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Kositkuljorn C, Rutnin S, Rattananukrom T, Puavilai T, Khiankaew B, Boonsakan P, Iamsumang W. Cutaneous Methotrexate-Related Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in a Patient with Granulomatous Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: A Case Report and Literature Review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:2229-2235. [PMID: 37601419 PMCID: PMC10439773 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s419534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Methotrexate-related lymphoproliferative disorders (MTX-LPDs) are immunodeficiency diseases following methotrexate (MTX) administration, mainly occurring in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Although uncommon, MTX-LPDs have been reported in some patients with psoriasis, dermatomyositis, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) who received MTX. Granulomatous mycosis fungoides (GMF) is a rare subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, where MTX is one of the treatment options in recalcitrant cases. Herein, we report a case of a 72-year-old female patient with GMF who additionally developed cutaneous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) during MTX treatment. According to the 5th edition of the WHO classification of Haematolymphoid Tumors (WHO-HAEM), this condition is currently categorized as "lymphoma arising in immunodeficiency/dysregulation". In this article, we also reviewed published literature on cutaneous MTX-LPDs in the setting of CTCL. This entity should be considered in cases of new, atypical skin nodules and/or plaques in CTCL patients receiving long-term MTX treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaninan Kositkuljorn
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suthinee Rutnin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Rattananukrom
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teeraya Puavilai
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Burana Khiankaew
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paisarn Boonsakan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wimolsiri Iamsumang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Macklin PS, Fisher R, Stonard C, Matin RN, Ieremia E. Skin-Limited, Methotrexate-Associated Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Mucocutaneous Ulcer-A Mimicker of High-Grade Lymphoma. A Report of 4 Cases and Review of the Literature. Am J Dermatopathol 2023; 45:519-531. [PMID: 37462204 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders (IA-LPDs) constitute a diverse range of conditions including posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders, other iatrogenic IA-LPDs, and lymphoproliferative disorders associated with an underlying primary immune disorder or HIV infection. IA-LPDs are clinically and pathologically heterogeneous, and there is a lack of standardization of diagnostic terminology. They can represent a potential serious diagnostic pitfall because the histological features of clinically indolent proliferations may mimic those of high-grade lymphoma. However, correct identification of these entities is essential given that complete remission may occur upon reversal of the underlying cause of immunosuppression without the need for systemic therapy. IA-LPDs presenting in the skin are rare but well documented. One form of iatrogenic IA-LPD, methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder (MTX-LPD), can present with cutaneous nodules, plaques, or ulcers. Predominantly, MTX-LPD develops in the context of long-term treatment of autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, and Sjögren syndrome, and may be associated with underlying Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. We present 4 cases of cutaneous EBV-positive B-cell MTX-LPD and describe their clinical and morphological findings. Comparison of our histological findings to the diagnostic criteria for EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulcer (EBVMCU) revealed significant overlap, highlighting the intersection between MTX-LPD and EBVMCU. Withdrawal of methotrexate resulted in healing of all lesions at a mean time of 2 months. In summary, close clinicopathological correlation is vital to identify MTX-LPD presenting as cutaneous EBVMCU given that the initial treatment strategy is that of withdrawal of methotrexate without the need for immediate systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S Macklin
- Doctor, Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Fisher
- Doctor, Department of Dermatology, Royal Berkshire, NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christopher Stonard
- Doctor, Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rubeta N Matin
- Doctor, Department of Dermatology, Oxford University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Ieremia
- Doctor, Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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Satou A, Banno S, Kohno K, Takahara T, Takahashi E, Nobata H, Iwagaitsu S, Watanabe D, Hanamura I, Takami A, Ito Y, Nakamura S, Tsuzuki T. Primary cutaneous methotrexate-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders other than EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulcer: clinical, pathological, and immunophenotypic features. Pathology 2021; 53:595-601. [PMID: 33618861 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX)-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (B-LPD) may first present in the skin. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive mucocutaneous ulcer (EBVMCU) is now a well known disease listed in the 2017 World Health Organization classification. However, primary cutaneous MTX-associated B-LPD (pcMTX B-LPD), other than EBVMCU, appear to be underestimated, and their distinctiveness remains unproven. This study aimed to document the clinicopathological characteristics of nine patients with pcMTX B-LPD that were not EBVMCU to extend our understanding of this peculiar disease. The cohort included three males and six females, with a median age of 74 years (range 54-83 years). All patients were treated with MTX for RA. Of nine patients, four presented with a solitary lesion, and five had multiple lesions. Histologically, five cases showed a polymorphic pattern, and four showed a monomorphic pattern. Immunohistochemically, four cases showed positive EBER staining, and one showed positive CD5 staining. In eight cases, once pcMTX B-LPD was diagnosed, methotrexate was immediately withdrawn. All eight of these patients experienced spontaneous regression and achieved complete remission (CR), without relapse. The patient with CD5 positivity received cytotoxic chemotherapy as the initial treatment. This patient achieved a CR after the initial treatment, but eventually experienced disease relapse resulting in death. We also revealed that pcMTX B-LPD and MTX-associated EBVMCU exhibited similar biological behaviours. We concluded that most pcMTX B-LPD cases could be cured by stopping MTX treatment. We also highlighted the fact that pcMTX B-LPD and MTX-EBVMCU had overlapping features. This finding suggested that pcMTX B-LPD and MTX-EBVMCU might share an underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Satou
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan.
| | - Shogo Banno
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Kei Kohno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Taishi Takahara
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Emiko Takahashi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hironobu Nobata
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Shiho Iwagaitsu
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hanamura
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Takami
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Ito
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyonori Tsuzuki
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
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Xie F, Qamhia N, Pawade J, Williams P. Persistent plaque on the right leg. Australas J Dermatol 2020; 61:e430-e432. [PMID: 32346867 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Naim Qamhia
- Department of Histopathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Joya Pawade
- Department of Histopathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Penelope Williams
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
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Tokuhira M, Tamaru JI, Kizaki M. Clinical management for other iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders. J Clin Exp Hematop 2019; 59:72-92. [PMID: 31257348 PMCID: PMC6661962 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.19007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Other iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders (OIIA-LPD), a category of immunodeficiency-associated LPD according to the World Health Organization classification, is associated with immunosuppressive drugs (ISDs). Several factors, including autoimmune disease (AID) activity, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, ISD usage, and aging, influence the development of OIIA-LPD, resulting in complicated clinical courses and outcomes. Most OIIA-LPD develops in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using methotrexate (MTX-LPD). The management of MTX-LPD is based on the clinical course, i.e., with/without regression, with/without relapse/regrowth event (RRE), LPD subtype, and ISDs for AIDs after LPD development. There are three clinical courses after ISD withdrawal: regressive LPD without relapse/regrowth (R-G), regressive LPD with RRE (R/R-G), and persistent LPD (P-G). The majority of EBV+ diffuse large B-cell lymphomas are classified in R-G, whereas classic Hodgkin lymphoma is generally classified in R/R-G. Polymorphic LPD (P-LPD) in MTX-LPD develops with heterogeneous pathological features similar to monomorphic LPD. Chemotherapy for MTX-LPD is selected according to that for de novo LPD, although the strategy for aggressive P-LPD and non-specific LPD is not well established. The absolute lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood has been suggested as a candidate marker for MTX-LPD development and RRE. Several clinical issues, including correct diagnosis among overlapping clinicopathological features in MTX-LPD and clinical management of LPD by ISDs other than MTX, require further investigation.
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Warrington S, Gary CC, Thibault E, Hetzler LT. Methotrexate-induced cutaneous B-cell lymphoma masquerading as facial cellulitis. OTOLARYNGOLOGY CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xocr.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Oka T, Miyagaki T, Nakamura R, Funamizu K, Sugaya M, Ebisawa K, Koya J, Kurokawa M, Sato S. Methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder presenting as giant ulcers on the leg. Clin Exp Dermatol 2018; 43:930-933. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Oka
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - T. Miyagaki
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - R. Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - K. Funamizu
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - M. Sugaya
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
- Department of Dermatology; International University of Health and Welfare; Chiba Japan
| | - K. Ebisawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - J. Koya
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - M. Kurokawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Cell Therapy and Transplantation; University of Tokyo Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - S. Sato
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
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Namiki T, Sone Y, Miura K, Tanaka M, Yokozeki H. Methotrexate-Associated Lymphoproliferative Disorder: Dermoscopic Features. Case Rep Dermatol 2018; 10:149-153. [PMID: 29928205 PMCID: PMC6006657 DOI: 10.1159/000489694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate-related lymphoproliferative disorder (MTX-LPD) is a rare disorder caused by long-term MTX therapy for autoimmune diseases. There has been no report of the dermoscopic features of MTX-LPD to date. A 64-year-old female presented with a slightly elevated indurated erythematous plaque with scales on her right thigh. The patient had been treated for rheumatic arthritis with MTX and prednisolone for more than 15 years, and 18 mg/week MTX without prednisolone had been administered in the last year. Dermoscopy revealed dotted vessels and glomerular vessels on pink homogeneous areas and multiple surface scales. Enhanced computed tomography showed multiple nodules and lymphadenopathies at the mediastinum and axillae. Histopathological examination revealed telangiectasia in the superficial dermis. Atypical lymphoid cells were scattered in the whole dermis and subcutaneous tissue. A perivascular infiltrate of atypical lymphocytes and histiocytoid cells partially destroyed the vessel walls. Epstein-Barr virus in situ hybridization showed a positive result. The cessation of MTX reduced the erythematous plaque, and lymphadenopathies at the neck, mediastinum, and axillae were not palpable. We discuss the relevance of these dermoscopic and histopathological features. The accumulation of such cases will reveal the dermoscopic features of MTX-LPD and the utility of dermoscopy for the diagnosis of MTX-LPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Namiki
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Sone
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Miura
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroo Yokozeki
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Baba Y, Tanese K, Amagai M, Kameyama K, Saito M. Case of primary cutaneous methotrexate-associated Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Dermatol 2016; 44:1079-1081. [PMID: 27666426 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Baba
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanese
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Kameyama
- Medicine and Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Saito
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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