in these broilers included Proteobacteria, Fimicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Deferribacteres. Compared with the negative control, quercetin significantly decreased the copies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P < 0.05), Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium ( P < 0.01), Staphylococcus aureus ( P < 0.01), and Escherichia coli ( P < 0.01) but significantly increased the copies of Lactobacillus ( P < 0.01), Bifidobacterium ( P < 0.01), and total bacteria ( P < 0.01). In vitro, we investigated the bacteriostatic effect of quercetin on four kinds of bacteria ( E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. enterica Typhimurium, and S. aureus) and the antibacterial mechanism of quercetin in E. coli and S. aureus. The bacteriostatic effect of quercetin was stronger on gram-positive bacteria than on gram-negative bacteria. Quercetin damaged the cell walls and membranes of E. coli (at 50 × MIC) and S. aureus (at 10 × MIC). Compared with the control, the activity of the extracellular alkaline phosphatase and β-galactosidase and concentrations of soluble protein in E. coli and S. aureus were significantly increased (all P < 0.01), and the activity of ATP in S. aureus was significantly increased ( P < 0.01); however, no significant change in ATP activity in E. coli was observed ( P > 0.05). These results suggest that quercetin has potential as an alternative antibiotic feed additive in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengan Wang
- 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Yao
- 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhou
- 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Maria T Chaudry
- 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Wang
- 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglin Xiao
- 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Li
- 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhe Yin
- 2 Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, People's Republic of China
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Gornatti-Churria CD, Crispo M, Shivaprasad HL, Uzal FA. Gangrenous dermatitis in chickens and turkeys. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:188-196. [PMID: 29145799 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717742435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangrenous dermatitis (GD) is a disease of chickens and turkeys that causes severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Clostridium septicum, Clostridium perfringens type A, and occasionally Clostridium sordellii are considered the main causes of GD, although Staphylococcus aureus and other aerobic bacteria may also be involved in some cases of the disease. GD has become one of the most significant diseases of commercial turkeys in the United States. Several infectious and/or environmental immunosuppressive factors can predispose to GD. Skin lesions are considered to be the main portal of entry of the microorganism(s) involved. GD is characterized by acute onset of mortality associated with gross skin and subcutaneous tissue lesions consisting of variable amounts of serosanguineous exudate together with emphysema and hemorrhages. The underlying skeletal muscle can also be involved. Ulceration of the epidermis may be also noticed in cases complicated with S. aureus. Microscopically, necrosis of the epidermis and dermis, and subcutaneous edema and emphysema are commonly observed. Gram-positive rods can be identified within the subcutis and skeletal muscles, usually associated with minimal inflammatory infiltrate. A presumptive diagnosis of GD can be made based on history, clinical signs, and gross anatomic and microscopic lesions. However, confirmation should be based on demonstration of the causative agents by culture, PCR, immunohistochemistry, and/or fluorescent antibody tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D Gornatti-Churria
- Cátedra de Patología de Aves y Pilíferos y Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades de las Aves y los Pilíferos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina (Gornatti-Churria).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock (Crispo), University of California-Davis, CA.,Tulare (Shivaprasad), University of California-Davis, CA.,San Bernardino (Uzal) branches, University of California-Davis, CA
| | - Manuela Crispo
- Cátedra de Patología de Aves y Pilíferos y Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades de las Aves y los Pilíferos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina (Gornatti-Churria).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock (Crispo), University of California-Davis, CA.,Tulare (Shivaprasad), University of California-Davis, CA.,San Bernardino (Uzal) branches, University of California-Davis, CA
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- Cátedra de Patología de Aves y Pilíferos y Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades de las Aves y los Pilíferos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina (Gornatti-Churria).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock (Crispo), University of California-Davis, CA.,Tulare (Shivaprasad), University of California-Davis, CA.,San Bernardino (Uzal) branches, University of California-Davis, CA
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- Cátedra de Patología de Aves y Pilíferos y Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades de las Aves y los Pilíferos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina (Gornatti-Churria).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock (Crispo), University of California-Davis, CA.,Tulare (Shivaprasad), University of California-Davis, CA.,San Bernardino (Uzal) branches, University of California-Davis, CA
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Tan RMT, Bautista DA, Phillips K, Tablante NL. Descriptive study of the microbial profile of poultry litter from broiler farms with and without a history of gangrenous dermatitis and litter from an experimental poultry house. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Dumas MD, Polson SW, Ritter D, Ravel J, Gelb J, Morgan R, Wommack KE. Impacts of poultry house environment on poultry litter bacterial community composition. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24785. [PMID: 21949751 PMCID: PMC3174962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral and bacterial pathogens are a significant economic concern to the US broiler industry and the ecological epicenter for poultry pathogens is the mixture of bedding material, chicken excrement and feathers that comprises the litter of a poultry house. This study used high-throughput sequencing to assess the richness and diversity of poultry litter bacterial communities, and to look for connections between these communities and the environmental characteristics of a poultry house including its history of gangrenous dermatitis (GD). Cluster analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed differences in the distribution of bacterial phylotypes between Wet and Dry litter samples and between houses. Wet litter contained greater diversity with 90% of total bacterial abundance occurring within the top 214 OTU clusters. In contrast, only 50 clusters accounted for 90% of Dry litter bacterial abundance. The sixth largest OTU cluster across all samples classified as an Arcobacter sp., an emerging human pathogen, occurring in only the Wet litter samples of a house with a modern evaporative cooling system. Ironically, the primary pathogenic clostridial and staphylococcal species associated with GD were not found in any house; however, there were thirteen 16S rRNA gene phylotypes of mostly gram-positive phyla that were unique to GD-affected houses and primarily occurred in Wet litter samples. Overall, the poultry house environment appeared to substantially impact the composition of litter bacterial communities and may play a key role in the emergence of food-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Dumas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Shawn W. Polson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Don Ritter
- Mountaire Farms Inc., Millsboro, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jack Gelb
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Robin Morgan
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - K. Eric Wommack
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
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Toro H. Infectious bronchitis virus: dominance of ArkDPI-type strains in the United States broiler industry during the last decade. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2010000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Quantitative real-time PCR assay for Clostridium septicum in poultry gangrenous dermatitis associated samples. Mol Cell Probes 2010; 24:211-8. [PMID: 20399850 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium septicum is a spore-forming anaerobe frequently implicated in cases of gangrenous dermatitis (GD) and other spontaneously occurring myonecrotic infections of poultry. Although C. septicum is readily cultured from diseased tissues it can be difficult to enumerate due to its tendency to swarm over the surface of agar plates. In this study a quantitative real-time PCR assay was developed in order to more accurately measure the levels of C. septicum in healthy as well as GD associated poultry samples. The assay was specifically designed to target the C. septicum alpha toxin gene, csa, which is, to our knowledge, carried by all strains of C. septicum and has been shown to be essential for virulence. Genomic DNAs from a diverse collection of bacterial species, including closely related Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium carnis, Clostridium tertium as well as several strains of Clostridium perfringens, all failed to produce a positive reaction. An approximate reproducible limit of detection in spiked extracts of at least 10(3) cfu/g of C. septicum was observed for a variety of different sample types. C. septicum levels in broiler chicken field samples estimated from the results of qPCR were statistically correlated to culture based enumerations obtained from those same tissues.
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Wang C, Macklin KS, Krehling JT, Norton RA. Influence of Infectious Bursal Disease and Chicken Anemia Vaccines on the Development of Cellulites and Myositis Lesions in Cage-Reared Broilers. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2005.9706542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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