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Santhosh VC, Karishma, Khader AA, Ramachandra V, Singh R, Shetty BK, Nimbalkar VK. Effect of periostin in peri-implant sulcular fluid and gingival crevicular fluid: A comparative study. Ann Afr Med 2023; 22:465-469. [PMID: 38358147 PMCID: PMC10775932 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_171_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Various similarities have been observed between gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF). This has resulted in research that has evaluated similar biological fluid markers that are similar to those present within the gingival sulcus. These biomarkers have high sensitivity and are a reliable biological tool when compared to clinical and/or radiographic examination and aid in diagnosis as well as monitoring the progression of periodontal disease surrounding teeth as well as the implants. Aim The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of periostin in peri-implant sulcular and gingival crevicular fluids. Materials and Methods This experimental prospective in vitro analysis was done following clearance by the institutional ethical committee. A total of 100 patients were selected. They were categorized into two groups: (I) Group A patients had peri-implant disease (n = 50), whereas (II) Group B patients had periodontitis (n = 50). Clinical loss of attachment score was noted in six sites around natural teeth and four sites around the implants. Presterilized filter paper strips were inserted within the sulcus/pocket till pressure was felt for 60 s. Periostin concentration levels in GCF and PISF samples were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Statistical analysis of data collected was performed using Shapiro-Wilk statistical tool for normally distributed numerical data. . Results Mean ± standard deviation concentration of periostin in gingival crevicular fluid from periodontitis cases was recorded as 20.15 ± 2.76 ng/30sn, whereas in PISF was 19.23 ± 1.89 ng/30sn. On statistical analysis, no statistically significant differences were seen after comparing the concentration of periostin in periodontitis as well as peri-implantitis groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion The present study analyzed periostin levels in gingival crevicular fluid obtained from patients diagnosed with periodontitis and sulcular fluid obtained from the sulcus around implants. Early biological markers or indicators of inflammation should be studied to determine the prognosis of treatment apart from the clinical assessment for the patient's benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. C. Santhosh
- Department of Periodontics, KMCT Dental College, Manassery, Mukkam, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Karishma
- Department of Dentistry, AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Anas Abdul Khader
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry in ArRass, Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Varun Ramachandra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manubhai Patel Dental College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Rohit Singh
- Department of Prosthodontics Crown Bridge and Implantology, Patna Dental College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - B Kaushik Shetty
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Nitte (Deemed to be University), AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Salah R, Abdulbaqi HR. Short-Term (4 Day) Effects of Oral Rinsing with Miswak and Green Tea on Gingival Crevicular Fluid Flow and IL-1β Levels: A Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11020226. [PMID: 36673594 PMCID: PMC9859132 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the antiplaque effect of mouth-rinsing with a combination composed of miswak (Salvadora persica L.) and green tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) extracts, no data are available regarding its effect on gingival tissue at the molecular level. This pilot study aimed to assess the effect of oral rinsing with this combination on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) flow and IL-1β levels. Ten subjects rinsed with either the combination, 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) or distilled water without toothbrushing for 4 days after receiving baseline polishing. GCF IL-1β concentration, influx, resting volume and plaque quantity were measured at baseline and after 4 days for each intervention. No significant differences in GCF flow or resting volume were detected after rinsing with the different mouthwashes. A significant increase in GCF IL-1β concentration was evident only after rinsing with distilled water. Rinsing with combination induced a significant reduction in GCF influx (-0.086 ± 0.222) compared to CHX (0.088 ± 0.247) and distilled water (0.075 ± 0.201). Less plaque was detected after rinsing with combination and CHX. Short-term oral rinsing with this combination could potentially induce no significant changes in GCF flow and IL-1β concentration, and might retard inflammation. Thus, it might be considered in the production of natural oral healthcare products.
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Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) in Gingival Crevicular Fluid after Regenerative Therapy in Periodontal Intrabony Defects with and without Systemic Antibiotics-Randomized Clinical Trial. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101184. [PMID: 36297241 PMCID: PMC9611622 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to assess changes in the levels of IL-8 and MMP-9 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) collected from the periodontal pocket before and after regenerative surgery with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and collagen membrane (GTR) either independently (DBBM/GTR) or with the postoperative administration of antibiotic (DBBM/GTR+AB). The study involved 41 patients, each with one intrabony defect. IL-8 and MMP-9 were determined before therapy and after 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 6 months following the surgical procedure by means of dedicated ELISA kits. No statistical differences were observed in the levels of IL-8 and MMP-9 after 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 6 months between the groups. The changes in the level of MMP-9 over time were not statistically significant in any group. The changes in the level of IL-8 were significant for the group given antibiotic but not in the nonantibiotic group in the follow-up period. IL-8 and MMP-9 were found to correlate positively but not after 4 weeks in the test group. Current assessment of IL-8 and MMP-9 obtained from GCF samples provides evidence that collagen matrix turnover occurs actively during the early healing phase in the periodontium after regenerative procedures. We observed positive correlations of MMP-9 and IL-8 throughout the study. However, we failed to reveal any differences regard parameters studied between the two groups.
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Enver A, Ozmeric N, Isler SC, Toruner M, Fidan C, Demirci G, Elgun S, DA Silva APB. An Evaluation of Periodontal Status and Cytokine Levels in Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. J Periodontol 2022; 93:1649-1660. [PMID: 35665507 PMCID: PMC10083950 DOI: 10.1002/jper.22-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Periodontal diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD, ulcerative colitis [UC] and Crohn's disease [CD]) have been reported to present with increased salivary and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) concentrations of cytokines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary and GCF levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-17A and their associations with the periodontal statuses of UC, CD and non-IBD patients, and to analyze the interrelationships among these cytokines, IBD conditions, and periodontal diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed with a total of 131 patients (62 women and 69 men, mean age 42.96±13.02 years). Patients were divided into three groups: UC, CD, and non-IBD. Periodontal status was defined according to the 2017 World Workshop Disease Classification. Salivary and GCF cytokine levels were analyzed using ELISA. RESULTS UC and CD patients diagnosed as having periodontitis and gingivitis presented with significantly higher levels of TNF-α and lower levels of IL-10 as compared with non-IBD patients (p<0.05). UC patients diagnosed with periodontitis exhibited significantly higher scores of bleeding on probing (p = 0.011) and increased salivary and GCF IL-1β levels as compared with CD patients (p = 0.005, and 0.012 respectively). Considering the active and remission status of IBD, salivary IL-1β was found to be correlated with the parameters representing the severity of periodontal diseases in active UC and CD patients. CONCLUSION(S) In the presence of periodontal diseases, UC and CD patients showed different expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 in oral secretions as compared with non-IBD patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaz Enver
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Ozmeric
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sila Cagri Isler
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.,School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Murat Toruner
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Fidan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Demirci
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serenay Elgun
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Andre Paes B DA Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Dieterle MP, Husari A, Steinberg T, Wang X, Ramminger I, Tomakidi P. From the Matrix to the Nucleus and Back: Mechanobiology in the Light of Health, Pathologies, and Regeneration of Oral Periodontal Tissues. Biomolecules 2021; 11:824. [PMID: 34073044 PMCID: PMC8228498 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among oral tissues, the periodontium is permanently subjected to mechanical forces resulting from chewing, mastication, or orthodontic appliances. Molecularly, these movements induce a series of subsequent signaling processes, which are embedded in the biological concept of cellular mechanotransduction (MT). Cell and tissue structures, ranging from the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the plasma membrane, the cytosol and the nucleus, are involved in MT. Dysregulation of the diverse, fine-tuned interaction of molecular players responsible for transmitting biophysical environmental information into the cell's inner milieu can lead to and promote serious diseases, such as periodontitis or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Therefore, periodontal integrity and regeneration is highly dependent on the proper integration and regulation of mechanobiological signals in the context of cell behavior. Recent experimental findings have increased the understanding of classical cellular mechanosensing mechanisms by both integrating exogenic factors such as bacterial gingipain proteases and newly discovered cell-inherent functions of mechanoresponsive co-transcriptional regulators such as the Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) or the nuclear cytoskeleton. Regarding periodontal MT research, this review offers insights into the current trends and open aspects. Concerning oral regenerative medicine or weakening of periodontal tissue diseases, perspectives on future applications of mechanobiological principles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Philipp Dieterle
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.P.D.); (X.W.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Ayman Husari
- Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 101, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.P.D.); (X.W.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.P.D.); (X.W.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Imke Ramminger
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.P.D.); (X.W.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Pascal Tomakidi
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.P.D.); (X.W.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
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Abstract
The last decade has witnessed unparalleled advances in our understanding of the complexity of the oral microbiome and the compositional changes that occur in subgingival biofilms in the transition from health to gingivitis and to destructive periodontal disease. The traditional view, which has held sway for the last 2 decades, that disease is characterized by the outgrowth of a consortium, or consortia, of a limited number of potentially pathogenic organisms, has given way to an alternative paradigm. In this new view, the microbiological changes associated with disease represent whole-scale alterations to the overall microbial population structure and to the functional properties of the entire community. Thus, and in common with other microbially mediated diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the normally balanced, symbiotic, and generally benign commensal microbiome of the tooth-associated biofilm undergoes dysbiosis to a potentially deleterious microbiota. Coincident with progress in defining the microbiology of these diseases, there have been equally important advances in our understanding of the inflammatory systems of the periodontal tissues, their control, and how inflammation may contribute both to the development of dysbiosis and, in a deregulated state, the destructive disease process. One can therefore speculate that the inflammatory response and the periodontal microbiome are in a bidirectional balance in oral health and a bidirectional imbalance in periodontitis. However, despite these clear insights into both sides of the host/microbe balance in periodontal disease, there remain several unresolved issues concerning the role of the microbiota in disease. These include, but are not limited to, the factors which determine progression from gingivitis to periodontitis in a proportion of the population, whether dysbiosis causes disease or results from disease, and the molecular details of the microbial stimulus responsible for driving the destructive inflammatory response. Further progress in resolving these issues may provide significant benefit to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike A Curtis
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral& Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia I Diaz
- School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Thomas E Van Dyke
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Rossi V, Romagna R, Angst PDM, Gomes SC. Gingival crevicular fluid response to protocols of non-surgical periodontal therapy: A longitudinal evaluation. Indian J Dent Res 2019; 30:736-741. [PMID: 31854365 DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_148_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Context and Aim Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume reflects the level of periodontal inflammation. This secondary analysis aimed to evaluate the GCF volume in patients submitted to non-surgical periodontal therapies under a split-mouth design. Materials and Methods GCF volume of 25 participants (47.24 ± 6.47 years) with moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis was collected at Days 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 270, and 450. The participants were submitted to three different non-surgical therapies randomly assigned per quadrant [GI: supragingival control (Supra) as only intervention (one quadrant); GII: Supra plus scaling and root planing (SRP) on Day 0 (two quadrants); GIII: Supra on Day 0 and SRP 30 days later (one quadrant)]. During treatment (0-60 days) and maintenance (90-450 days) participants were submitted to supragingival plaque control reinforcements. GCF volumes were analyzed after logarithmic transformation (log10) and linear models were used for intra- and inter-group comparisons, considering the data dependence. Results Baseline GCF volumes were similar between groups (GI: 0.39 ± 0.22 μl; GII: 0.42 ± 0.26 μl; GIII: 0.41 ± 0.14 μl;P > 0.05). At Day 60, GCF volumes were significantly reduced (GI: 0.20 ± 0.13 μl; GII: 0.18 ± 0.11 μl; GIII: 0.22 ± 0.13 μl; P < 0.001), without inter-groups differences. These results were maintained along maintenance period (P > 0.05). Even in sites bleeding on probing (BOP) + the means of GCF volume did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions All therapies determined reductions on the GCF volume along time. Supragingival plaque control modulated the subgingival area during the study, reinforcing the importance of this control over the subgingival inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Rossi
- Private Practice, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rachel Romagna
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Sabrina Carvalho Gomes
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Guarnieri R, Di Nardo D, Gaimari G, Miccoli G, Testarelli L. Influence of restorative margins position on one-stage laser-microgrooved implants-supported single screwed crowns: A clinical, biochemical, and microbiological analysis. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2018; 21:52-59. [PMID: 30475431 DOI: 10.1111/cid.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To clinically, biochemically, and microbiologically evaluate the influence of crown margins position on one-stage laser-microgrooved implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-one-stage titanium implants with a laser-microgrooved collar surface, supporting screwed, single crown restorations, were placed in 20 partially edentulous patients and evaluated. Clinical parameters included modified plaque index, modified gingival index, peri-implant probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and distance between implant shoulder and mucosal margin. The parameters were recorded at baseline (crowns delivery) and at every 6-month recall visit, until the end of the 3 years follow-up period. At the same time intervals, radiographic marginal bone levels were assessed at the mesial and distal aspect of the implant sites. For biochemical analysis, the volume of the peri-implant sulcus fluid, and its levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and of tumor necrosis factor-α, were utilized to evaluate the peri-implant health conditions at the end of the 3-year follow-up period. At the same time, microbiological analysis, including the concentration of five putative periodontal pathogens (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythensis), were assessed. The crown margins positions were classified into four groups (A = intracrevicular position >2 mm, B = intracrevicular position ≤2 mm/<1 mm, C = intracrevicular position ≤1 mm/<0 mm, and D = extracrevicular position), and the biochemical, and microbiological parameters were evaluated at 3 years. RESULTS No statistical differences of clinical and biochemical parameters were found between the four groups. In group A, compared to groups B, C, and D, a statistically significant higher concentration of putative periodontal pathogens was found. CONCLUSIONS Results showed that the intracrevicular deeper position of the restoration margin does not influence the clinical and biochemical peri-implant parameters. The deeper position of the crown margin is associated with a greater amount of putative periodontal pathogenic microflora colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Guarnieri
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Di Nardo
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gaimari
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Miccoli
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Testarelli
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Fernandez y Mostajo M, Exterkate RAM, Buijs MJ, Beertsen W, van der Weijden GA, Zaura E, Crielaard W. A reproducible microcosm biofilm model of subgingival microbial communities. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52:1021-1031. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Fernandez y Mostajo
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - R. A. M. Exterkate
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - M. J. Buijs
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - W. Beertsen
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - G. A. van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - E. Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - W. Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam the Netherlands
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10
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Gunpinar S, Alptekin NO, Dundar N. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in patients with aggressive periodontitis. Oral Dis 2017; 23:763-769. [PMID: 28231622 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and whether GCF MCP-1 levels differ among localized (L) AgP and generalized (G) AgP. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 160 subjects including 80 AgP and 80 age- and gender-matched periodontally healthy (H) controls were recruited in this cross-sectional study (NCT02927704). GCF samples were collected from 160 patients including 50 LAgP, 30 GAgP, and 80 H. Volume of GCF was measured by Periotron 8000® , and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess MCP-1 levels. RESULTS Compared to H controls, all clinical parameters and total amounts (pg 30 s-1 ) of MCP-1 were significantly higher in subjects with LAgP and GAgP (P < 0.05). Although concentrations of GCF MCP-1 did not differ between LAgP and GAgP (P > 0.05), total amounts of MCP-1 were higher in GAgP than LAgP (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION It can be concluded that the total amount of MCP-1 level in GCF may be a potential determinant in AgP subjects. Increased MCP-1 levels in line with the degree of periodontal destruction in GAgP patients reveal that MCP-1 can be used to understand the disease pathogenesis of LAgP and GAgP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gunpinar
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - N O Alptekin
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N Dundar
- Research Center of Dental Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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11
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Evaluation of the Impact of the Clinical Periodontal Status on Volumetric Features of Gingival Crevicular Fluid by using Periotron<sup>®</sup> 8000. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2017. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.26.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Slavish DC, Graham-Engeland JE, Smyth JM, Engeland CG. Salivary markers of inflammation in response to acute stress. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 44:253-69. [PMID: 25205395 PMCID: PMC4275319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is burgeoning interest in the ability to detect inflammatory markers in response to stress within naturally occurring social contexts and/or across multiple time points per day within individuals. Salivary collection is a less invasive process than current methods of blood collection and enables intensive naturalistic methodologies, such as those involving extensive repeated measures per day over time. Yet the reliability and validity of saliva-based to blood-based inflammatory biomarkers in response to stress remains unclear. We review and synthesize the published studies that have examined salivary markers of inflammation following exposure to an acute laboratory stressor. Results from each study are reviewed by analyte (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, CRP) and stress type (social-cognitive and exercise-physical), after which methodological issues and limitations are addressed. Although the literature is limited, several inflammatory markers (including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) have been reliably determined from saliva and have increased significantly in response to stress across multiple studies, with effect sizes ranging from very small to very large. Although CRP from saliva has been associated with CRP in circulating blood more consistently than other biomarkers have been associated with their counterparts in blood, evidence demonstrating it reliably responds to acute stress is absent. Although the current literature is presently too limited to allow broad assertion that inflammatory biomarkers determined from saliva are valuable for examining acute stress responses, this review suggests that specific targets may be valid and highlights specific areas of need for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica C Slavish
- The Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Jennifer E Graham-Engeland
- The Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Joshua M Smyth
- The Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Christopher G Engeland
- The Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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13
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The relationship between oral mucositis and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum and in gingival crevicular fluid in allogeneic stem cell recipients. Support Care Cancer 2014; 23:1749-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-014-2538-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Sağlam M, Köseoğlu S, Savran L, Pekbağriyanik T, Sağlam G, Sütçü R. Levels of interleukin-37 in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, or plasma in periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:614-21. [PMID: 25399716 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the levels of levels of interleukin-37 (IL-37) in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva and plasma in patients with periodontal disease and patients with healthy periodontium and to correlate these levels with clinical parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS Samples of gingival crevicular fluid, whole saliva and plasma were collected from systemically healthy, nonsmoker periodontally healthy controls (group 1, n = 20), gingivitis patients (group 2, n = 20) and chronic periodontitis patients (group 3, n = 20). Full-mouth clinical periodontal parameters, including probing depth, plaque index, gingival index and bleeding on probing, were also recorded. IL-37 levels in the biofluid samples were determined by ELISA. Data were tested statistically using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS The concentration of IL-37 in gingival crevicular fluid was significantly lower in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.001), whereas the total amounts in gingival crevicular fluid samples were similar (p > 0.05). The salivary and plasma concentrations of IL-37 were similar in the study groups (p > 0.05). There were negative correlations between gingival crevicular fluid IL-37 concentrations and gingival crevicular fluid volume in all groups (p < 0.05). There was also a negative correlation between the gingival crevicular fluid IL-37 concentration and gingival index in group 3 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS IL-37 was expressed in all biofluids. According to our findings, the total amount of IL-37 in gingival crevicular fluid, or salivary or plasma concentrations of IL-37, may not be useful diagnostic markers to differentiate periodontal disease and the periodontally healthy condition. The difference in gingival crevicular fluid IL-37 concentration between the study groups may be a result of the variation in gingival crevicular fluid volume, as suggested by the negative correlation between gingival crevicular fluid volume and gingival crevicular fluid IL-37 concentration. In the light of our findings, it seems that IL-37 is not involved in periodontal disease. Further comprehensive studies may clarify this issue more clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sağlam
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - S Köseoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - L Savran
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - T Pekbağriyanik
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - G Sağlam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - R Sütçü
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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15
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Topcu Ali O, Akalin FA, Sahbazoglu KB, Yamalik N, Kilinc K, Karabulut E, Tözüm TF. Nitrite and nitrate levels of gingival crevicular fluid and saliva in subjects with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2014; 5:e5. [PMID: 25089177 PMCID: PMC4115597 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2014.5205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nitrosative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The aim of this study is to analyze the gingival crevicular fluid and saliva nitrite and nitrate levels in periodontally healthy and diseased sites. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 60 individuals including, 20 chronic periodontitis and 20 gingivitis patients and 20 periodontally healthy controls participated in the present study. Probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, gingival index and plaque index were assessed, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva samples were obtained from the subjects, including 480 GCF samples and 60 unstimulated whole saliva samples. Nitrite and nitrate were analyzed by Griess reagent. RESULTS Total GCF nitrite levels were higher in gingivitis and periodontitis groups (1.07 [SD 0.62] nmol and 1.08 [SD 0.59] nmol) than the control group (0.83 [SD 0.31] nmol) (P < 0.05) but did not differ significantly between gingivitis and periodontitis groups (P > 0.05). The difference in GCF nitrate level was not significant among the control, gingivitis and periodontitis groups (7.7 [SD 2.71] nmol, 7.51 [SD 4.16] nmol and 7.38 [SD 1.91] nmol). Saliva nitrite and nitrate levels did not differ significantly among three study groups. Saliva nitrate/nitrite ratios were higher in periodontitis and gingivitis groups than the control group. A gradual decrease in nitrate/nitrite ratio in GCF was detected with the presence of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS It may be suggested that nitrite in gingival crevicular fluid is a better periodontal disease marker than nitrate and may be used as an early detection marker of periodontal inflammation, and that local nitrosative stress markers don't show significant difference between the initial and advanced stages of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkun Topcu Ali
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | - Ferda Alev Akalin
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | | | - Nermin Yamalik
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | - Kamer Kilinc
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | - Erdem Karabulut
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | - Tolga Fikret Tözüm
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
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16
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Bhardwaj S, Prabhuji MLV. Comparative volumetric and clinical evaluation of peri-implant sulcular fluid and gingival crevicular fluid. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2013; 43:233-42. [PMID: 24236246 PMCID: PMC3825991 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2013.43.5.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) has a production mechanism similar to gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). However, limited research has been performed comparing their behavior in response to inflammation. Hence, the aim of the present study was to comparatively evaluate PISF and GCF volume with varying degrees of clinical inflammatory parameters. Methods Screening of patients was conducted. Based on the perimucosal inflammatory status, 39 loaded implant sites were selected from 24 patients, with equal numbers of sites in healthy, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis subgroups. GCF collection was done from age- and sex-matched dentate patients, selected with gingival inflammatory status corresponding to the implant sites. Assessment of the inflammatory status for dental/implant sites was performed using probing depth (PD), plaque index/modified plaque index (PI/mPI), gingival index/simplified gingival index (GI/sGI), and modified sulcular bleeding index (BI). Sample collection was done using standardized absorbent paper strips with volumetric evaluation performed via an electronic volume quantification device. Results Positive correlation of the PISF and GCF volume was seen with increasing PD and clinical inflammatory parameters. A higher correlation of GCF with PD (0.843) was found when compared to PISF (0.771). PISF expressed a higher covariation with increasing grades of sGI (0.885), BI (0.841), and mPI (0.734), while GCF established a moderately positive correlation with GI (0.694), BI (0.696), and PI (0.729). Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, except for minor fluctuations, GCF and PISF volumes demonstrated a similar nature and volumetric pattern through increasing grades of inflammation, with PISF showing better correlation with the clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smiti Bhardwaj
- Department of Periodontology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bangalore, India
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17
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Papathanasiou E, Teles F, Griffin T, Arguello E, Finkelman M, Hanley J, Theoharides TC. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of interferon-γ, but not interleukin-4 or -33 or thymic stromal lymphopoietin, are increased in inflamed sites in patients with periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:55-61. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Papathanasiou
- Department of Periodontology; Tufts University School of Dental Medicine; Boston MA USA
| | - F. Teles
- Department of Periodontology; The Forsyth Institute; Cambridge MA USA
| | - T. Griffin
- Department of Periodontology; Tufts University School of Dental Medicine; Boston MA USA
| | - E. Arguello
- Department of Periodontology; Tufts University School of Dental Medicine; Boston MA USA
| | - M. Finkelman
- Department of Research Administration; Tufts University School of Dental Medicine; Boston MA USA
| | - J. Hanley
- Department of Periodontology; Tufts University School of Dental Medicine; Boston MA USA
| | - T. C. Theoharides
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston MA USA
- Department of Biochemistry; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston MA USA
- Department of Internal Medicine; Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center; Boston MA USA
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18
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Fadel HT, Pliaki A, Gronowitz E, Mårild S, Ramberg P, Dahlèn G, Yucel-Lindberg T, Heijl L, Birkhed D. Clinical and biological indicators of dental caries and periodontal disease in adolescents with or without obesity. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 18:359-68. [PMID: 23515945 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-0972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess clinical, microbiological and inflammatory parameters as indicators for caries and periodontal disease in adolescents with obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-seven adolescents with obesity [body mass index (BMI) 37 ± 4 kg/m(2)] and 28 controls (BMI 20 ± 2 kg/m(2)) answered questionnaires and were investigated regarding salivary parameters, plaque pH drop after a 1-min glucose rinse, oral clinical parameters, inflammatory markers in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and sub-gingival mirobiota. RESULTS Compared with controls, adolescents with obesity had a lower stimulated salivary secretion rate (1.55 ± 0.63 vs. 2.05 ± 1.05 mL/min, p < 0.05), higher concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) (p < 0.001), more decayed tooth surfaces (3.4 ± 6.6 vs. 0.8 ± 1.1, p < 0.05) and more gingivitis (p < 0.01) after controlling for possible confounders. Overall, similar snacking habits, plaque amounts and numbers of deep periodontal pockets were observed. Following the glucose rinse, a slightly more pronounced drop in plaque pH was observed in the obesity group (p > 0.05). No differences in sub-gingival inflammatory or microbial indicators were detected (p > 0.01). CONCLUSIONS More caries and gingival inflammation were observed in adolescents with obesity. Of the indicators tested, salivary secretion rate was lower and sIgA levels were higher in the obesity group. We are unable to confirm whether differences in caries and gingival inflammation are due to systemic changes that are associated with obesity or due to possible irregular dietary/oral hygiene habits. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Customised oral health preventive programmes and appropriate collaboration with medical personnel in selecting the best diet, medication and psychological support can help improve the general well-being, including oral health, of children with obesity. This may even reduce the risk of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani T Fadel
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden,
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19
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Guentsch A, Kramesberger M, Sroka A, Pfister W, Potempa J, Eick S. Comparison of gingival crevicular fluid sampling methods in patients with severe chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2011; 82:1051-60. [PMID: 21235330 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of samplings from periodontal pockets is important in the diagnosis and therapy of periodontitis. In this study, three different sampling techniques were compared to determine whether one method yielded samples suitable for the reproducible and simultaneous determination of bacterial load, cytokines, neutrophil elastase, and arginine-specific gingipains (Rgps). Rgps are an important virulence factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis, the exact concentration of which in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) has not been quantified. METHODS GCF was sampled from four sites per patient (one sample per quadrant using two samples per method) in 36 patients with chronic periodontitis. One week later, the procedure was repeated with alternative methods. Variables determined were loads of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) and P. gingivalis, levels of interleukin-6 and -8, activity of neutrophil elastase, and level of Rgps. RESULTS The detected cytokine levels were higher using paper strips compared to paper points. Bacteria were found in similar loads from paper strips and paper points. Rgps were only detectable in high quantities by washing the periodontal pocket. The level of Rgps correlated with the load of P. gingivalis. CONCLUSIONS The use of paper strips was suitable for the simultaneous determination of microbial and immunologic parameters. Obtaining GCF by washing can be useful for special purposes. The gingipain concentration in periodontal pockets was directly determined to be ≤1.5 μM. This value indicated that most of the substrates of these proteases by in vitro assays identified until now can be easily degraded in P. gingivalis-infected sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Guentsch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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20
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Aspriello SD, Zizzi A, Tirabassi G, Buldreghini E, Biscotti T, Faloia E, Stramazzotti D, Boscaro M, Piemontese M. Diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis: differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Periodontal Res 2010; 46:164-9. [PMID: 21108647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although many studies have appeared about diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis, few have compared periodontitis inflammatory markers between type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and information regarding this issue is scarce and contradictory. We evaluated the levels of plasma C-reactive protein and of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in gingival crevicular fluid in two groups of subjects affected by T1DM and T2DM, in order to identify possible differences between the two classes in the inflammatory mechanisms of diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plasma C-reactive protein and gingival crevicular fluid IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were measured in periodontitis patients affected by type 1 (P-T1DM, n = 24) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (P-T2DM, n = 24). RESULTS Gingival crevicular fluid levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in P-T1DM subjects were significantly higher than in P-T2DM subjects. In P-T1DM subjects, we found significant negative correlations between the duration of diabetes mellitus and IL-1β and between the duration of diabetes mellitus and TNF-α. CONCLUSION This study shows that IL-1β and TNF-α levels in periodontitis patients with T1DM are affected by the duration of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Aspriello
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Clinical and Dental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Torrette, Ancona, Italy
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21
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Güncü GN, Tözüm TF, Güncü MB, Yamalik N, Tümer C, Karabulut E, Kilinç K. Myeloperoxidase as a Measure of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Response in Inflammatory Status Around Immediately and Delayed Loaded Dental Implants: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2008; 10:30-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8208.2007.00058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Lamster IB, Ahlo JK. Analysis of gingival crevicular fluid as applied to the diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1098:216-29. [PMID: 17435131 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1384.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), a serum transudate or inflammatory exudate, can be collected from the gingival crevice surrounding the teeth. As such, the fluid reflects the constituents of serum, the cellular response in the periodontium, and contributions from the gingival crevice. The study of GCF has focused on defining the pathophysiology of periodontal disease, and identification of a potential diagnostic test for active periodontitis. The majority of markers that have been identified as potential candidates for such a test are measures of inflammation (i.e., prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), neutrophil elastase, and the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase). Further, analysis of inflammatory markers in GCF may assist in defining how certain systemic disorders (e.g., diabetes mellitus) can modify periodontal disease, and how periodontal disease/periodontal inflammation can influence certain systemic disorders (i.e., cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases). Methodological concerns related to the collection and analysis of GCF are important factors that need to be considered when studying GCF. Practical concerns argue against the widespread clinical application of GCF as an adjunct to periodontal diagnosis. Rather, analysis of GCF-derived mediators in saliva may serve as a means of rapid screening for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira B Lamster
- Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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23
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Hatipoğlu H, Yamalik N, Berberoğlu A, Eratalay K. Impact of the Distinct Sampling Area on Volumetric Features of Gingival Crevicular Fluid. J Periodontol 2007; 78:705-15. [PMID: 17397319 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volumetric features of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) are under the influence of many factors, including sampling variables. Standardizing such factors may enable a more precise methodology. Thus, analysis of the possible impact of the clinical periodontal status and the distinct location of sampling sites on fluid volume was performed. METHODS Clinical parameters were recorded, and fluid samples were obtained from 931 maxillary sites. The potential site-specific volumetric differences among healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis sites; between multirooted or single-rooted teeth and mesio-buccal or disto-buccal sampling sites; and the correlations between volume and clinical measures were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Although volume increased in a disease-related pattern (healthy < gingivitis < periodontitis; P <0.05), the distribution range of volume was widespread, with prominent overlaps between the different clinical periodontal conditions. Multirooted teeth presented more fluid volume, and even mesio-buccal or disto-buccal sites exhibited some volumetric differences (P <0.05). Constant correlations between volume and clinical parameters could be observed only at gingivitis sites (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS The spectrum of fluid volume is disease related in general. However, the wide range of volumetric distribution, the site-specific nature, and the clear impact of the distinct sampling site on volume are important volumetric features of this biologic fluid. Whenever possible, standardization of the extent of probing depth, degree of gingival inflammation, and distinct sampling area is likely to improve the reliability of GCF methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Hatipoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hacettepe, Ankara, Turkey
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