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Multinuclear MRI in Drug Discovery. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196493. [PMID: 36235031 PMCID: PMC9572840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous development of magnetic resonance imaging broadens the range of applications to newer areas. Using MRI, we can not only visualize, but also track pharmaceutical substances and labeled cells in both in vivo and in vitro tests. 1H is widely used in the MRI method, which is determined by its high content in the human body. The potential of the MRI method makes it an excellent tool for imaging the morphology of the examined objects, and also enables registration of changes at the level of metabolism. There are several reports in the scientific publications on the use of clinical MRI for in vitro tracking. The use of multinuclear MRI has great potential for scientific research and clinical studies. Tuning MRI scanners to the Larmor frequency of a given nucleus, allows imaging without tissue background. Heavy nuclei are components of both drugs and contrast agents and molecular complexes. The implementation of hyperpolarization techniques allows for better MRI sensitivity. The aim of this review is to present the use of multinuclear MRI for investigations in drug delivery.
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Iravani K, Mehrabani D, Doostkam A, Azarpira N, Iranpour P, Bahador M, Mehravar S. Use of MRI to Assess the Regenerative Effects of Adipose Tissue Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rabbit Cartilaginous Laryngeal Defect Model. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2022; 97:100682. [PMID: 35959231 PMCID: PMC9361331 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2022.100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stenosis and scar formation after repair of laryngeal tissue defects are serious problems that can significantly influence a patient's quality of life. Objective In this study, we evaluated the use of magnetic resonance imaging to assess the efficacy of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) on cartilaginous regeneration in an experimental rabbit model. Methods Ten male white Dutch rabbits each had a 5 mm cartilaginous defect created surgically in the right and left thyroid lamina. On the right side, ASCs labeled with iron oxide particles were infused. As a control, the left side was left untreated. Repair of the defects were then evaluated by direct observation, histological evaluation, and magnetic resonance imaging monitoring done on days 1, 7, 14, and 28. Results Histological examination revealed that compared with control, transplanted ASCs significantly increased cartilage regeneration (P ˂ 0.001), reduced inflammation (P ˂ 0.001), and fibrosis (P = 0.050). Magnetic resonance imaging tracking showed accurate placement and viability of the infused ASCs, as evidenced by low signal intensity onT2 weighted images at the level of the right thyroid cartilage. Conclusions Infusion of ASCs improved laryngeal regeneration of surgically induced cartilaginous defects while decreasing fibrous tissue formation in this in vivo rabbit model. Furthermore, magnetic resonance imaging was shown to be a useful, noninvasive method to track correct ASCs placement and viability in cartilage regeneration in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Iravani
- Otolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Address correspondence to: Kamyar Iravani, MD, Otolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Khalili Hospital, Khalili St, Shiraz, Iran, Postal code: 71936-16641.
| | - Davood Mehrabani
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aida Doostkam
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pooya Iranpour
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Bahador
- Otolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soheila Mehravar
- Otolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Daldrup-Link HE, Theruvath AJ, Rashidi A, Iv M, Majzner RG, Spunt SL, Goodman S, Moseley M. How to stop using gadolinium chelates for magnetic resonance imaging: clinical-translational experiences with ferumoxytol. Pediatr Radiol 2022; 52:354-366. [PMID: 34046709 PMCID: PMC8626538 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gadolinium chelates have been used as standard contrast agents for clinical MRI for several decades. However, several investigators recently reported that rare Earth metals such as gadolinium are deposited in the brain for months or years. This is particularly concerning for children, whose developing brain is more vulnerable to exogenous toxins compared to adults. Therefore, a search is under way for alternative MR imaging biomarkers. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved iron supplement ferumoxytol can solve this unmet clinical need: ferumoxytol consists of iron oxide nanoparticles that can be detected with MRI and provide significant T1- and T2-signal enhancement of vessels and soft tissues. Several investigators including our research group have started to use ferumoxytol off-label as a new contrast agent for MRI. This article reviews the existing literature on the biodistribution of ferumoxytol in children and compares the diagnostic accuracy of ferumoxytol- and gadolinium-chelate-enhanced MRI. Iron oxide nanoparticles represent a promising new class of contrast agents for pediatric MRI that can be metabolized and are not deposited in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike E. Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University
| | - Ashok J. Theruvath
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University
| | - Ali Rashidi
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University
| | - Michael Iv
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University
| | - Robbie G. Majzner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University
| | - Sheri L. Spunt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University
| | | | - Michael Moseley
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University
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He T, Sun S. Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with COX-2 silence and TGF-β3 overexpression in rabbits with antigen-induced arthritis. Exp Cell Res 2022; 410:112945. [PMID: 34838812 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), especially genetically modified MSCs, have become a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through modulating immune responses. However, most MSCs used in the treatment of RA are modified based on a single gene. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of human BMSCs (hBMSCs) with COX-2 silence and TGF-β3 overexpression in the treatment of RA in a rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS hBMSCs were cotransfected with shCOX-2 and TGF-β3 through lentiviral vector delivery. After SPIO-Molday ION Rhodamine-B™ (MIRB) labeling, lenti-shCOX2-TGF-β3 hBMSCs, lenti-shCOX2 hBMSCs, lenti-TGF-β3 hBMSCs, hBMSCs without genetic modification, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were injected into the knee joint of rabbits with antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). The diameter of the knee joint and soft-tissue swelling score (STS) were recorded, and the levels of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were evaluated by ELISA. Clinical 3.0T MR imaging (MRI) was used to track the distribution and dynamic migration of hBMSCs in the joint. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assays were conducted to localize labeled hBMSCs and assess the alteration of synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cartilage damage. RESULTS COX-2 silencing and TGF-β3 overexpression in hBMSCs were confirmed through real-time PCR and Western blot analyses. Reduced joint diameter, soft-tissue swelling (STS) score, and PGE2, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression were detected 4 weeks after injection of MIRB-labeled lenti-shCOX2-TGF-β3 hBMSCs into the joint in rabbits with AIA. Eight weeks after hBMSC injection, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, improved hyperplasia of the synovial lining, recovered cartilage damage, and increased matrix staining were observed in joints injected with lenti-shCOX2-TGF-β3 hBMSCs and lenti-shCOX2 hBMSCs. Slight synovial hyperplasia, no surface fibrillation, and strong positive expression of collagen II staining in chondrocytes and cartilage matrix were detected in the joints 12 weeks after injection of lenti-shCOX2-TGF-β3 hBMSCs. In addition, hBMSCs were detected by MRI imaging throughout the process of hBMSC treatment. CONCLUSION Intra-articular injection of hBMSCs with COX-2 silence and TGFβ3 overexpression not only significantly inhibited joint inflammation and synovium hyperplasia, but also protected articular cartilage at the early stage. In addition, intra-articular injection of hBMSCs with COX-2 silence and TGFβ3 overexpression promoted chondrocyte and matrix proliferation. This study provides an alternative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of RA using genetically modified hBMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian He
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China; Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, 264400, China
| | - Shui Sun
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
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An artificial membrane binding protein-polymer surfactant nanocomplex facilitates stem cell adhesion to the cartilage extracellular matrix. Biomaterials 2021; 276:120996. [PMID: 34280823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the major challenges within the emerging field of injectable stem cell therapies for articular cartilage (AC) repair is the retention of sufficient viable cell numbers at the site of injury. Even when delivered via intra-articular injection, the number of stem cells retained at the target is often low and declines rapidly over time. To address this challenge, an artificial plasma membrane binding nanocomplex was rationally designed to provide human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) with increased adhesion to articular cartilage tissue. The nanocomplex comprises the extracellular matrix (ECM) binding peptide of a placenta growth factor-2 (PlGF-2) fused to a supercharged green fluorescent protein (scGFP), which was electrostatically conjugated to anionic polymer surfactant chains to yield [S-]scGFP_PlGF2. The [S-]scGFP_PlGF2 nanocomplex spontaneously inserts into the plasma membrane of hMSCs, is not cytotoxic, and does not inhibit differentiation. The nanocomplex-modified hMSCs showed a significant increase in affinity for immobilised collagen II, a key ECM protein of cartilage, in both static and dynamic cell adhesion assays. Moreover, the cells adhered strongly to bovine ex vivo articular cartilage explants resulting in high cell numbers. These findings suggest that the re-engineering of hMSC membranes with [S-]scGFP_PlGF2 could improve the efficacy of injectable stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of damaged articular cartilage.
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Berninger MT, Rodriguez-Gonzalez P, Schilling F, Haller B, Lichtenstein T, Imhoff AB, Rummeny EJ, Anton M, Vogt S, Henning TD. Bifunctional Labeling of Rabbit Mesenchymal Stem Cells for MR Imaging and Fluorescence Microscopy. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:303-312. [PMID: 31209781 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Longitudinal imaging studies are important in the translational process of stem cell-based therapies. Small animal imaging models are widely available and practical but insufficiently depict important morphologic detail. In contrary, large animal models are logistically challenging and costly but offer greater imaging quality. In order to combine the advantages of both, we developed an intermediate-sized rabbit animal model for cartilage imaging studies. PROCEDURES Rabbit mesenchymal stem cells (rMSC) were isolated as primary cultures from the bone marrow of New Zealand white rabbits. rMSC were subsequentially transduced lentivirally with eGFP and magnetically labeled with the iron oxide ferucarbotran. eGFP expression was evaluated by flow cytometry and iron uptake was analyzed by isotope dilution mass spectrometry and Prussian blue staining. Fluorescence microscopy of eGFP-transduced rMSC was performed. Viability and induction of apoptosis were assessed by XTT and caspase-3/-7 measurements. The chondrogenic potential of labeled cells was quantified by glycosaminoglycan contents in TGF-β3 induced pellet cultures. Labeled and unlabeled cells underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 1.5 T before and after differentiation using T1-, T2-, and T2*-weighted pulse sequences. Relaxation rates were calculated. rMSCs were implanted in fibrin clots in osteochondral defects of cadaveric rabbit knees and imaged by 7 T MRI. T2* maps were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed using multiple regression models. RESULTS Efficiency of lentiviral transduction was greater than 90 %. Fluorescence signal was dose dependent. Cellular iron uptake was significant for all concentrations (p < 0.05) and dose dependent (3.3-56.5 pg Fe/cell). Labeled rMSC showed a strong, dose-dependent contrast on all MR pulse sequences and a significant decrease in T2 and T2* relaxation rates. Compared with non-transduced or unlabeled controls, there were no adverse effects on cell viability, rate of apoptosis, or chondrogenic differentiation. MRI of labeled rMSCs in osteochondral defects showed a significant signal of the transplant with additional high-resolution anatomical information. CONCLUSIONS This intermediate-sized rabbit model and its bifunctional labeling technique allow for improved depiction of anatomic detail for noninvasive in vivo rMSC tracking with MRI and for immunohistological correlation by fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus T Berninger
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Trauma Surgery, BG Trauma Center Murnau, Prof.-Küntscher-Strasse 8, 82418, Murnau, Germany.
| | | | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haller
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Andreas B Imhoff
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst J Rummeny
- Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Anton
- Institute for Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Vogt
- Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias D Henning
- Section of Neuroradiology, Uniklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany
- Section of Neuroradiology, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder, Trier, Germany
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Freitag J, Wickham J, Shah K, Li D, Norsworthy C, Tenen A. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy combined with arthroscopic abrasion arthroplasty regenerates cartilage in patients with severe knee osteoarthritis: a case series. Regen Med 2020; 15:1957-1977. [PMID: 33084503 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADMSC) therapy in combination with arthroscopic abrasion arthroplasty (AAA) in advanced knee osteoarthritis (OA). Materials & methods: 27 patients with Grade IV OA of the knee underwent AAA and ADMSC therapy (50 × 106 ADMSCs at baseline and 6 months). Clinical outcome was assessed over 36 months. Structural change was determined using MRI. Results: Treatment was well tolerated with no serious adverse events. Clinically significant improvements in pain and function were observed. Reproducible hyaline-like cartilage regeneration was seen in all participants. Conclusion: ADMSC therapy combined with AAA in Grade IV OA results in reproducible pain, functional and structural improvements. This represents a joint preservation technique for patients with advanced OA of the knee. Trial registration number: ACTRN12617000638336.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Freitag
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia.,Magellan Stem Cells, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Stem Cell Centre, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Wickham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - Kiran Shah
- Magellan Stem Cells, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Douglas Li
- Magellan Stem Cells, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia.,Orthopaedics Sports Arthroplasty, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Abi Tenen
- Magellan Stem Cells, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Stem Cell Centre, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia.,School of Primary Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Victoria, Australia
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Shelat R, Bhatt LK, Paunipagar B, Kurian T, Khanna A, Chandra S. Regeneration of hyaline cartilage in osteochondral lesion model using L-lysine magnetic nanoparticles labeled mesenchymal stem cells and their in vivo imaging. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1604-1617. [PMID: 32840054 DOI: 10.1002/term.3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of osteochondral defects continues to pose a major challenge for patients and orthopedic surgeons due to the limited healing potential of articular cartilage. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess therapeutic potential for the treatment of osteochondral pain and pathology. However, it is necessary to use proper labeling and imaging agent of stem cells that can decipher its role posttransplantation. A major limitation of routinely used contrast agents is signal dilution over a period of time which limits its use for further studies. At the same time, regeneration of fibrocartilage over native hyaline cartilage also limits the use of conventional therapies. The present study evaluates the efficacy of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) for the treatment of osteochondral defect in rats with the regeneration of hyaline cartilage in situ and in vivo monitoring of the stem cells using L-lysine functionalized magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (lys-IONPs). L-lysine stabilizes the iron oxide nanoparticles, enhances the biocompatibility, and provides functionalities for efficient stem cell labeling. in vitro toxic effects of lys-IONPs on mitochondrial impairment, morphological alterations, and actin cytoskeleton reveal minimum damage to BM-MSCs. Histological data (H and E, Masson's trichrome and immunohistochemistry) describe the early initiation of healing and regeneration of hyaline-like cartilage over fibrocartilage in stem cell treated groups. MR scans demonstrate generation of hypointense signals in lys-IONPs-BMSCs with improved signal intensity and minimum loss over 28 days revealing its use as a long-term stem cell labeling and imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchita Shelat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS University, Mumbai, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Aparna Khanna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS University, Mumbai, India.,Computational Biology and Translational Research, Amity University, Mumbai, India
| | - Sudeshna Chandra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS University, Mumbai, India
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9
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Freitag J, Shah K, Wickham J, Li D, Norsworthy C, Tenen A. Evaluation of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy in focal chondral defects of the knee: a pilot case series. Regen Med 2020; 15:1703-1717. [PMID: 32735154 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the safety, pain, functional and structural improvements after autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADMSC) therapy in combination with arthroscopic abrasion arthroplasty in focal chondral defects of the knee. Methods: Eight patients with a focal full thickness chondral defect of the knee underwent arthroscopic abrasion arthroplasty followed by postoperative intra-articular injections of autologous ADMSCs (50 × 106 ADMSCs at baseline and 6 months). Clinical outcome was assessed using numeric pain rating scale, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. Structural outcome was determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Outcome was assessed over 24 months. Results: No serious adverse events occurred. Participants observed clinically significant improvement in pain and function. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis showed cartilage regeneration with T2 mapping values comparable to hyaline cartilage. Conclusion: Arthroscopic abrasion arthroplasty in combination with intra-articular ADMSC therapy results in reproducible pain, functional and structural improvements with regeneration of hyaline-like cartilage. Trial registration number: ACTRN12617000638336.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Freitag
- Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia.,Magellan Stem Cells, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Stem Cell Centre, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kiran Shah
- Magellan Stem Cells, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia.,Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Douglas Li
- Orthopaedics Sports Arthroplasty, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Abi Tenen
- Magellan Stem Cells, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Stem Cell Centre, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia.,Monash University, Monash, Victoria, Australia
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Suciu M, Ionescu CM, Ciorita A, Tripon SC, Nica D, Al-Salami H, Barbu-Tudoran L. Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:1092-1109. [PMID: 32802712 PMCID: PMC7404288 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have unique properties with regard to biological and medical applications. SPIONs have been used in clinical settings although their safety of use remains unclear due to the great differences in their structure and in intra- and inter-patient absorption and response. This review addresses potential applications of SPIONs in vitro (formulations), ex vivo (in biological cells and tissues) and in vivo (preclinical animal models), as well as potential biomedical applications in the context of drug targeting, disease treatment and therapeutic efficacy, and safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Suciu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Biology and Geology Faculty, Babes-Bolyai University, 5–7 Clinicilor Str., Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, 400006, Romania
- Electron Microscopy Integrated Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Str., Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, 400293, Romania
| | - Corina M Ionescu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Biology and Geology Faculty, Babes-Bolyai University, 5–7 Clinicilor Str., Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, 400006, Romania
| | - Alexandra Ciorita
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Biology and Geology Faculty, Babes-Bolyai University, 5–7 Clinicilor Str., Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, 400006, Romania
- Electron Microscopy Integrated Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Str., Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, 400293, Romania
| | - Septimiu C Tripon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Biology and Geology Faculty, Babes-Bolyai University, 5–7 Clinicilor Str., Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, 400006, Romania
- Electron Microscopy Integrated Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Str., Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, 400293, Romania
| | - Dragos Nica
- Functional Sciences Department, Medical Faculty, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Timis County, 300041, Romania
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, the School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Lucian Barbu-Tudoran
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Biology and Geology Faculty, Babes-Bolyai University, 5–7 Clinicilor Str., Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, 400006, Romania
- Electron Microscopy Integrated Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Str., Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, 400293, Romania
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11
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Zare S, Mehrabani D, Jalli R, Saeedi Moghadam M, Manafi N, Mehrabani G, Jamhiri I, Ahadian S. MRI-Tracking of Dental Pulp Stem Cells In Vitro and In Vivo Using Dextran-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1418. [PMID: 31505807 PMCID: PMC6780915 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to track dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) labeled with dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Dental pulp was isolated from male Sprague Dawley rats and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium F12 (DMEM-F12) and 10% fetal bovine serum. Effects of SPIONs on morphology, viability, apoptosis, stemness, and osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of DPSCs were assessed. Prussian blue staining and MRI were conducted to determine in vitro efficiency of SPIONs uptake by the cells. Both non-labeled and labeled DPSCs were adherent to culture plates and showed spindle-shape morphologies, respectively. They were positive for osteogenic and adipogenic induction and expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) 73 and CD90 biomarkers, but negative for expression of CD34 and CD45 biomarkers. The SPIONs were non-toxic and did not induce apoptosis in doses less than 25 mg/mL. Internalization of the SPIONs within the DPSCs was confirmed by Prussian blue staining and MRI. Our findings revealed that the MRI-based method could successfully monitor DPSCs labeled with dextran-coated SPIONs without any significant effect on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, viability, and stemness of DPSCs. We provided the in vitro evidence supporting the feasibility of an MRI-based method to monitor DPSCs labeled with SPIONs without any significant reduction in viability, proliferation, and differentiation properties of labeled cells, showing that internalization of SPIONs within DPSCs were not toxic at doses less than 25 mg/mL. In general, the SPION labeling does not seem to impair cell survival or differentiation. SPIONs are biocompatible, easily available, and cost effective, opening a new avenue in stem cell labeling in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrokh Zare
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars 71348-14336, Iran.
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biotechnology and Agriculture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Fars 71987-74731, Iran.
| | - Davood Mehrabani
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars 71348-14336, Iran.
- Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars 71987-74731, Iran.
- Comparative and Experimental Medicine Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars 71348-14336, Iran.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Reza Jalli
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars 71348-14336, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Saeedi Moghadam
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars 71348-14336, Iran.
| | - Navid Manafi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran 14348-75451, Iran.
| | - Golshid Mehrabani
- Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Iman Jamhiri
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars 71348-14336, Iran.
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90049, USA.
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Theruvath AJ, Nejadnik H, Lenkov O, Yerneni K, Li K, Kuntz L, Wolterman C, Tuebel J, Burgkart R, Liang T, Felt S, Daldrup-Link HE. Tracking Stem Cell Implants in Cartilage Defects of Minipigs by Using Ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI. Radiology 2019; 292:129-137. [PMID: 31063081 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2019182176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Cartilage repair outcomes of matrix-associated stem cell implants (MASIs) in patients have been highly variable. Conventional MRI cannot help distinguish between grafts that will and grafts that will not repair the underlying cartilage defect until many months after the repair. Purpose To determine if ferumoxytol nanoparticle labeling could be used to depict successful or failed MASIs compared with conventional MRI in a large-animal model. Materials and Methods Between January 2016 and December 2017, 10 Göttingen minipigs (n = 5 male; n = 5 female; mean age, 6 months ± 5.1; age range, 4-20 months) received implants of unlabeled (n = 12) or ferumoxytol-labeled (n = 20) viable and apoptotic MASIs in cartilage defects of the distal femur. All MASIs were serially imaged with MRI on a 3.0-T imaging unit at week 1 and weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24, with calculation of T2 relaxation times. Cartilage regeneration outcomes were assessed by using the MR observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) score (scale, 0-100), the Pineda score, and histopathologic quantification of collagen 2 production in the cartilage defect. Findings were compared by using the unpaired Wilcoxon rank sum test, a linear regression model, the Fisher exact test, and Pearson correlation. Results Ferumoxytol-labeled MASIs showed significant T2 shortening (22.2 msec ± 3.2 vs 27.9 msec ± 1.8; P < .001) and no difference in cartilage repair outcomes compared with unlabeled control MASIs (P > .05). At week 2 after implantation, ferumoxytol-labeled apoptotic MASIs showed a loss of iron signal and higher T2 relaxation times compared with ferumoxytol-labeled viable MASIs (26.6 msec ± 4.9 vs 20.8 msec ± 5.3; P = .001). Standard MRI showed incomplete cartilage defect repair of apoptotic MASIs at 24 weeks. Iron signal loss at 2 weeks correlated with incomplete cartilage repair, diagnosed at histopathologic examination at 12-24 weeks. Conclusion Ferumoxytol nanoparticle labeling can accelerate the diagnosis of successful and failed matrix-associated stem cell implants at MRI in a large-animal model. © RSNA, 2019 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Sneag and Potter in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok J Theruvath
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (A.J.T., H.N., O.L., K.Y., K.L., L.K., C.W., T.L., H.E.D.), Department of Comparative Medicine (S.F.), and Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany (A.J.T.); and Department of Orthopedics and Sportorthopedics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (L.K., J.T., R.B.)
| | - Hossein Nejadnik
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (A.J.T., H.N., O.L., K.Y., K.L., L.K., C.W., T.L., H.E.D.), Department of Comparative Medicine (S.F.), and Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany (A.J.T.); and Department of Orthopedics and Sportorthopedics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (L.K., J.T., R.B.)
| | - Olga Lenkov
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (A.J.T., H.N., O.L., K.Y., K.L., L.K., C.W., T.L., H.E.D.), Department of Comparative Medicine (S.F.), and Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany (A.J.T.); and Department of Orthopedics and Sportorthopedics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (L.K., J.T., R.B.)
| | - Ketan Yerneni
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (A.J.T., H.N., O.L., K.Y., K.L., L.K., C.W., T.L., H.E.D.), Department of Comparative Medicine (S.F.), and Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany (A.J.T.); and Department of Orthopedics and Sportorthopedics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (L.K., J.T., R.B.)
| | - Kai Li
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (A.J.T., H.N., O.L., K.Y., K.L., L.K., C.W., T.L., H.E.D.), Department of Comparative Medicine (S.F.), and Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany (A.J.T.); and Department of Orthopedics and Sportorthopedics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (L.K., J.T., R.B.)
| | - Lara Kuntz
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (A.J.T., H.N., O.L., K.Y., K.L., L.K., C.W., T.L., H.E.D.), Department of Comparative Medicine (S.F.), and Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany (A.J.T.); and Department of Orthopedics and Sportorthopedics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (L.K., J.T., R.B.)
| | - Cody Wolterman
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (A.J.T., H.N., O.L., K.Y., K.L., L.K., C.W., T.L., H.E.D.), Department of Comparative Medicine (S.F.), and Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany (A.J.T.); and Department of Orthopedics and Sportorthopedics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (L.K., J.T., R.B.)
| | - Jutta Tuebel
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (A.J.T., H.N., O.L., K.Y., K.L., L.K., C.W., T.L., H.E.D.), Department of Comparative Medicine (S.F.), and Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany (A.J.T.); and Department of Orthopedics and Sportorthopedics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (L.K., J.T., R.B.)
| | - Rainer Burgkart
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (A.J.T., H.N., O.L., K.Y., K.L., L.K., C.W., T.L., H.E.D.), Department of Comparative Medicine (S.F.), and Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany (A.J.T.); and Department of Orthopedics and Sportorthopedics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (L.K., J.T., R.B.)
| | - Tie Liang
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (A.J.T., H.N., O.L., K.Y., K.L., L.K., C.W., T.L., H.E.D.), Department of Comparative Medicine (S.F.), and Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany (A.J.T.); and Department of Orthopedics and Sportorthopedics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (L.K., J.T., R.B.)
| | - Stephen Felt
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (A.J.T., H.N., O.L., K.Y., K.L., L.K., C.W., T.L., H.E.D.), Department of Comparative Medicine (S.F.), and Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany (A.J.T.); and Department of Orthopedics and Sportorthopedics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (L.K., J.T., R.B.)
| | - Heike E Daldrup-Link
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) (A.J.T., H.N., O.L., K.Y., K.L., L.K., C.W., T.L., H.E.D.), Department of Comparative Medicine (S.F.), and Department of Pediatrics (H.E.D.), Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany (A.J.T.); and Department of Orthopedics and Sportorthopedics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (L.K., J.T., R.B.)
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Markides H, Newell KJ, Rudorf H, Ferreras LB, Dixon JE, Morris RH, Graves M, Kaggie J, Henson F, El Haj AJ. Ex vivo MRI cell tracking of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells in an ovine osteochondral defect model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:25. [PMID: 30635066 PMCID: PMC6330448 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteochondral injuries represent a significant clinical problem requiring novel cell-based therapies to restore function of the damaged joint with the use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) leading research efforts. Pre-clinical studies are fundamental in translating such therapies; however, technologies to minimally invasively assess in vivo cell fate are currently limited. We investigate the potential of a MRI- (magnetic resonance imaging) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION)-based technique to monitor cellular bio-distribution in an ovine osteochondral model of acute and chronic injuries. METHODS MSCs were isolated, expanded and labelled with Nanomag, a 250-nm SPION, and using a novel cell-penetrating technique, glycosaminoglycan-binding enhanced transduction (GET). MRI visibility thresholds, cellular toxicity and differentiation potential post-labelling were assessed in vitro. A single osteochondral defect was created in the medial femoral condyle in the left knee joint of each sheep with the contralateral joint serving as the control. Cells, either GET-Nanomag labelled or unlabelled, were delivered 1 week or 4.5 weeks later. Sheep were sacrificed 7 days post implantation and immediately MR imaged using a 0.2-T MRI scanner and validated on a 3-T MRI scanner prior to histological evaluation. RESULTS MRI data demonstrated a significant increase in MRI contrast as a result of GET-Nanomag labelling whilst cell viability, proliferation and differentiation capabilities were not affected. MRI results revealed evidence of implanted cells within the synovial joint of the injured leg of the chronic model only with no signs of cell localisation to the defect site in either model. This was validated histologically determining the location of implanted cells in the synovium. Evidence of engulfment of Nanomag-labelled cells by leukocytes is observed in the injured legs of the chronic model only. Finally, serum c-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured by ELISA with no obvious increase in CRP levels observed as a result of P21-8R:Nanomag delivery. CONCLUSION This study has the potential to be a powerful translational tool with great implications in the clinical translation of stem cell-based therapies. Further, we have demonstrated the ability to obtain information linked to key biological events occurring post implantation, essential in designing therapies and selecting pre-clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hareklea Markides
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Healthcare Technologies Institute, Birmingham University, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karin J. Newell
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Heike Rudorf
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0ES UK
| | - Lia Blokpoel Ferreras
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - James E. Dixon
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, NG11 8NF UK
| | - Robert H. Morris
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, NG11 8NF UK
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Martin Graves
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Joshua Kaggie
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Frances Henson
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0ES UK
| | - Alicia J. El Haj
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Healthcare Technologies Institute, Birmingham University, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
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Ota Y, Kamei N, Tamaura T, Adachi N, Ochi M. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Cartilage Repair and Iron Particle Kinetics After Magnetic Delivery of Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 24:679-687. [PMID: 30398400 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This study is very important as a preclinical study of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment after magnetic targeting of mesenchymal stem cells. The findings of this study show that MRI is useful for evaluating the regenerative process of cartilage with magnetic targeting and kinetics of iron particles, and is less invasive without any complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ota
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naosuke Kamei
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,2 Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tamaura
- 3 Department of Radiology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuo Adachi
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Ochi
- 4 Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
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In Vitro Neural Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Carrying the FTH1 Reporter Gene and Detection with MRI. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1978602. [PMID: 30046590 PMCID: PMC6038692 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1978602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on the ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) reporter gene has been used to trace stem cells. However, whether FTH1 expression is affected by stem cell differentiation or whether cell differentiation is affected by reporter gene expression remains unclear. Here, we explore the relationship between FTH1 expression and neural differentiation in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) carrying FTH1 into neuron-like cells and investigate the feasibility of using FTH1 as an MRI reporter gene to detect neurally differentiated cells. By inducing cell differentiation with all-trans retinoic acid and a modified neuronal medium, MSCs and MSCs-FTH1 were successfully differentiated into neuron-like cells (Neurons and Neurons-FTH1), and the neural differentiation rates were (91.56±7.89)% and (92.23±7.64)%, respectively. Neuron-specific markers, including nestin, neuron-specific enolase, and microtubule-associated protein-2, were significantly expressed in Neurons-FTH1 and Neurons without noticeable differences. On the other hand, FTH1 was significantly expressed in MSCs-FTH1 and Neurons-FTH1 cells, and the expression levels were not significantly different. The R2 value was significantly increased in MSCs-FTH1 and Neurons-FTH1 cells, which was consistent with the findings of Prussian blue staining, transmission electron microscopy, and intracellular iron measurements. These results suggest that FTH1 gene expression did not affect MSC differentiation into neurons and was not affected by neural differentiation. Thus, MRI reporter gene imaging based on FTH1 can be used for the detection of neurally differentiated cells from MSCs.
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Nejadnik H, Taghavi-Garmestani SM, Madsen SJ, Li K, Zanganeh S, Yang P, Mahmoudi M, Daldrup-Link HE. The Protein Corona around Nanoparticles Facilitates Stem Cell Labeling for Clinical MR Imaging. Radiology 2017; 286:938-947. [PMID: 29091749 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017170130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate if the formation of a protein corona around ferumoxytol nanoparticles can facilitate stem cell labeling for in vivo tracking with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Materials and Methods Ferumoxytol was incubated in media containing human serum (group 1), fetal bovine serum (group 2), StemPro medium (group 3), protamine (group 4), and protamine plus heparin (group 5). Formation of a protein corona was characterized by means of dynamic light scattering, ζ potential, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Iron uptake was evaluated with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine-Prussian blue staining, lysosomal staining, and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. To evaluate the effect of a protein corona on stem cell labeling, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were labeled with the above formulations, implanted into pig knee specimens, and investigated with T2-weighted fast spin-echo and multiecho spin-echo sequences on a 3.0-T MR imaging unit. Data in different groups were compared by using a Kruskal-Wallis test. Results Compared with bare nanoparticles, all experimental groups showed significantly increased negative ζ values (from -37 to less than -10; P = .008). Nanoparticles in groups 1-3 showed an increased size because of the formation of a protein corona. hMSCs labeled with group 1-5 media showed significantly shortened T2 relaxation times compared with unlabeled control cells (P = .0012). hMSCs labeled with group 3 and 5 media had the highest iron uptake after cells labeled with group 1 medium. After implantation into pig knees, hMSCs labeled with group 1 medium showed significantly shorter T2 relaxation times than hMSCs labeled with group 2-5 media (P = .0022). Conclusion The protein corona around ferumoxytol nanoparticles can facilitate stem cell labeling for clinical cell tracking with MR imaging. © RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Nejadnik
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (H.N., S.M.T., K.L., S.Z., H.E.D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.Y., M.M.), Stanford School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (S.J.M.)
| | - Seyed-Meghdad Taghavi-Garmestani
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (H.N., S.M.T., K.L., S.Z., H.E.D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.Y., M.M.), Stanford School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (S.J.M.)
| | - Steven J Madsen
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (H.N., S.M.T., K.L., S.Z., H.E.D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.Y., M.M.), Stanford School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (S.J.M.)
| | - Kai Li
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (H.N., S.M.T., K.L., S.Z., H.E.D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.Y., M.M.), Stanford School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (S.J.M.)
| | - Saeid Zanganeh
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (H.N., S.M.T., K.L., S.Z., H.E.D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.Y., M.M.), Stanford School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (S.J.M.)
| | - Phillip Yang
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (H.N., S.M.T., K.L., S.Z., H.E.D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.Y., M.M.), Stanford School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (S.J.M.)
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (H.N., S.M.T., K.L., S.Z., H.E.D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.Y., M.M.), Stanford School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (S.J.M.)
| | - Heike E Daldrup-Link
- From the Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (H.N., S.M.T., K.L., S.Z., H.E.D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.Y., M.M.), Stanford School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (S.J.M.)
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Iyer SR, Xu S, Stains JP, Bennett CH, Lovering RM. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Musculoskeletal Biology. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2017; 23:373-385. [PMID: 27998240 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of platelet-rich plasma and mesenchymal stem cells has garnered much attention in orthopedic medicine, focusing on the biological aspects of cell function. However, shortly after systemic delivery, or even a local injection, few of the transplanted stem cells or platelets remain at the target site. Improvement in delivery, and the ability to track and monitor injected cells, would greatly improve clinical translation. Nanoparticles can effectively and quickly label most cells in vitro, and evidence to date suggests such labeling does not compromise the proliferation or differentiation of cells. A specific type of nanoparticle, the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION), is already employed as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. SPIONs can be coupled with cells or bioactive molecules (antibodies, proteins, drugs, etc.) to form an injectable complex for in vivo use. The biocompatibility, magnetic properties, small size, and custom-made surface coatings also enable SPIONs to be used for delivering and monitoring of small molecules, drugs, and cells, specifically to muscle, bone, or cartilage. Because SPIONs consist of cores made of iron oxides, targeting of SPIONs to a specific muscle, bone, or joint in the body can be enhanced with the help of applied gradient magnetic fields. Moreover, MRI has a high sensitivity to SPIONs and can be used for noninvasive determination of successful delivery and monitoring distribution in vivo. Gaps remain in understanding how the physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials affect biological systems. Nonetheless, SPIONs hold great promise for regenerative medicine, and progress is being made rapidly toward clinical applications in orthopedic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama R Iyer
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Su Xu
- 2 Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph P Stains
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Craig H Bennett
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard M Lovering
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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Fluorescence molecular tomography of DiR-labeled mesenchymal stem cell implants for osteochondral defect repair in rabbit knees. Eur Radiol 2016; 27:1105-1113. [PMID: 27329519 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess labelling efficiency of rabbit mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) using the near-infrared dye 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide (DiR) and detection of labelled MSCs for osteochondral defect repair in a rabbit model using fluorescence molecular tomography-X-ray computed tomography (FMT-XCT). METHODS MSCs were isolated from New Zealand White rabbits and labelled with DiR (1.25-20 μg/mL). Viability and induction of apoptosis were assessed by XTT- and Caspase-3/-7-testing. Chondrogenic potential was evaluated by measurement of glycosaminoglycans. Labelled cells and unlabeled controls (n = 3) underwent FMT-XCT imaging before and after chondrogenic differentiation. Osteochondral defects were created surgically in rabbit knees (n = 6). Unlabeled and labelled MSCs were implanted in fibrin-clots and imaged by FMT-XCT. Statistical analyses were performed using multiple regression models. RESULTS DiR-labelling of MSCs resulted in a dose-dependent fluorescence signal on planar images in trans-illumination mode. No significant reduction in viability or induction of apoptosis was detected at concentrations below 10 μg DiR/mL (p > .05); the chondrogenic potential of MSCs was not affected (p > .05). FMT-XCT of labelled MSCs in osteochondral defects showed a significant signal of the transplant (p < .05) with additional high-resolution anatomical information about its osteochondral integration. CONCLUSIONS FMT-XCT allows for detection of stem cell implantation within osteochondral regeneration processes. KEY POINTS • DiR-labelling of MSCs shows no toxic side effects or impairment of chondrogenesis. • Fluorescence molecular tomography allows for detection of MSCs for osteochondral defect repair. • FMT-XCT helps to improve evaluation of cell implantation and osteochondral regeneration processes.
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Macrophage phagocytosis alters the MRI signal of ferumoxytol-labeled mesenchymal stromal cells in cartilage defects. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25897. [PMID: 27174199 PMCID: PMC4865731 DOI: 10.1038/srep25897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are a promising tool for cartilage regeneration in arthritic joints. hMSC labeling with iron oxide nanoparticles enables non-invasive in vivo monitoring of transplanted cells in cartilage defects with MR imaging. Since graft failure leads to macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, we evaluated in vitro and in vivo whether nanoparticle-labeled hMSCs show distinct MR signal characteristics before and after phagocytosis by macrophages. We found that apoptotic nanoparticle-labeled hMSCs were phagocytosed by macrophages while viable nanoparticle-labeled hMSCs were not. Serial MRI scans of hMSC transplants in arthritic joints of recipient rats showed that the iron signal of apoptotic, nanoparticle-labeled hMSCs engulfed by macrophages disappeared faster compared to viable hMSCs. This corresponded to poor cartilage repair outcomes of the apoptotic hMSC transplants. Therefore, rapid decline of iron MRI signal at the transplant site can indicate cell death and predict incomplete defect repair weeks later. Currently, hMSC graft failure can be only diagnosed by lack of cartilage defect repair several months after cell transplantation. The described imaging signs can diagnose hMSC transplant failure more readily, which could enable timely re-interventions and avoid unnecessary follow up studies of lost transplants.
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Mahmoud EE, Kamei G, Harada Y, Shimizu R, Kamei N, Adachi N, Misk NA, Ochi M. Cell Magnetic Targeting System for Repair of Severe Chronic Osteochondral Defect in a Rabbit Model. Cell Transplant 2015; 25:1073-83. [PMID: 26419946 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x689613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate a cell delivery system for repair of severe chronic osteochondral defects using magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells (m-MSCs), with the aid of an external magnetic device, through the accumulation of a small number of m-MSCs into a desired area and to detect the suitable number of autologous m-MSCs needed for repair of the defect. Twenty-six male Japanese white rabbits aged 6 months were used. An osteochondral defect was created bilaterally at the weight-bearing surface of the medial femoral condyle of the rabbits' knees (3 mm diameter; 4 mm depth). At 4 weeks after creation of the defect, autogenic transplantation of the m-MSCs into the defect area was performed, followed by 10-min exposure to an external magnetic device, where animals were divided into four groups: high (1 × 10(6) m-MSCs), medium (2 × 10(5) m-MSCs), low (4 × 10(4) m-MSCs), and control (PBS injection). At 4 and 12 weeks posttransplantation of m-MSCs, repaired tissue was assessed histologically using the Fortier score with toluidine blue staining. Transplantation of a low number of m-MSCs was not enough to improve osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, but the medium and high groups improved repair of the chronic defect with chondrogenic tissues and showed histologically significantly better results than the control and low groups. The use of a magnetic targeting system for delivering m-MSCs has the potential to overcome the clinical hurdles for repair of the severe chronic osteochondral defect. Furthermore, this system is predicted to produce good clinical outcomes for humans, not only to repair osteochondral defects but also to repair a variety of damaged tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elhussein Elbadry Mahmoud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Integrated Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Eichaker LR, Cho H, Duvall CL, Werfel TA, Hasty KA. Future nanomedicine for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 9:2203-15. [PMID: 25405797 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for osteoarthritis (OA) are largely palliative until the joints become totally dysfunctional and prosthetic replacement becomes necessary. Effective methods are needed for diagnosing OA and monitoring its progression during its early stages, when the effects of therapeutic drugs or biological agents are most likely to be effective. Theranostic nanosomes and nanoparticles have the potential to noninvasively detect, track and treat the early stages of OA. As articular cartilage does not regenerate once it is degraded, cell-based treatments aided by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle tracking are attractive future treatment modalities for the later stages of OA progression, when significant cartilage replacement is needed. This article will describe the current and future translational approaches for the detection and noninvasive treatment of degenerative OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Eichaker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Orthopaedic Surgery/Campbell Clinic, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Nejadnik H, Ye D, Lenkov OD, Donig J, Martin JE, Castillo R, Derugin N, Sennino B, Rao J, Daldrup-Link HE. Magnetic resonance imaging of stem cell apoptosis in arthritic joints with a caspase activatable contrast agent. ACS NANO 2015; 9:1150-60. [PMID: 25597243 PMCID: PMC4441518 DOI: 10.1021/nn504494c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
About 43 million individuals in the U.S. encounter cartilage injuries due to trauma or osteoarthritis, leading to joint pain and functional disability. Matrix-associated stem cell implants (MASI) represent a promising approach for repair of cartilage defects. However, limited survival of MASI creates a significant bottleneck for successful cartilage regeneration outcomes and functional reconstitution. We report an approach for noninvasive detection of stem cell apoptosis with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), based on a caspase-3-sensitive nanoaggregation MRI probe (C-SNAM). C-SNAM self-assembles into nanoparticles after hydrolysis by caspase-3, leading to 90% amplification of (1)H MR signal and prolonged in vivo retention. Following intra-articular injection, C-SNAM causes significant MR signal enhancement in apoptotic MASI compared to viable MASI. Our results indicate that C-SNAM functions as an imaging probe for stem cell apoptosis in MASI. This concept could be applied to a broad range of cell transplants and target sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Nejadnik
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Deju Ye
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Olga D. Lenkov
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jessica Donig
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - John E. Martin
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Rostislav Castillo
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Nikita Derugin
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Barbara Sennino
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Heike E. Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Delling U, Brehm W, Metzger M, Ludewig E, Winter K, Jülke H. In vivo tracking and fate of intra-articularly injected superparamagnetic iron oxide particle-labeled multipotent stromal cells in an ovine model of osteoarthritis. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:2379-90. [PMID: 25506789 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x685654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particle-labeled mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were injected intra-articularly into osteoarthritic knee joints. Their fate and distribution were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and macroscopic and histologic postmortem examination. Osteoarthritis was induced in 12 sheep by bilateral meniscectomy. After 6 weeks, one knee joint received 10 × 10(6) SPIO-labeled MSCs (Molday Ion Rhodamine B). Contralateral knees received a control injection of a) PBS, b) SPIO in PBS, c) 10 × 10(6) nonvital SPIO-labeled MSCs in PBS, or d) no injection. MR images were acquired immediately after injection and 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks thereafter using a 0.5-T unit and a T2* sequence. Signal intensity of synovial fluid and synovial lining was assessed semiquantitatively using a scoring system. Viable SPIO-labeled MSCs produced a strong hypointense signal in the synovial fluid immediately after injection, but normal signal intensity of the synovial fluid was observed 1 week later. Synovial lining maintained its hypointensity throughout the study period. Nonvital SPIO-labeled MSCs induced hypointense signals of the synovial fluid; synovial lining appeared weak and inconsistently hypointense in the following weeks. Pure SPIO produced a strong hyperintense signal in the synovial fluid at the time of injection only. Histologically, in all knee joints receiving viable SPIO-labeled MSCs, SPIO particles were detected (Prussian blue) within the synovial lining, dorsal fat pad, and neomeniscus tissue, but not in osteochondral samples. Few SPIO particles were detected in joints injected with nonvital SPIO-labeled MSCs. Immunohistologically, no increased cell death (TUNEL) was observed in the area of detected SPIO particles, but we did observe potential chondrogenic cell differentiation (Safranin O or S100β). We conclude that viable SPIO-labeled MSCs remain detectable within the joint for 12 weeks and attach themselves to some but not all diseased joint structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Delling
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinic for Surgery, Leipzig, Germany
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Markides H, Kehoe O, Morris RH, El Haj AJ. Whole body tracking of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-labelled cells--a rheumatoid arthritis mouse model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:126. [PMID: 24406201 PMCID: PMC3854718 DOI: 10.1186/scrt337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been made possible by the immunosuppressive and differentiation abilities of these cells. A non-invasive means of assessing cell integration and bio-distribution is fundamental in evaluating the risks and success of this therapy, thereby enabling clinical translation. This paper defines the use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in conjunction with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to image and track MSCs in vivo within a murine model of RA. Methods Murine MSCs (mMSCs) were isolated, expanded and labelled with SiMAG, a commercially available particle. In vitro MRI visibility thresholds were investigated by labelling mMSCs with SiMAG with concentrations ranging from 0 to 10 μg/ml and resuspending varying cell doses (103 to 5 × 105 cells) in 2 mg/ml collagen prior to MR-imaging. Similarly, in vivo detection thresholds were identified by implanting 3 × 105 mMSCs labelled with 0 to 10 μg/ml SiMAG within the synovial cavity of a mouse and MR-imaging. Upon RA induction, 300,000 mMSCs labelled with SiMAG (10 μg/ml) were implanted via intra-articular injection and joint swelling monitored as an indication of RA development over seven days. Furthermore, the effect of SiMAG on cell viability, proliferation and differentiation was investigated. Results A minimum particle concentration of 1 μg/ml (300,000 cells) and cell dose of 100,000 cells (5 and 10 μg/ml) were identified as the in vitro MRI detection threshold. Cell viability, proliferation and differentiation capabilities were not affected, with labelled populations undergoing successful differentiation down osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. A significant decrease (P < 0.01) in joint swelling was measured in groups containing SiMAG-labelled and unlabelled mMSCs implying that the presence of SPIONs does not affect the immunomodulating properties of the cells. In vivo MRI scans demonstrated good contrast and the identification of SiMAG-labelled populations within the synovial joint up to 7 days post implantation. This was further confirmed using histological analysis. Conclusions We have been able to monitor and track the migration of stem cell populations within the rheumatic joint in a non-invasive manner. This manuscript goes further to highlight the key characteristics (biocompatible and the ability to create significant contrast at realistic doses within a clinical relevant system) demonstrated by SiMAG that should be incorporated into the design of a new clinically approved tracking agent.
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Khurana A, Chapelin F, Beck G, Lenkov OD, Donig J, Nejadnik H, Messing S, Derugin N, Chan RCF, Gaur A, Sennino B, McDonald DM, Kempen PJ, Tikhomirov GA, Rao J, Daldrup-Link HE. Iron administration before stem cell harvest enables MR imaging tracking after transplantation. Radiology 2013; 269:186-97. [PMID: 23850832 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13130858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether intravenous ferumoxytol can be used to effectively label mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vivo and can be used for tracking of stem cell transplants. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee. Sprague-Dawley rats (6-8 weeks old) were injected with ferumoxytol 48 hours prior to extraction of MSCs from bone marrow. Ferumoxytol uptake by these MSCs was evaluated with fluorescence, confocal, and electron microscopy and compared with results of traditional ex vivo-labeling procedures. The in vivo-labeled cells were subsequently transplanted in osteochondral defects of 14 knees of seven athymic rats and were evaluated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging up to 4 weeks after transplantation. T2 relaxation times of in vivo-labeled MSC transplants and unlabeled control transplants were compared by using t tests. MR data were correlated with histopathologic results. RESULTS In vivo-labeled MSCs demonstrated significantly higher ferumoxytol uptake compared with ex vivo-labeled cells. With electron microscopy, iron oxide nanoparticles were localized in secondary lysosomes. In vivo-labeled cells demonstrated significant T2 shortening effects in vitro and in vivo when they were compared with unlabeled control cells (T2 in vivo, 15.4 vs 24.4 msec; P < .05) and could be tracked in osteochondral defects for 4 weeks. Histologic examination confirmed the presence of iron in labeled transplants and defect remodeling. CONCLUSION Intravenous ferumoxytol can be used to effectively label MSCs in vivo and can be used for tracking of stem cell transplants with MR imaging. This method eliminates risks of contamination and biologic alteration of MSCs associated with ex vivo-labeling procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Khurana
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; Department of Communication and Statistics and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
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Li K, Qin J, Wang X, Xu Y, Shen Z, Lu X, Zhang G. Magnetic resonance imaging monitoring dual-labeled stem cells for treatment of mouse nerve injury. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:1275-85. [PMID: 23727476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have shown great promise in the regenerative repair of injured peripheral nerves. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has provided attractive advantages in tracking superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION)-labeled cells and evaluating their fate after cell transplantation. This study investigated the feasibility of the use of MRI to noninvasively track ADSCs repair of peripheral nerve injury in vivo. METHODS Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing ADSCs were isolated, expanded, differentiated into an SC-like phenotype (GFP-dADSCs) at early passages and subsequently labeled with SPIONs. The morphological and functional properties of the GFP-dADSCs were assessed through the use of immunohistochemistry. The intracellular stability, proliferation and viability of the labeled cells were evaluated in vitro. Through the use of a microsurgical procedure, the labeled cells were then seeded into sciatic nerve conduits in C57/BL6 mice to repair a 1-cm sciatic nerve gap. A clinical 3-T MRI was performed to investigate the GFP-dADSCs in vitro and the transplanted GFP-dADSCs inside the sciatic nerve conduits in vivo. RESULTS The GFP-dADSCs were efficiently labeled with SPIONs, without affecting their viability and proliferation. The labeled cells implanted into the mice sciatic nerve conduit exhibited a significant increase in axonal regeneration compared with the empty conduit and could be detected by MRI. Fluorescent microscopic examination, histological analysis and immunohistochemistry confirmed the axon regeneration and MRI results. CONCLUSIONS These data will elucidate the neuroplasticity of ADSCs and provide a new protocol for in vivo tracking of stem cells that are seeded to repair injured peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangan Li
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Clément O. Science to Practice: dual contrast-enhanced MR imaging to monitor for rejection of pancreatic islet transplantation? Radiology 2013; 266:693-4. [PMID: 23431224 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12122648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Clément
- INSERM, UMR 970 Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou 20 rue Leblanc Paris 75015, France.
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Abstract
To date, several stem cell labeling protocols have been developed, contributing to a fast growing and promising field of stem cell imaging by MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Most of these methods utilize iron oxide nanoparticles (MION, SPIO, USPIO, VSIOP) for cell labeling, which provide negative (dark) signal effects on T2-weighted MR images. The following protocol describes stem cell labeling techniques with commercially available gadolinium chelates, which provide positive contrast on T1-weighted MR images, which can be advantageous for specific applications.
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