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Haskins DL, Brown MK, Meichner K, Coleman AL, Allender MC, Tuberville TD. Factors Predicting Apparent Ophidiomycosis in Wild Brown Watersnakes (Nerodia taxispilota). J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:64-76. [PMID: 37823517 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Ophidiomycosis, also known as snake fungal disease, is caused by Ophidiomyces ophidiicola and is a threat to snake conservation worldwide. Ophidiomycosis has been reported throughout much of the eastern US, and outbreaks have been associated with local population declines of already strained populations. Previous studies report significant variability in ophidiomycosis among species sampled, with higher prevalence typically observed in Nerodia spp. Although ophidiomycosis can lead to morbidity and mortality in affected individuals, little is known about disease dynamics in free-ranging populations. Herein, we examine how individual-specific factors (e.g., life stage [immature, mature], contaminant status, sex, hemograms) may be associated with ophidiomycosis status in the brown watersnake (Nerodia taxispilota). During 2018-19, we sampled 97 N. taxispilota from five locations along the Savannah River in South Carolina and Georgia, US. Ophidiomyces ophidiicola DNA was detected in 66 snakes for a prevalence of 68% (95% confidence interval, 59-77). Mature snakes had a significantly higher risk of apparent ophidiomycosis (skin lesions present and quantitative PCR [qPCR], positive) relative to immature snakes. Snakes classified as having possible (skin lesions present, but qPCR negative) or apparent ophidiomycosis exhibited a relative azurophilia and heterophilia compared with individuals classified as negative (P≤0.037). Nerodia taxispilota in this region appear to have a high prevalence of apparent ophidiomycosis (22%; 95% CI, 14-31), similar to previous reports from the southeastern US. Additional epidemiologic investigations are warranted to further elucidate other individual-specific and environmental factors that may dictate disease risk and outcomes in affected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Haskins
- University of Georgia's Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina 29802, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - M Kyle Brown
- University of Georgia's Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina 29802, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Kristina Meichner
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia's College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Austin L Coleman
- University of Georgia's Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina 29802, USA
| | - Matthew C Allender
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
- Brookfield Zoo, Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, Illinois 60513, USA
| | - Tracey D Tuberville
- University of Georgia's Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina 29802, USA
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Fernández‐Palacios JM, Schrader J, de Nascimento L, Irl SDH, Sánchez‐Pinto L, Otto R. Are plant communities on the Canary Islands resistant to plant invasion? DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José María Fernández‐Palacios
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Group, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC) Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) La Laguna Spain
| | - Julian Schrader
- School of Natural Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| | - Lea de Nascimento
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Group, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC) Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) La Laguna Spain
| | - Severin D. H. Irl
- Biogeography and Biodiversity Lab, Institute of Physical Geography Goethe‐ University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Otto
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) La Laguna Spain
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Fernandes P, Colavolpe MB, Serrazina S, Costa RL. European and American chestnuts: An overview of the main threats and control efforts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:951844. [PMID: 36092400 PMCID: PMC9449730 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.951844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chestnuts are multipurpose trees significant for the economy and wildlife. These trees are currently found around the globe, demonstrating their genetic adaptation to different environmental conditions. Several biotic and abiotic stresses have challenged these species, contributing to the decline of European chestnut production and the functional extinction of the American chestnut. Several efforts started over the last century to understand the cellular, molecular, and genetic interactions behind all chestnut biotic and abiotic interactions. Most efforts have been toward breeding for the primary diseases, chestnut blight and ink disease caused by the pathogens, Cryphonectria parasitica and Phytophthora cinnamomi, respectively. In Europe and North America, researchers have been using the Asian chestnut species, which co-evolved with the pathogens, to introgress resistance genes into the susceptible species. Breeding woody trees has several limitations which can be mostly related to the long life cycles of these species and the big genome landscapes. Consequently, it takes decades to improve traits of interest, such as resistance to pathogens. Currently, the availability of genome sequences and next-generation sequencing techniques may provide new tools to help overcome most of the problems tree breeding is still facing. This review summarizes European and American chestnut's main biotic stresses and discusses breeding and biotechnological efforts developed over the last decades, having ink disease and chestnut blight as the main focus. Climate change is a rising concern, and in this context, the adaptation of chestnuts to adverse environmental conditions is of extreme importance for chestnut production. Therefore, we also discuss the abiotic challenges on European chestnuts, where the response to abiotic stress at the genetic and molecular level has been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Fernandes
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
- Green-It Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
- Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | | | - Susana Serrazina
- BioISI – Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Lourenço Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Transcontinental Dispersal of Nonendemic Fungal Pathogens through Wooden Handicraft Imports. mBio 2022; 13:e0107522. [PMID: 35766379 PMCID: PMC9426497 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01075-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the viability and diversity of fungi harbored in imported wooden handicraft products sold in six retail stores in Florida, United States. Despite being subjected to trade regulations that require various sterilization/fumigation protocols, our study demonstrates high survival and diversity of fungi in wood products originating from at least seven countries on three continents. Among these fungi were nonendemic plant and human pathogens, as well as mycotoxin producers. Several products that are sold for use in food preparation and consumption harbored a novel (to North America) plant and human pathogen, Paecilomyces formosus. In addition, a high number of species isolated were thermophilic and included halophilic species, suggesting adaptability and selection through current wood treatment protocols that utilize heat and/or fumigation with methyl-bromide. This research suggests that current federal guidelines for imports of wooden goods are not sufficient to avoid the transit of potential live pathogens and demonstrates the need to increase safeguards at both points of origin and entry for biosecurity against introduction from invasive fungal species in wood products. Future import regulations should consider living fungi, their tolerance to extreme conditions, and their potential survival in solid substrates. Mitigation efforts may require additional steps such as more stringent fumigation and/or sterilization strategies and limiting use of wood that has not been processed to remove bark and decay.
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Microsatellite Analysis Revealing High Genetic Diversity of the Chestnut Blight Fungus in South Tyrol (Northern Italy). FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cryphonectria parasitica, which causes chestnut blight, is one of the most important pathogens of forest trees. In Europe, mycovirus-mediated biocontrol is the most efficient method to control the disease but can be impeded by the lack of information about the population structure of the fungus within a region. In particular, sexual reproduction and the new introduction of the pathogen can complicate biocontrol strategies. For this reason, this study aimed to determine the population structure of C. parasitica, which causes chestnut blight, in the northern Italian region of South Tyrol, using eleven multilocus microsatellite markers. Fifty-one haplotypes were found across South Tyrol, belonging to three divergent clusters. Recombinant genotypes demonstrated that sexual reproduction occurs across the different clusters. The most dominant genotypes in the region were also the most dominant in neighboring areas, such as Switzerland, northern Italy and France. All of the clusters from South Tyrol were related to the Italian genotype pool and are thought to have been introduced from northern Italian and other European populations due to naturally occurring gene flow or human-mediated introduction. At least three separate introduction events of C. parasitica might have happened in South Tyrol that could be separated by time. This study demonstrated a high genetic diversity of C. parasitica in South Tyrol and helped to shed light on the sexual reproduction and introduction events in the local populations.
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Manea A, Tabassum S, Fernandez Winzer L, Leishman MR. Susceptibility to the fungal plant pathogen Austropuccinia psidii is related to monoterpene production in Australian Myrtaceae species. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn 2010, the fungal plant pathogen that causes Myrtle rust, Austropuccinia psidii, which is native to South America, was first detected in Australia and has since had significant impacts on several Australian Myrtaceae species. Despite this, our understanding of the role secondary metabolites play in plant susceptibility to A. psidii is limited. This study aimed to determine: (1) whether secondary metabolite (phenolics, terpenes) production is induced after A. psidii inoculation and if so, (2) how their production relates to A. psidii susceptibility. To test these aims, we selected seven Myrtaceae species that have a wide range of within-species variability in their susceptibility to A. psidii. We found that five of the study species significantly increased either their phenolic or sesquiterpene production post-inoculation suggesting their pre-inoculation secondary metabolite levels were not sufficient to combat A. psidii infection. The two species (Angophora costata and Corymbia citriodora) that did not increase their secondary metabolite production post-inoculation tended to have the greatest pre-inoculation production levels amongst the species. Interestingly, across all species, monoterpenes were the only secondary metabolite found to reduce plant susceptibility to A. psidii. This study contributes to our limited understanding of the role that secondary metabolites play in plant susceptibility to A. psidii. In light of these findings, future research should aim to identify biomarkers (e.g. individual chemical compounds) that confer resistance to A. psidii, so that individuals with these biomarkers can be utilised in commercial and conservation projects.
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Noah PH, Cagle NL, Westbrook JW, Fitzsimmons SF. Identifying resilient restoration targets: Mapping and forecasting habitat suitability for Castanea dentata in Eastern USA under different climate-change scenarios. CLIMATE CHANGE ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecochg.2021.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ježić M, Schwarz JM, Prospero S, Sotirovski K, Risteski M, Ćurković-Perica M, Nuskern L, Krstin L, Katanić Z, Maleničić E, Poljak I, Idžojtić M, Rigling D. Temporal and Spatial Genetic Population Structure of Cryphonectria parasitica and Its Associated Hypovirus Across an Invasive Range of Chestnut Blight in Europe. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1327-1337. [PMID: 33417482 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0405-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chestnut blight has spread throughout Europe since the introduction of its causal agent, Cryphonectria parasitica, >70 years ago. In our study, we analyzed the diversity of vegetative compatibility (vc) and microsatellite genotypes of C. parasitica, as well as sequence diversity of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) in six populations from Switzerland, Croatia, and North Macedonia. Resampling of local populations that were already investigated more than a decade ago allowed us to analyze the spatial and temporal population structure across an invasive range of the pathogen in Europe. Regardless of which genetic marker was used, the >60-year-old Swiss and Croatian populations had high population diversity, whereas more recent North Macedonian populations were mostly clonal. These diversity differences between the investigated populations remained stable over time. A high diversity of CHV1 was observed in all three countries, with North Macedonian strains forming a separate cluster from strains obtained in other countries. No correlation between vc diversity and CHV1 prevalence was observed, suggesting a well-established and maintained natural hypovirulence in all countries, further corroborated by an observed increase in genetic diversity of Croatian C. parasitica populations over time, without collapse of CHV1 prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Ježić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Simone Prospero
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kiril Sotirovski
- Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Mihajlo Risteski
- Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Mirna Ćurković-Perica
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Nuskern
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Krstin
- University J. J. Strossmayer of Osijek, Department of Biology, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zorana Katanić
- University J. J. Strossmayer of Osijek, Department of Biology, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ema Maleničić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Poljak
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marilena Idžojtić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniel Rigling
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Newhouse AE, Allwine AE, Oakes AD, Matthews DF, McArt SH, Powell WA. Bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) survival, pollen usage, and reproduction are not affected by oxalate oxidase at realistic concentrations in American chestnut (Castanea dentata) pollen. Transgenic Res 2021; 30:751-764. [PMID: 34110572 PMCID: PMC8580921 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00263-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic American chestnut trees expressing a wheat gene for oxalate oxidase (OxO) can tolerate chestnut blight, but as with any new restoration material, they should be carefully evaluated before being released into the environment. Native pollinators such as bumble bees are of particular interest: Bombus impatiens use pollen for both a source of nutrition and a hive building material. Bees are regular visitors to American chestnut flowers and likely contribute to their pollination, so depending on transgene expression in chestnut pollen, they could be exposed to this novel source of OxO during potential restoration efforts. To evaluate the potential risk to bees from OxO exposure, queenless microcolonies of bumble bees were supplied with American chestnut pollen containing one of two concentrations of OxO, or a no-OxO control. Bees in microcolonies exposed to a conservatively estimated field-realistic concentration of OxO in pollen performed similarly to no-OxO controls; there were no significant differences in survival, bee size, pollen use, hive construction activity, or reproduction. A ten-fold increase in OxO concentration resulted in noticeable but non-significant decreases in some measures of pollen usage and reproduction compared to the no-OxO control. These effects are similar to what is often seen when naturally produced secondary metabolites are supplied to bees at unrealistically high concentrations. Along with the presence of OxO in many other environmental sources, these data collectively suggest that oxalate oxidase at field-realistic concentrations in American chestnut pollen is unlikely to present substantial risk to bumble bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Newhouse
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Anastasia E Allwine
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Allison D Oakes
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Dakota F Matthews
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Scott H McArt
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 2130 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - William A Powell
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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11
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Langen TA, Cannon CH, Blackburn DC, Morgan EL, Mera PE. Discovering and Applying the Urban Rules of Life to Design Sustainable and Healthy Cities. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1237-1252. [PMID: 33956145 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The city and its urban biome provides an extreme laboratory for studying fundamental biological questions and developing best practices for sustaining biodiverse and well-functioning ecological communities within anthropogenic built environments. We propose by studying urban organisms, urban biotic communities, the urban biome, and the interactions between the urban biome and peri-urban built and natural environments, we can (1) discover new 'rules of life' for the structure, function, interaction, and evolution of organisms;(2) use these discoveries to understand how novel emerging biotic communities affect and are affected by anthropogenic environmental changes in climate and other environmental factors; and (3) apply what we have learned to engage residents of the urban biome, and design cities that are more biologically diverse, are provided with more and better ecosystem services, and are more equitable and healthier places to live. The built environment of the urban biome is a place that reflects history, economics, technology, governance, culture, and values of the human residents; research on and applications of the rules of life in the urban biome can be used by all residents in making choices about the design of the cities where they live. Because inhabitants are directly invested in the environmental quality of their neighborhoods, research conducted in and about the urban environment provides a great opportunity to engage wide and diverse communities of people. Given the opportunity to engage a broad constituency - from basic researchers to teachers, civil engineers, landscape planners, and concerned citizens - studying the translation of the rules of life onto the urban environment will result in an integrative and cross-cutting set of questions and hypotheses, and will foster a dialogue among citizens about the focus of urban biome research and its application toward making more equitable, healthy, livable, sustainable, and biodiverse cities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric L Morgan
- Agricultural Leadership, Education, and Communications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Paola E Mera
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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12
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Royo AA, Vickers LA, Long RP, Ristau TE, Stoleson SH, Stout SL. The Forest of Unintended Consequences: Anthropogenic Actions Trigger the Rise and Fall of Black Cherry. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The twentieth century confluence of clear-cutting, deer overabundance, and rising nitrogen deposition favored dominance by the shade-intolerant, unpalatable, and nitrogen-demanding black cherry (Prunus serotina) throughout the Allegheny Plateau of the eastern United States. The abundance of this species conferred unique and valuable ecological and economic benefits that shaped regional biodiversity and societies. Sustaining these values is increasingly difficult because black cherry, seemingly inexplicably, has experienced diminished establishment, growth, and survival in the twenty-first century. In the present article, we chronicle the change and assess underlying drivers through a literature review and new analyses. We found negative plant–soil microbial feedback loops and lowered nitrogen deposition are biologically, temporally, and geographically consistent with observed declines. The evidence suggests that black cherry dynamics are the unintended consequence of actions and policies ostensibly unconnected to forests. We suggest that these shifts are a bellwether of impending changes to forests, economies, and ownership patterns regionally and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Royo
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Forestry Science Lab, Irvine, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Lance A Vickers
- University of Missouri's School of Natural Resources, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Robert P Long
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Forestry Science Lab, Irvine, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Todd E Ristau
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Forestry Science Lab, Irvine, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Scott H Stoleson
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Forestry Science Lab, Irvine, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Susan L Stout
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Forestry Science Lab, Irvine, Pennsylvania, United States
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A worldwide perspective of the legislation and regulations governing sentinel plants. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dennert F, Meyer JB, Rigling D, Prospero S. Assessing the Phytosanitary Risk Posed by an Intraspecific Invasion of Cryphonectria parasitica in Europe. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:2055-2063. [PMID: 31411547 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-19-0197-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific cryptic invasions may occur when new strains of an invasive species are introduced into an area where this species had already been introduced previously. In plant pathogens, such invasions are not well studied, even if, potentially, they can have severe consequences. Here, we investigated the effects of a potential intraspecific invasion in Europe of Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that (i) non-European strains are more virulent on Castanea sativa than those already present in Europe because they have never encountered this new host, and (ii) the variation in virulence among strains is higher within native than within introduced populations. In a greenhouse, 2-year-old C. sativa seedlings were inoculated with Cryphonectria parasitica strains from South Korea, the United States, and Switzerland, and lesion development and seedling mortality were recorded weekly. Additionally, growth and sporulation of the strains were measured in vitro on agar medium at 15 and 24°C. Although lesion growth was similar for all strains, seedlings inoculated with strains from South Korea and Switzerland died faster than seedlings inoculated with strains from the United States. Moreover, in vitro strains from South Korea grew faster and produced more spores at both temperatures than the strains from the other two countries. In conclusion, our results did not support the two hypotheses. All strains, regardless of their origin, were found to be highly virulent on the inoculated chestnut seedlings. Nevertheless, current phytosanitary measures to avoid the introduction of new genotypes of C. parasitica into Europe should be further implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Dennert
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Joana Beatrice Meyer
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Forest Protection and Forest Health Section, Federal Office for the Environment FOEN, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Simone Prospero
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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15
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Thakur MP, van der Putten WH, Cobben MMP, van Kleunen M, Geisen S. Microbial invasions in terrestrial ecosystems. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:621-631. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Powell WA, Newhouse AE, Coffey V. Developing Blight-Tolerant American Chestnut Trees. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:a034587. [PMID: 31110131 PMCID: PMC6601460 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An invasive fungal pathogen has reduced the American chestnut (Castanea dentata), once a keystone tree species within its natural range in the eastern United States and Canada, to functional extinction. To help restore this important canopy tree, blight-tolerant American chestnut trees have been developed using an oxalate oxidase-encoding gene from wheat. This enzyme breaks down oxalate, which is produced by the pathogen and forms killing cankers. Expressing oxalate oxidase results in blight tolerance, where the tree and the fungus can coexist, which is a more evolutionarily stable relationship than direct pathogen resistance. Genetic engineering (GE) typically makes a very small change in the tree's genome, potentially avoiding incompatible gene interactions that have been detected in some chestnut hybrids. The GE American chestnut also retains all the wild American chestnut's alleles for habitat adaptation, which are important for a forest ecosystem restoration program.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Powell
- American Chestnut Research and Restoration Project, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Andrew E Newhouse
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Vernon Coffey
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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Wang W, Liu Q, Li G, Liu F, Chen S. Phylogeny and Pathogenicity of Celoporthe Species from Plantation Eucalyptus in Southern China. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:1915-1927. [PMID: 30265219 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-17-2002-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The family of Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales) includes many important tree pathogens, such as those that cause severe cankers on Eucalyptus trees. Recently, stem canker and cracked bark were observed on 8-year-old Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla trees in a plantation in southern China. Fruiting structures typical of Cryphonectriaceae fungi were observed on the surface of the diseased tissues. In this study, the isolated fungi were identified based on DNA sequence analyses and morphological characteristics, and their pathogenicity was tested on three Eucalyptus clones. DNA sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (including the intervening 5.8S nrRNA gene), two regions of β-tubulin (BT2/BT1), and partial translation elongation factor1-α (TEF-1α), indicated that these isolates represent Celoporthe syzygii and one previously undescribed species. The undescribed species was also morphologically distinct from the other species of Celoporthe. The new species was described and named C. cerciana sp. nov. The results of this study based on the ITS, BT2/BT1, and TEF-1α sequences indicated that more than one haplotype was isolated from the same Eucalyptus tree. The findings of a previous study, whereby C. eucalypti was isolated from the same plantation as that of this study, revealed the high species diversity of Celoporthe within a single plantation, which is associated with a single Eucalyptus sp. in southern China. The results further suggested that hybridization may occur between C. syzygii and C. eucalypti. In addition to the Eucalyptus trees, C. syzygii was also isolated from native Melastoma candidum in the same Eucalyptus plantation. The inoculation results showed that these fungi isolated from E. grandis × E. urophylla and M. candidum are pathogenic to all three tested E. grandis hybrid clones. Significant differences in tolerance were observed between the tested Eucalyptus clones, suggesting that disease-tolerant Eucalyptus genotypes can be selected for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang 524022, GuangDong Province, China
| | - QianLi Liu
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang 524022, GuangDong Province, China
| | - GuoQing Li
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang 524022, GuangDong Province, China
| | - FeiFei Liu
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang 524022, GuangDong Province, China
| | - ShuaiFei Chen
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang 524022, GuangDong Province, China
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Showalter DN, Raffa KF, Sniezko RA, Herms DA, Liebhold AM, Smith JA, Bonello P. Strategic Development of Tree Resistance Against Forest Pathogen and Insect Invasions in Defense-Free Space. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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19
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Vannini A, Morales-Rodriguez C, Aleandri M, Bruni N, Dalla Valle M, Mazzetto T, Martignoni D, Vettraino A. Emerging new crown symptoms on Castanea sativa (Mill.): Attempting to model interactions among pests and fungal pathogens. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:911-917. [PMID: 30115325 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Stone JK, Pinkerton JN, Johnson KB. Axenic culture ofAnisogramma anomala: Evidence for self-inhibition of ascospore germination and colony growth. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1994.12026468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K. Stone
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2902
| | - J. N. Pinkerton
- USDA ARS Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - K. B. Johnson
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2902
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21
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Powell WA. Vegetative incompatibility and mycelial death of Cryphonectria parasitica detected with a pH indicator. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1995.12026592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. A. Powell
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, 13210-2788
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22
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Milgroom MG, Wang K, Zhou Y, Lipari SE, Kaneko S. Intercontinental population structure of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1996.12026642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerong Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Susanne E. Lipari
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Shigeru Kaneko
- Forest Microbiology Section, Forestry and Forest Products, Research Institute, P.O. Box 16, Tsukuba Norin Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Ibaraki 305, Japan
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Ježić M, Mlinarec J, Vuković R, Katanić Z, Krstin L, Nuskern L, Poljak I, Idžojtić M, Tkalec M, Ćurković-Perica M. Changes in Cryphonectria parasitica Populations Affect Natural Biological Control of Chestnut Blight. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:870-877. [PMID: 29442579 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-17-0252-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Invasive species, especially plant pathogens, have a potential to completely eradicate native plant species and remodel landscapes. Tripartite interactions among sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), chestnut blight-causing invasive fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, and hyperparasitic virus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) were studied in two populations. The number of different vegetative compatibility (vc) types of C. parasitica more than doubled over the 10 years, while the hypovirulence incidence dropped in one population and slightly increased in the other one. Over the course of our 3-year monitoring experiment, the prevalence of hypovirulent isolates obtained from monitored cankers increased slowly (i.e., more hypovirulent isolates were being obtained from the same cankers over time). Within studied cankers, considerable changes in vc type and CHV1 presence were observed, indicating a highly dynamic system in which virulent and hypovirulent mycelia, sometimes of discordant vc types, often appeared together. The increase in hypovirulence prevalence did not have any observable curative effect on the cankers and, occasionally, reactivation of healed cankers by new, virulent C. parasitica isolates was observed. Both short- and long-term observations and revalidation of the infected plant populations are necessary to accurately estimate disease progress and formulate an adequate disease management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Ježić
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Mlinarec
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rosemary Vuković
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zorana Katanić
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Krstin
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Nuskern
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Poljak
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marilena Idžojtić
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirta Tkalec
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirna Ćurković-Perica
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
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Forest Regeneration Following Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairemaire) Enhances Mesophication in Eastern Hardwood Forests. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9060353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Abstract
The kingdom Fungi is one of the more diverse clades of eukaryotes in terrestrial ecosystems, where they provide numerous ecological services ranging from decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling to beneficial and antagonistic associations with plants and animals. The evolutionary relationships of the kingdom have represented some of the more recalcitrant problems in systematics and phylogenetics. The advent of molecular phylogenetics, and more recently phylogenomics, has greatly advanced our understanding of the patterns and processes associated with fungal evolution, however. In this article, we review the major phyla, subphyla, and classes of the kingdom Fungi and provide brief summaries of ecologies, morphologies, and exemplar taxa. We also provide examples of how molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary genomics have advanced our understanding of fungal evolution within each of the phyla and some of the major classes. In the current classification we recognize 8 phyla, 12 subphyla, and 46 classes within the kingdom. The ancestor of fungi is inferred to be zoosporic, and zoosporic fungi comprise three lineages that are paraphyletic to the remainder of fungi. Fungi historically classified as zygomycetes do not form a monophyletic group and are paraphyletic to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are each monophyletic and collectively form the subkingdom Dikarya.
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Yang Q, Fan XL, Du Z, Tian CM. Diaporthosporellaceae, a novel family of Diaporthales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota). MYCOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sandino J, Pegg G, Gonzalez F, Smith G. Aerial Mapping of Forests Affected by Pathogens Using UAVs, Hyperspectral Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18040944. [PMID: 29565822 PMCID: PMC5948945 DOI: 10.3390/s18040944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The environmental and economic impacts of exotic fungal species on natural and plantation forests have been historically catastrophic. Recorded surveillance and control actions are challenging because they are costly, time-consuming, and hazardous in remote areas. Prolonged periods of testing and observation of site-based tests have limitations in verifying the rapid proliferation of exotic pathogens and deterioration rates in hosts. Recent remote sensing approaches have offered fast, broad-scale, and affordable surveys as well as additional indicators that can complement on-ground tests. This paper proposes a framework that consolidates site-based insights and remote sensing capabilities to detect and segment deteriorations by fungal pathogens in natural and plantation forests. This approach is illustrated with an experimentation case of myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii) on paperbark tea trees (Melaleuca quinquenervia) in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The method integrates unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), hyperspectral image sensors, and data processing algorithms using machine learning. Imagery is acquired using a Headwall Nano-Hyperspec® camera, orthorectified in Headwall SpectralView®, and processed in Python programming language using eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL), and Scikit-learn third-party libraries. In total, 11,385 samples were extracted and labelled into five classes: two classes for deterioration status and three classes for background objects. Insights reveal individual detection rates of 95% for healthy trees, 97% for deteriorated trees, and a global multiclass detection rate of 97%. The methodology is versatile to be applied to additional datasets taken with different image sensors, and the processing of large datasets with freeware tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sandino
- Insitute for Future Environments; Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Geoff Pegg
- Horticulture & Forestry Science, Department of Agriculture & Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Rd Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Felipe Gonzalez
- Insitute for Future Environments; Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Grant Smith
- BioProtection Technologies, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Gerald St, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand.
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Piotrowska MJ, Riddell C, Hoebe PN, Ennos RA. Planting exotic relatives has increased the threat posed by Dothistroma septosporum to the Caledonian pine populations of Scotland. Evol Appl 2018; 11:350-363. [PMID: 29632553 PMCID: PMC5881121 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To manage emerging forest diseases and prevent their occurrence in the future, it is essential to determine the origin(s) of the pathogens involved and identify the management practices that have ultimately caused disease problems. One such practice is the widespread planting of exotic tree species within the range of related native taxa. This can lead to emerging forest disease both by facilitating introduction of exotic pathogens and by providing susceptible hosts on which epidemics of native pathogens can develop. We used microsatellite markers to determine the origins of the pathogen Dothistroma septosporum responsible for the current outbreak of Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) on native Caledonian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) populations in Scotland and evaluated the role played by widespread planting of two exotic pine species in the development of the disease outbreak. We distinguished three races of D. septosporum in Scotland, one of low genetic diversity associated with introduced lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), one of high diversity probably derived from the DNB epidemic on introduced Corsican pine (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio) in England and a third of intermediate diversity apparently endemic on Caledonian Scots pine. These races differed for both growth rate and exudate production in culture. Planting of exotic pine stands in the UK appears to have facilitated the introduction of two exotic races of D. septosporum into Scotland which now pose a threat to native Caledonian pines both directly and through potential hybridization and introgression with the endemic race. Our results indicate that both removal of exotic species from the vicinity of Caledonian pine populations and restriction of movement of planting material are required to minimize the impact of the current DNB outbreak. They also demonstrate that planting exotic species that are related to native species reduces rather than enhances the resilience of forests to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta J. Piotrowska
- Crop and Soil Systems Research GroupScotland's Rural CollegeEdinburghUK
- The Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and BioengineeringHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | - Carolyn Riddell
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologyAshworth LaboratoriesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Forest ResearchNorthern Research StationRoslinUK
| | - Peter N. Hoebe
- Crop and Soil Systems Research GroupScotland's Rural CollegeEdinburghUK
| | - Richard A. Ennos
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologyAshworth LaboratoriesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Bauman JM, Francino S, Santas A. Interactions between ectomycorrhizal fungi and chestnut blight ( Cryphonectria parasitica) on American chestnut ( Castanea dentata) used in coal mine restoration. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:104-122. [PMID: 31294206 PMCID: PMC6605023 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.1.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant and fungal interactions drive successional trajectories within reforestation offering both mutualisms (ectomycorrhizal fungi [ECM]) and fungal pathogens. Appalachian forest and mine reclamation projects re-introducing American chestnut and chestnut hybrids will inevitably document the return of chestnut blight, resulting in cankers causing branch dieback and loss of photosynthetic tissue. Similar to herbivory, the loss of photosynthetic tissue may reduce ECM root colonization and cause changes in fungal species composition. To test this, 75 six-year-old established chestnut trees were selected to represent the following: (1) Healthy trees free of chestnut blight; (2) trees with cankers and 50% branch dieback; (3) trees that died prior to the fifth growing season. Each tree had a chestnut seed planted 24 cm from the base. ECM colonization of both the established parent trees (n = 50) and five-month-old seedlings (n = 64) were quantified and genera determined by fungal DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed (ITS) region. Healthier seven-year-old chestnuts trees had significantly more ECM roots than those trees infected with chestnut blight cankers. However, disease die-back on chestnut did not have an influence on community composition among the parent trees or the neighboring five month seedlings. Results also demonstrated that five-month-old seedlings neighboring healthy parent trees had greater ECM on roots (P = 0.002), were larger in size (P = 0.04), and had greater survival (P = 0.01). ECM genera such as Cortinarius, Russula and Scleroderma provided tree to seedling inoculation. ECM colonization by Cortinarius spp. resulted in larger chestnut plants and increased nitrogen foliar concentrations on the five month seedlings. It can be hypothesized that blight will aid in diversifying forest stand composition and these early ECM networks will help facilitate the survival of other native hardwoods that recruit into these sites over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenise M Bauman
- Western Washington University, Huxley College of the Environment, Bellingham, Washington, 98225, USA
| | - Sarah Francino
- Muskingum University, 163 Stormont Street, New Concord, Ohio, 43762, USA
| | - Amy Santas
- Muskingum University, 163 Stormont Street, New Concord, Ohio, 43762, USA
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Resilience of Phialocephala fortinii s.l. – Acephala applanata communities – Effects of disturbance and strain introduction. FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rigling D, Prospero S. Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight: invasion history, population biology and disease control. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:7-20. [PMID: 28142223 PMCID: PMC6638123 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, is a devastating disease infecting American and European chestnut trees. The pathogen is native to East Asia and was spread to other continents via infected chestnut plants. This review summarizes the current state of research on this pathogen with a special emphasis on its interaction with a hyperparasitic mycovirus that acts as a biological control agent of chestnut blight. TAXONOMY Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr. is a Sordariomycete (ascomycete) fungus in the family Cryphonectriaceae (Order Diaporthales). Closely related species that can also be found on chestnut include Cryphonectria radicalis, Cryphonectria naterciae and Cryphonectria japonica. HOST RANGE Major hosts are species in the genus Castanea (Family Fagaceae), particularly the American chestnut (C. dentata), the European chestnut (C. sativa), the Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima) and the Japanese chestnut (C. crenata). Minor incidental hosts include oaks (Quercus spp.), maples (Acer spp.), European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) and American chinkapin (Castanea pumila). DISEASE SYMPTOMS Cryphonectria parasitica causes perennial necrotic lesions (so-called cankers) on the bark of stems and branches of susceptible host trees, eventually leading to wilting of the plant part distal to the infection. Chestnut blight cankers are characterized by the presence of mycelial fans and fruiting bodies of the pathogen. Below the canker the tree may react by producing epicormic shoots. Non-lethal, superficial or callusing cankers on susceptible host trees are usually associated with mycovirus-induced hypovirulence. DISEASE CONTROL After the introduction of C. parasitica into a new area, eradication efforts by cutting and burning the infected plants/trees have mostly failed. In Europe, the mycovirus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1) acts as a successful biological control agent of chestnut blight by causing so-called hypovirulence. CHV-1 infects C. parasitica and reduces its parasitic growth and sporulation capacity. Individual cankers can be therapeutically treated with hypovirus-infected C. parasitica strains. The hypovirus may subsequently spread to untreated cankers and become established in the C. parasitica population. Hypovirulence is present in many chestnut-growing regions of Europe, either resulting naturally or after biological control treatments. In North America, disease management of chestnut blight is mainly focused on breeding with the goal to backcross the Chinese chestnut's blight resistance into the American chestnut genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for ForestSnow and Landscape Research (WSL)Birmensdorf8903Switzerland
| | - Simone Prospero
- Swiss Federal Institute for ForestSnow and Landscape Research (WSL)Birmensdorf8903Switzerland
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32
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Nuskern L, Tkalec M, Ježić M, Katanić Z, Krstin L, Ćurković-Perica M. Cryphonectria hypovirus 1-Induced Changes of Stress Enzyme Activity in Transfected Phytopathogenic Fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 74:302-311. [PMID: 28160056 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-0945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryphonectria parasitica is a phytopathogenic fungus introduced from Eastern Asia to North America and to Europe, where it causes chestnut blight, a devastating disease of chestnut trees. The disease can be biologically controlled utilising the mycovirus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1), which changes the physiology of the host, reducing its virulence towards chestnut. We measured fungal growth in vitro and activities of glutathione S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase, enzymes involved in oxidative stress response, to elucidate the effects of CHV1 infection on the host. Six CHV1 strains of different subtypes and three fungal isolates were used in different combinations to better represent natural conditions, where higher genetic diversity of both fungus and virus is expected. The infection with different CHV1 strains decreased in vitro growth rate of infected fungal isolates and increased activity of their stress enzymes in most of the studied fungus/virus combinations, indicating increased oxidative stress following CHV1 infection. All our field CHV1 strains belong to the Italian subtype, but while strain M56-1 had equal or even stronger effect on its fungal host than prototypic strain EP713 of French subtype F1, strain B11 had no effect. Thus, the severity of the observed effects depended on a particular virus strain, fungal isolate, and the combination of the two, rather than solely on the virus subtype. Since previous research showed discordance between accumulation of mRNA and stress-related proteins in CHV1 infected C. parasitica, our results emphasise the importance of enzymes' activity measurements as an invaluable extension of transcriptomic and proteomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Nuskern
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulicev trg 9a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirta Tkalec
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulicev trg 9a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Ježić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulicev trg 9a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zorana Katanić
- Department of Biology, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek, Ulica cara Hadrijana 8A, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Krstin
- Department of Biology, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek, Ulica cara Hadrijana 8A, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Mirna Ćurković-Perica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulicev trg 9a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Brusini J, Wayne ML, Franc A, Robin C. The impact of parasitism on resource allocation in a fungal host: the case of Cryphonectria parasitica and its mycovirus, Cryphonectria Hypovirus 1. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5967-5976. [PMID: 28808558 PMCID: PMC5551080 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites are known to profoundly affect resource allocation in their host. In order to investigate the effects of Cryphonectria Hypovirus 1 (CHV1) on the life-history traits of its fungal host Cryphonectria parasitica, an infection matrix was completed with the cross-infection of six fungal isolates by six different viruses. Mycelial growth, asexual sporulation, and spore size were measured in the 36 combinations, for which horizontal and vertical transmission of the viruses was also assessed. As expected by life-history theory, a significant negative correlation was found between host somatic growth and asexual reproduction in virus-free isolates. Interestingly this trade-off was found to be positive in infected isolates, illustrating the profound changes in host resource allocation induced by CHV1 infection. A significant and positive relationship was also found in infected isolates between vertical transmission and somatic growth. This last relationship suggests that in this system, high levels of virulence could be detrimental to the vertical transmission of the parasite. Those results underscore the interest of studying host-parasite interaction within the life-history theory framework, which might permit a more accurate understanding of the nature of the modifications triggered by parasite infection on host biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Brusini
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic InstituteFlorida Atlantic UniversityFort PierceFLUSA
- BIOGECOINRAUniversity of BordeauxCestasFrance
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Marta L. Wayne
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Alain Franc
- BIOGECOINRAUniversity of BordeauxCestasFrance
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Socioeconomic Perspectives on Household Chestnut Fruit Utilization and Chestnut Blight Prevention Efforts in Turkey. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9050831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cipollini M, Dingley NR, Felch P, Maddox C. Evaluation of phenotypic traits and blight-resistance in an American chestnut backcross orchard in Georgia. Glob Ecol Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Robin C, Andanson A, Saint-Jean G, Fabreguettes O, Dutech C. What was old is new again: thermal adaptation within clonal lineages during range expansion in a fungal pathogen. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:1952-1963. [PMID: 28141894 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Range-expanding species are expected to gain an increasing importance in the context of global change. They provide a great opportunity to study contemporary evolutionary changes and to unravel the mechanisms of evolution. Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, originating from Asia, has been spread since the beginning of the 20th century into different continents. We took advantage of the C. parasitica recent emergence in northern France to study the changes in population genetic structure and in phenotypic traits along this colonization and climatic gradient. Four hundred twenty-seven C. parasitica isolates were sampled in 47 chestnut sites in northern France. The C. parasitica outbreak in the north was found to be due to the expansion of five dominant clonal groups from southern France and to the emergence of a few rare recombined genotypes. The evolutionary changes during C. parasitica range expansion were studied by analysing phenotypic changes in isolates from the same clonal lineage, with or without a geographic shift. Growth rates were assessed in vitro, at four temperatures. The northern isolates grew faster at 12 and 15 °C and more slowly at 28 and 32 °C than the southern isolates. These results strongly suggest local adaptation to low temperatures in C. parasitica, with a trade-off of slower growth at high temperatures. They also reflect the high evolutionary potential of C. parasitica along a colonization gradient and show that clonal evolution is not a limitation for the rapid thermal adaptation of this invasive fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Robin
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33610, Cestas, France
| | - Audrey Andanson
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33610, Cestas, France
| | - Gilles Saint-Jean
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33610, Cestas, France
| | - Olivier Fabreguettes
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33610, Cestas, France
| | - Cyril Dutech
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33610, Cestas, France
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Krstin L, Katanić Z, Ježić M, Poljak I, Nuskern L, Matković I, Idžojtić M, Ćurković-Perica M. Biological control of chestnut blight in Croatia: an interaction between host sweet chestnut, its pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica and the biocontrol agent Cryphonectria hypovirus 1. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:582-589. [PMID: 27288259 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chestnut blight, caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, is a severe chestnut disease that can be controlled with naturally occurring hypoviruses in many areas of Europe. The aim of this research was to measure the effect of different Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) strains on the growth of the fungal host and select strains that could potentially be used for human-mediated biocontrol in forests and orchards, and to investigate whether and how chestnut-fungus-virus interactions affect the development and growth of the lesion area on cut stems. RESULTS Two Croatian CHV1 strains (CR23 and M56/1) were selected as potential biocontrol agents. The sequencing of CHV1/ORF-A showed that both of these virus strains belonged to the Italian subtype of CHV1. In vitro transfection of selected virus strains from hypovirulent to genetically diverse virus-free fungal isolates and subsequent inoculation of all virus/fungus combinations on stems of genetically diverse sweet chestnut trees revealed that Croatian virus strain CR23 had an equally hypovirulent effect on the host as the strong French strain CHV1-EP713, while M56/1 had a weaker effect. Furthermore, it was shown that in some cases the same hypovirus/fungus combinations induced various degrees of canker development on different chestnut genotypes. CONCLUSION Some CHV1 strains belonging to the Italian subtype have similar hypovirulent effects on C. parasitica to those belonging to the French subtype. Furthermore, chestnut susceptibility and recovery could be influenced by the response of chestnut trees to particular hypovirulent C. parasitica isolates, and virus-fungus-chestnut interactions could have significant implications for the success of chestnut blight biocontrol. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Krstin
- Department of Biology, University of J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zorana Katanić
- Department of Biology, University of J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marin Ježić
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Poljak
- Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Nuskern
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Matković
- Department of Biology, University of J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marilena Idžojtić
- Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Slinn HL, Barbour MA, Crawford KM, Rodriguez-Cabal MA, Crutsinger GM. Genetic variation in resistance to leaf fungus indirectly affects spider density. Ecology 2017; 98:875-881. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Slinn
- Department of Biology; University of Nevada; 1664 N Virginia street Reno Nevada 89557 USA
| | - Matthew A. Barbour
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Kerri M. Crawford
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry; University of Houston; Houston Texas 77204 USA
| | - Mariano A. Rodriguez-Cabal
- Grupo de Ecologia de Invasiones; INIBIOMA - CONICET; Universidad Nacional del Comahue; CP. 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche Argentina
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40
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Laurel Wilt in Natural and Agricultural Ecosystems: Understanding the Drivers and Scales of Complex Pathosystems. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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41
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Hoegger PJ, Rigling D, Holdenrieder O, Heiniger U. Cryphonectria radicalis: rediscovery of a lost fungus. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2003.11833253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Rigling
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Ursula Heiniger
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Castlebury LA, Rossman AY, Jaklitsch WJ, Vasilyeva LN. A preliminary overview of the Diaporthales based on large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2003.11833157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Y. Rossman
- Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland, USA 20705
| | | | - Larissa N. Vasilyeva
- Institute of Biology & Soil Science, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
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Myburg H, Gryzenhout M, Wingfield BD, Stipes RJ, Wingfield MJ. Phylogenetic relationships ofCryphonectriaandEndothiaspecies, based on DNA sequence data and morphology. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2005.11832899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural, Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Marieka Gryzenhout
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Brenda D. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural, Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - R. Jay Stipes
- Department of Plant Pathology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0331
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural, Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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44
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Landis FC, Gargas A. Using ITS2 secondary structure to create species-specific oligonucleotide probes for fungi. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2007.11832532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank C. Landis
- Botany Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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45
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Liu YC, Milgroom MG. High diversity of vegetative compatibility types inCryphonectria parasiticain Japan and China. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2007.11832587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael G. Milgroom
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-4203
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Gryzenhout M, Myburg H, Wingfield B, Wingfield M. Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales), a new family includingCryphonectria,Chrysoporthe, Endothiaand allied genera. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Gryzenhout
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | | | - B.D. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - M.J. Wingfield
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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47
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Thousand Cankers Disease Complex: A Forest Health Issue that Threatens Juglans Species across the U.S. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7110260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
The tropics produce a range of fruit from tree crops that cannot be grown in colder climates. Bananas, mangos, several nuts, spices, coffee, and cacao are widely traded and much sought after around the world. However, the sustainable production of these tropical tree fruit crops faces significant challenges. Among these, losses due to pests and diseases play a large part in reducing yields, quality, and profitability. Using bananas and cacao as key examples, we outline some of the reasons fungal and oomycete diseases cause such significant losses to tropical tree crops. Cultivation of monocultures derived from limited genetic diversity, environmental conditions conducive for disease development, high levels of disease incidence and severity, a lack of disease resistance in planting materials, shortages of labor, and inadequate infrastructure and investment pose significant challenges, especially for smallholder producers. The expansion of travel and trade has given rise to emerging infectious plant diseases that add further insecurity and pressure. We conclude that holistic actions are needed on multiple fronts to address the growing problem of disease in tropical fruit tree crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Drenth
- Centre for Plant Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - David I Guest
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
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49
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Elmer WH, Marra RE, Li H, Li B. Incidence of Fusarium spp. on the invasive Spartina alterniflora on Chongming Island, Shanghai, China. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-1012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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50
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Mausse-Sitoe SND, Rodas CA, Wingfield MJ, Chen S, Roux J. Endophytic Cryphonectriaceae on native Myrtales: Possible origin of Chrysoporthe canker on plantation-grown Eucalyptus. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:827-35. [PMID: 27268243 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chrysoporthe austroafricana (Cryphonectriaceae) is a damaging canker pathogen on Eucalyptus species in Southern Africa. Recent studies have shown that the fungus occurs on native Syzygium species and that it has apparently undergone a host range expansion from these native trees to infect non-native Eucalyptus. The aim of this study was to consider whether Chr. austroafricana and other Cryphonectriaceae might exist as endophytes in native Myrtaceae, providing a source of inoculum to infect non-native Myrtales. Healthy branches were collected from Myrtaceae in Mozambique, incubated in florist foam, allowed to dry gradually and monitored for the appearance of fruiting bodies resembling species in the Cryphonectriaceae. Isolates were identified based on DNA sequence data. Two species in the Cryphonectriaceae were obtained, representing the first evidence that species in the Cryphonectriaceae occur as endophytes on native Myrtales, thus providing a source of inoculum to infect non-native and susceptible trees. This has important implications regarding the movement of planting stock used by ornamental tree and forestry enterprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia N D Mausse-Sitoe
- Department of Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Carlos A Rodas
- Forestry Protection Programme, Smurfit Kappa - Colombia, Calle 15 #18-109, Puerto Isaacs, Yumbo, Valle, 760502, Colombia
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - ShuaiFei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa; China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China
| | - Jolanda Roux
- Department of Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
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