1
|
Ribeiro MTH, Price RB, Michaud PL, Soares CJ. Physicomechanical properties of resin-based composites photo-polymerized using laser, polywave and quadwave curing lights. Dent Mater 2025; 41:699-707. [PMID: 40240180 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2025] [Accepted: 04/05/2025] [Indexed: 04/18/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the fracture toughness (KIC), energy absorption E and Vickers hardness (VH) of resin-based composites (RBC) photo-polymerized with new light curing unit (LCU) technologies: one laser diode (Monet Laser - AMD Lasers), one polywave™ LED (PowerCure - Ivoclar) and one quadwave LED (PinkWave - Apex). METHODS Two conventional: Evo, Tetric EvoCeram (Ivoclar) and FS, Filtek Supreme (Solventum); and two bulk-fill: PF, PowerFill (Ivoclar) and AF, Admira Fusion x-tra (VOCO) were tested. The RBC specimens were photo-polymerized for 1 second with the Monet, 3 seconds with the PinkWave in the 3-second-high output mode, and the 10-second standard mode using the PowerCure light. The power (mW), irradiance (mW/cm2), radiant exposure (J/cm2), and emission spectrum (mW/cm2/nm) were measured using a fiberoptic spectrometer attached to an integrating sphere. KIC (KIC, MPa·m1/2) was obtained using an 8.2 mm diameter and 2.0 mm thick metal mold. After 24-hour storage at 37 °C, the KIC was measured in a universal testing machine at a rate of 0.5 mm/min. The energy absorption (E, N/mm) up to failure was calculated. The Vickers hardness (VH, Kg/mm2) was measured at the bottom of the KIC specimen. Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey multiple comparison test (α = 0.05). RESULTS Both the KIC and VH were significantly influenced by the light-curing unit/exposure time and by the RBC used (p < .001). The Monet emitted the highest power (1501.4 mW) but delivered the lowest radiant exposure (3.0 J/cm2). In general, the KIC values did not differ when RBCs were photo-polymerized with PowerCure in the standard 10 s or 3 s modes, except for the Admira Fusion x-tra. The KIC, VH and energy absorption to failure values were higher for all RBCs when photo-polymerized with PowerCure in the Standard mode for 10 s and lowest with the Monet used for 1 s. Filtek Supreme had the highest VH values regardless of the curing light unit/exposure time. The VH was better at detecting differences between the LCUs/exposure time and the RBC. SIGNIFICANCE Short 1-3 s exposure times produce inferior physicomechanical properties in some RBCs compared to a 10 s exposure at a lower irradiance. Clinicians should understand how much energy the manufacturers of the RBCs are recommending should be delivered to their RBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Bengt Price
- Department Dental Clinical Sciences and School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Pierre-Luc Michaud
- Department Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Carlos José Soares
- School of Dentistry, UFU - Federal University of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mendoza LCL, Peres TS, Estevão IDG, Ribeiro MTH, de Melo C, Carlos HL, Soares CJ. Mechanical properties of dual-polymerizing resin-core material, dual-polymerizing resin cement, and bulk-fill composite resin used for restoring endodontically treated teeth. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 132:1326.e1-1326.e9. [PMID: 39227211 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM How resin-based material and a light-activation protocol influence the mechanical properties of materials used to cement glass fiber post-and-cores in endodontically treated teeth is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of immediate or 5-minute delayed light activation on the mechanical properties of dual-polymerizing resin cements and dual-polymerizing resin-core materials compared with bulk-fill composite resins. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nine resin-based materials were tested: 4 dual-polymerizing resin-core materials, (Allcem Core; FGM, LuxaCore Z; DMG, Rebilda DC; VOCO, and (Clearfil DC Core Plus; KURARAY), 3 dual-polymerizing resin cements, (RelyX Universal; 3M ESPE, RelyX U200; 3M ESPE, and Allcem Dual; FGM), and 2 bulk-fill composite resins, (Opus Bulk Fill APS; FGM, and Filtek One Bulk Fill; 3M ESPE). The dual-polymerizing materials were light activated using both protocols. The postgel shrinkage (Shr), flexural strength (FS), elastic modulus (E), Knoop hardness (KH), degree of conversion (DC), and depth of polymerization (DoP) were measured (n=10). The data for Shr, FS, E, and DoP were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA, and for KH and DC using 2-way repeated measurement ANOVA and the Tukey HSD test (α=.05). RESULTS A 5-minute delay before light-activation significantly reduced Shr for all materials (P<.001). Increasing the depth significantly reduced the KH for all materials (P<.001). Bulk-fill composite resins and dual-polymerizing resin-core had higher KH values than dual-polymerizing resin cements (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Delayed 5-minute light-activation reduced postgel shrinkage and had no negative effect on mechanical properties. Dual-polymerizing resin-core materials exhibited higher KH values than dual-polymerizing resin cement and mechanical properties similar to those of bulk-fill composite resin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilibeth Carola Leyton Mendoza
- PhD student, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago Silva Peres
- PhD student, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Isaac Daniel Gonzaga Estevão
- Predoctoral student, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Hordones Ribeiro
- PhD student, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, Dental School, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Calebe de Melo
- MSc student, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Hugo Lemes Carlos
- Professor, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos José Soares
- Professor, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guarneri JAG, Price RB, Maucoski C, Arrais CAG. The dark art of light curing in dentistry. J Dent 2024; 150:105375. [PMID: 39332516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to show that the commonly reported irradiance values that are quoted in most publications inadequately describe the light output from light curing units (LCUs). METHODS The total spectral radiant power (mW) output from 12 contemporary LCUs was measured with a fiberoptic spectroradiometer and a calibrated integrating sphere. Five recordings were taken for each LCU and exposure mode. In addition, the irradiances (mW/cm²) delivered at 0-mm, 5-mm and 10-mm distances were recorded through a 6-mm diameter aperture and the radiant exposures (J/cm²) from the LCUs were calculated. Light beam profiles from the LCUs were recorded using a beam profiler, and the images were overlaid on a molar tooth to simulate a clinical setting. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc test (α = 0.05). RESULTS The mean power outputs from the LCUs ranged from 380 to 2472 mW (p < 0.0001). The highest irradiance was recorded from the Cicada CV 215-G7 (3091 mW/cm² in its highest mode) and the lowest from the Radii Cal CX (731 mW/cm²). The emission spectra differed, even among the multi-peak and single-peak LCUs. Radiant exposures from the entire light tip ranged from 18.3 J/cm², Radii Cal CX, in its standard 25 s exposure mode to 3.9 J/cm² from the Monet Laser in a 3 s exposure setting. Half (50 %) of the measured irradiance values from the LCUs differed from the manufacturers' value by more than 10 %. There were significant differences in the impact of distance from the tip. The beam profiles visually highlighted the varying effects of distance from the LCU tip among different units. CONCLUSION There were significant differences in the emission spectra, power outputs, tip diameters, irradiances, radiant exposures, and the effect distance from the light tips. These differences underline the importance of manufacturers and researchers correctly measuring and reporting the output from the LCU to ensure that research is reproducible and that patients receive acceptable dental restorations. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This article alerts clinicians, researchers and journal editors that providing only the tip irradiance (radiant exitance) value from the LCU is no longer sufficient. Manufacturers and researchers should include information on the spectral radiant power, emission spectrum, tip diameters, and also the effect of distance on the irradiance and radiant exposure, beam profiles and tooth access information when describing an LCU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Anany Gonzales Guarneri
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, 84030-900, Parana, Brazil; Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, 5981, University Ave, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5, Canada
| | - Richard Bengt Price
- Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, 5981, University Ave, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5, Canada.
| | - Cristiane Maucoski
- Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, 5981, University Ave, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5, Canada
| | - Cesar Augusto Galvão Arrais
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, 84030-900, Parana, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Peres TS, Oliveira G, da Silva Sakamoto SP, da Silva Faria M, Carlo HL, Soares CJ. Effect of Battery Level During Successive Charging Cycles on the Performance of Certified and Low-cost Uncertified Light-curing Units Available on E-commerce. Oper Dent 2024; 49:673-681. [PMID: 39407435 DOI: 10.2341/23-177-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of battery level on power (mW), emission spectrum (mW/cm2/ nm), and light distribution on the active tip (mW/ cm2) of certified (FDA/ANVISA) and low-cost uncertified light-curing units (LCUs) purchased through e-commerce. METHODS Seven LCUs, three certified: VALO Grand (Ultradent); Radii Xpert (SDI); and LED.B (Woodpecker); and four uncertified: 1 Sec; BS 300; LED curing light; and VAFU (VRN, AZDENT), were used. The LCUs were evaluated by calculating the power (mW) after each sequential five exposure cycles of 20 seconds and the emission spectrum (mW/cm2/nm) in the initial and final cycles, using an integrating sphere during three battery charging cycles. Beam profiling was used to check the light distribution on the LCU tip after every 50 exposure cycles until the battery fully discharged. Data were analyzed by linear regression between power and the number of exposure times (R2). RESULTS The certified LCUs VALO Grand (R2=0.005), LED.B (R2=0.02), and Radii Xpert (R2=0.09) and the uncertified LCU VAFU (R2=0.002) had no significant power reduction during the three battery charging cycles. The uncertified LCUs BS 300 (R2=0.87), 1 Sec (R2=0.60), and LED curing light (R2=0.83) showed significant power reduction, decreasing the emission spectrum (mW/cm2/nm) at the end of the battery charging cycle. The light distribution on the active tip across the level battery was modified significantly with successive exposure times. CONCLUSIONS The certified LCUs (VALO Grand, Radii Xpert, and LED.B) and uncertified LCU (VAFU), maintained power, emission spectrum, and light distributions during the tested battery life cycles. Low-cost certified LCU LED.B exhibited inhomogeneous light concentrated at the center of the tip. Low-cost uncertified LCUs-BS 300, 1 Sec, and LED curing light-had significant power reductions during the battery cycles and increased inhomogeneous light distribution along the successive exposure times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T S Peres
- Thiago Silva Peres, DDS MSc, PhD student, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - G Oliveira
- Gabriella Oliveira, DDS, MSc student, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - S P da Silva Sakamoto
- Silvio Pedro da Silva Sakamoto, DDS, Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - M da Silva Faria
- Mallú da Silva Faria, DDS, Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - H L Carlo
- Hugo Lemes Carlo, DDS MSc, PhD, professor, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - C J Soares
- *Carlos J Soares, DDS, MSc, PhD, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cardoso LS, Oliveira AAD, Barbosa GDM, Ribeiro MLP, Firmiano TC, Veríssimo C. Evaluation of polymerization shrinkage stress and cuspal strain in natural and typodont teeth. Braz Oral Res 2024; 38:e061. [PMID: 39109762 PMCID: PMC11376615 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2024.vol38.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the polymerization shrinkage stress and cuspal strain (CS) generated in an artificial (typodont) and in a natural tooth using different resin composites. Twenty artificial and 20 extracted natural molars were selected. Each tooth was prepared with a 4x4 mm MOD cavity. The natural and typodont teeth were divided into four experimental groups (n=10), according to the resin composite used: Filtek Z100 (3M Oral Care) and Beautifil II LS (Shofu Dental). The cavities were filled using two horizontal increments and the CS (µS) was measured by the strain gauge method. Samples were sectioned into stick-shaped specimens and the bond strength (BS) (MPa) was evaluated using a microtensile BS test. Shrinkage stress and CS were analyzed using 3D finite element analysis. No difference was found between the type of teeth for the CS as shown by the pooled averages: Natural tooth: 541.2 A; Typodont model: 591.4 A. Filtek Z100 CS values were higher than those obtained for Beautifil II LS, regardless of the type of teeth. No statistical difference was found for the BS data. Adhesive failures were more prevalent (79.9%). High shrinkage stress values were observed for Filtek Z100 resin, regardless of tooth type. The CS of typodont teeth showed a shrinkage stress effect, generated during restoration, equivalent to that of natural teeth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Santos Cardoso
- Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Dental School, Department, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Crisnicaw Veríssimo
- Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Dental School, Department, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lima AF, Oliveira AAD, Fronza BM, Braga RR, Andia DC. Toxicity and cytokine release from human dental pulp stem cells after exposure to universal dental adhesives cured by single peak and polywave LEDs. Dent Mater 2024; 40:837-841. [PMID: 38570242 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to assess the impact of universal adhesives, cured with single-peak and polywave LEDs, on the metabolic activity and cytokine release of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). In addition, analyze the degree of conversion (DC) of the adhesives cured with the different LEDs. METHODS Discs (5 mm diameter, 1 mm thick) were prepared using three universal adhesives: Single Bond Universal (SBU, 3 M ESPE), Optibond Universal (OBU, Kerr), and Zipbond Universal (ZBU, SDI). These discs were cured for 40 s using a single-peak (DeepCure, 3 M ESPE) or a polywave light-emmiting diode (LED) curing unit (Valo Grand, Ultradent). After 24 h, the specimens were placed in 24-well culture plates, each containing 1 mL of culture medium for 24 h. hDPSCs (1.8 ×104) were seeded in 96-well plates and allowed to grow for 24 h. Subsequently, the cells were exposed to the extracts (culture medium containing eluates from the adhesive discs) for an additional 24 h. Cells not exposed to the extracts were used as a control group. The mitochondrial metabolism was assessed using the MTT assay and the cytokine release evaluated through MAGPIX. The degree of conversion of the adhesives was analyzed using FTIR (n = 5). The results were analyzed by ANOVA two-way and Tukey's test. RESULTS OBU and ZBU eluates caused a statistically significant reduction in mitochondrial metabolism, regardless of the LED used, indicating their cytotoxicity. In contrast, SBU did not significantly affect the MTT results, resembling the control group. A higher release of cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were found in association to ZBU. SBU, on the other hand, increased the release of IL-8. OBU did not influenced the cytokine release. SBU presented the higher DC, while OBU and ZBU had similar DC, lower than SBU. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, universal adhesives exhibit toxicity towards hDPSCs, but the extent of toxicity varies depending on the adhesive material. ZBU was associated with increased cytokine release, particularly pro-inflammatory mediators, from hDPSCs. The different LEDs did not influenced the cytotoxicity of the evaluated adhesives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano F Lima
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University, Rua Doutor Bacelar, 1212, 04026-002 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Bruna M Fronza
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Ruggiero Braga
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Carleto Andia
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University, Rua Doutor Bacelar, 1212, 04026-002 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Braga SSL, Price RB, Juckes SM, Sullivan B, Soares CJ. Effect of the violet light from polywave light-polymerizing units on two resin cements that use different photoinitiators. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:744-751. [PMID: 35369979 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Some light-emitting diode polymerization lights have been promoted as multiple peak or polywave lights that use multiple light-emitting diodes to produce both violet and blue light. However, whether the addition of violet light is required to light-activate resin cements that use bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)diethylgermane (Ivocerin) as the photoinitiator is unclear. PURPOSE This in vitro study evaluated the effect of violet, blue, or a combination of violet and blue light through ceramic on the degree of conversion of 2 resin cements that use either camphorquinone or Ivocerin as the photoinitiator. MATERIAL AND METHODS A Bluephase Style polywave light-emitting diode polymerizing unit delivering 6.4 J/cm2 of violet and blue light was used. This comprised 1.4 J/cm2 of violet (385 to 420 nm) and 5.0 J/cm2 of blue light (420 to 515 nm). The light-emitting diode emitters in a second modified Bluephase Style were connected directly to a power supply so that either just violet (1.4 J/cm2) or just blue (5.0 J/cm2) light was emitted. RelyX Veneer and Variolink Esthetic LC resin cements were either directly light-activated or through 0.5 or 1.5 mm of lithium disilicate ceramic (IPS e.max CAD). The degree of conversion was monitored by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Data were subject to a 3-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey honest significant difference multiple comparison tests (α=.05). RESULTS All factors had a significant effect (P<.001). Increasing the ceramic thickness decreased the degree of conversion only for RelyX Veneer cement (P<.001). The effect of the thickness of ceramic was most noticeable when just violet light was delivered to RelyX Veneer. A significant reduction (P<.001) was found in the degree of conversion of RelyX Veneer when just violet light was delivered. Variolink Esthetic LC had significantly higher degree of conversion values than RelyX Veneer, irrespective of the light type used (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS A multiple-peak light is not required to photopolymerize a resin cement that uses either camphorquinone or Ivocerin as its photoinitiator. Adding the violet light produced no significant increase in the degree of conversion of the Variolink Esthetic LC cement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Sueli Lourenço Braga
- Doctoral student, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, Dental School, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Richard Bengt Price
- Professor, Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Stefan Mikhail Juckes
- Research Assistant, Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Braden Sullivan
- Research Assistant, Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Carlos José Soares
- Professor and Chair, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, Dental School, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Deus RA, Oliveira L, Braga S, Ribeiro M, Price RB, Núñez A, Loguercio AD, Soares CJ. Effect of Radiant Exposure on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of 10 Flowable and High-viscosity Bulk-fill Resin Composites. Oper Dent 2024; 49:136-156. [PMID: 38349819 DOI: 10.2341/23-025-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of the different radiant exposures from a multipeak light curing unit on the physical and mechanical properties of flowable and high-viscosity bulk-fill resin-based composites (RBC). METHODS Five flowable bulk-fill RBCs (Tetric N-Flow Bulk-fill, Ivoclar Vivadent; Filtek Bulk Fill Flow, 3M Oral Care; Opus Bulk Fill Flow APS, FGM; Admira Fusion x-base, Voco and; and SDR Plus Bulk Fill Flowable, Dentsply Sirona) and five high-viscosity bulk-fill RBCs (Tetric N-Ceram Bulk-fill, Ivoclar Vivadent; Filtek One Bulk Fill, 3M Oral Care; Opus Bulk Fill APS, FGM; Admira Fusion x-tra, Voco; and SonicFill 2, Kerr) were photo-cured using a VALO Cordless light (Ultradent) for 10, 20, and 40 seconds at an irradiance of 1200, 800, or 400 mW/cm2, resulting in the delivery of 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, or 48 J/cm2. Post-gel shrinkage (Shr) was calculated using strain-gauge test. The degree of conversion (DC, %) was calculated using FTIR. Knoop hardness (KH, N/mm2) and elastic modulus (E, MPa) were measured at the top and bottom surfaces. Logarithmic regressions between the radiant exposures and mechanical properties were calculated. Radiodensity was calculated using digital radiographs. Data of Shr and radiodensity were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the DC, KH, and E data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA using split-plot repeated measurement tests followed by the Tukey test (a = 0.05). RESULTS Delivering higher radiant exposures produced higher Shr values (p<0.001) and higher DC values (R2=0.808-0.922; R2=0.648-0.914, p<0.001), KH (R2=0.707-0.952; R2=0.738-0.919; p<0.001), and E (R2=0.501-0.925; R2=0.823-0.919; p<0.001) values for the flowable and high-viscosity RBCs respectively. Lower KH, E and Shr were observed for the flowable bulk-fill RBCs. All bulk-fill RBCs had a radiopacity level greater than the 4-mm thick aluminum step wedge. The radiant exposure did not affect the radiopacity. CONCLUSION The Shr, DC, KH, and E values were highly correlated to the radiant exposure delivered to the RBCs. The combination of the higher irradiance for longer exposure time that resulted in radiant exposure between 24 J/cm2 to 48 J/cm2 produced better results than delivering 400 mW/cm2 for 40 s (16 J/cm2), and 800 mW/cm2 for 20 seconds (16 J/cm2) or 1200 mW/cm2 for 10 seconds (12 J/cm2). All the bulk-fill RBCs were sufficiently radiopaque compared to 4 mm of aluminum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A de Deus
- Raissa Albuquerque de Deus, DDS, MSc, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lrs Oliveira
- Lais Rani Sales Oliveira, DDS, MSc, PhD, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ssl Braga
- Stella Sueli Lourenço Braga, DDS, MSc, PhD, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mth Ribeiro
- Maria Tereza Hordones Ribeiro, DDS, MSc, PhD student, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - R B Price
- Richard Bengt Price, DDS, MSc, PhD, Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - A Núñez
- Alejandra Núñez, DDS, MSc, PhD student, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - A D Loguercio
- Alessandro Dourado Loguercio, DDS, MSc, PhD, School of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - C J Soares
- *Carlos José Soares, DDS, MS, PhD, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Otani AC, Pattussi MP, Spohr AM, Grossi ML. Evaluation of the ceramic laminate veneer-tooth interface after different resin cement excess removal techniques. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:136. [PMID: 38319457 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare, in vitro, resin cement excess removal techniques at the veneer-tooth interface. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anterior human teeth were restored with ceramic veneers and randomly divided according to the following techniques (n = 10): removal of excess resin cement with brush and dental floss, followed by light-curing with Valo (Group 1) or Elipar (Group 2) for 1 min and 40 s; tack-curing with Valo (Group 3) or Elipar (Group 4) for 1 s; and tack-curing with Valo (Group 5) or Elipar (Group 6) for 5 s. The tack-curing was followed by removal of excess with probe and dental floss and light-curing for 1 min and 40 s. The area of excess resin cement (mm2) was measured in micro-CT images using AutoCAD program. The failures at the cervical margin in the X, Y, and Z axes (µm) of greater value were measured using the DataViewer program. The specimens were submitted to microleakage with 2% basic fuchsin. RESULTS According to the Kruskal-Wallis and multiple comparison test, the highest area of excess resin cement was found in Group 1 (5.06 mm2), which did not differ statistically from Groups 2 (3.70 mm2) and 5 (2.19 mm2). Groups 2, 3 (1.73 mm2), 4 (1.14 mm2), and 5 (2.18 mm2) did not differ statistically. Group 6 (0.77 mm2) obtained the lowest value, which did not differ statistically from Groups 3 and 4. According to the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn test, there was no significant difference in failures in X (p = 0.981), Y (p = 0.860), and Z (p = 0.638) axes and no significant difference in microleakage (p = 0.203) among the groups. CONCLUSIONS Tack-curing for 1 s or 5 s, followed by removal of excess resin cement using a probe and a dental floss, tended to result in a lower amount of excess material around the margin. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The technique used for resin cement excess removal influences the amount of excess leaved at the veneer-tooth interface. Tack-curing for 1 s or 5 s is recommended to mitigate the excess resin cement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Campos Otani
- Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Avenida Ipiranga 6681, Block 6, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Pascoal Pattussi
- Post-Graduate Program in Public Health, Vale do Rio dos Sinos University (UNISINOS), Avenida Unisinos, São Leopoldo, RS, 950, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Spohr
- Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Avenida Ipiranga 6681, Block 6, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil.
| | - Márcio Lima Grossi
- Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Avenida Ipiranga 6681, Block 6, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chung SH, Jiang ES, Lim BS, Kim SH, Chang J. Multi-peak Light-emitting Diode Curing Units and Polymerization of 3D-printed Crown and Bridge Resin. Oper Dent 2024; 49:98-109. [PMID: 38058011 DOI: 10.2341/23-061-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the substitutive and additive efficacy of multi-peak light-emitting diode (LED) curing units for post-curing of a three-dimensional- (3D-) printed crown and bridge resin. METHODS A total of 792 disc- and 180 bar-shaped specimens were printed with a crown and bridge resin (NextDent C&B MFH) and post-cured using two LED curing units (VALO Cordless and Bluephase N G4) in fast and standard modes. Conventional post-curing (LC-3D Print Box, Group PC) was compared with LED-only curing (Groups V1, V2, B1, and B2) and LED-combined curing (Groups PV1, PV2, PB1, and PB2) in terms of microhardness, flexural strength, degree of conversion (DC), and CIE L*a*b* color and translucency parameters. Cytotoxicity of the resin eluates was evaluated using the WST-1 assay. Temperature increases on the resin surface were measured with infrared thermography. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests (α=0.05). RESULTS The microhardness and flexural strength in Groups V1, V2, B1, and DC in all LED-only groups were lower than in other groups (p<0.05). Larger color disparities existed between Group PC and all LED-only groups than between Group PC and the others (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in cytotoxicity among the groups. The temperature increase was lowest in Groups V1 and PV1 during light curing (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Post-curing by multi-peak LED curing units was not as effective as the conventional post-curing device. Additional post-curing by LED curing units did not improve the material properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Chung
- Shin Hye Chung, DDS, MSD, PhD, Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - E-S Jiang
- En-Shi Jiang, DDS, MSD, PhD, Department of Stomatology, Yanbian University and Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji China
| | - B-S Lim
- Bum-Soon Lim, PhD, Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S-H Kim
- Seong-Hae Kim, Center for Future Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J Chang
- *Juhea Chang, DDS, MSD, PhD, National Dental Care Center for Persons with Special Needs, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Peres TS, de Quirino Oliveira HL, Mendoza LCL, Ribeiro MTH, Carlo HL, Price RB, Soares CJ. Effect of four different mono and multi-wave light-curing units on the Knoop hardness of veneer resin composites. Dent Mater 2024; 40:80-89. [PMID: 37919111 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of mono and multi-wave light-curing units (LCUs) on the Knoop hardness of resin-based composites (RBC) that use different photoinitiators. METHODS Central incisor-shaped specimens 12 mm long, 9 mm wide, and 1.5 mm thick were made from 2 RBCs that use different photoinitiators: Tetric N-Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent) - and Vittra APS (FGM), both A2E shade. They were light-cured with 4 different LCUs: two claimed to be multi-wave - VALO Grand (Ultradent) and Emitter Now Duo (Schuster); and two were monowave - Radii Xpert (SDI) and Elipar DeepCure-L (3 M Oral Care) using 2 different light exposure protocols: one 40 s exposure centered over the specimen; and two 20 s light exposures that delivered light from two positions to better cover the entire tooth. 16 groups with 10 specimens in each group were made. The Knoop hardness (KH, kg/mm2) was measured at the top and bottom of the specimen in the center and at the cervical, incisal, mesial, and distal peripheral regions. The active tip diameters (mm) and spectral radiant powers (mW/nm) of the LCUs were measured with and without the interposition of the RBC, as well as the radiant exposure beam profiles (J/cm²) delivered to the top of the RBCs. The data was analyzed using Three-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS The VALO Grand (1029 mW) emitted twice the power of the Radii Xpert (500 mW). The KH values of VI and TN resin composite specimens were significantly affected by the LCU used (p < .001), the measurement location (p < .001), and the surface of the specimen (p < .001). LCUs with wider tip diameters produced greater Knoop hardness values at the peripheries of the 12 mm of long, 9 mm wide specimens. In general, the VALO Grand produced the highest KH values, followed by Elipar DeepCure-L, then by Radii Xpert. The Emitter Now Duo LCU produced the lowest values. Exposing the veneers from two locations reduced the differences between the LCUs and the effect of the measurement location. Only the VALO Grand could fully cover the composite veneer with light when the two locations were used. SIGNIFICANCE The light tip must cover the entire restoration to photocure the RBC beneath the light tip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Silva Peres
- School of Dentistry, UFU - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Hugo Lemes Carlo
- Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry, UFU - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Richard Bengt Price
- Dental Clinical Sciences Department and School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Carlos José Soares
- Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry, UFU - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mazão JD, Ribeiro MTH, Braga SSL, Zancopé K, Price RB, Soares CJ. Effect of thickness and shade of CAD/CAM composite on the light transmission from different light-curing units. Braz Oral Res 2023; 37:e114. [PMID: 37970934 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The thickness and shade of a restoration will affect the transmission of light from the light-curing unit (LCU). This study determined the power (mW), spectral radiant power (mW/nm), and beam profile of different LCUs through various thicknesses and shades of a CAD-CAM resin composite (BRAVA Block, FGM). Five thicknesses: 0.5; 0.75; 1.0; 1.5, and 2.0 mm, in three shades: Bleach; A2 and A3.5 of a CAD-CAM resin (n = 5). Two single-peak LCUs: EL, Elipar DeepCure-S (3M Oral Care); and OP, Optilight Max (Gnatus), and one multiple-peak LCU: VL, VALO Grand (Ultradent), were used. The LCUs were positioned touching the surface of the BRAVA Block. The power and emission spectrum were measured using a fiberoptic spectrometer attached to an integrating sphere, and the beam profiles using a laser beam profiler. The effect of the material thickness on the light attenuation coefficients was determined. VL and EL delivered more homogeneous beam profiles than OP. The type of the BRAVA Block had a significant effect on the transmitted power, and wavelengths of transmitted light (p < 0.001). There was an exponential reduction in the power and emission spectrum as the thickness of the BRAVA Block increased (p < 0.001). The light transmission through the A2 shade was least affected by the thickness (p < 0.001). The attenuation coefficient was higher for the violet light and higher for A3.5 than the A2 or Bleach shades. No violet light from the VL could be detected at the bottom of 2.0 mm of the BRAVA Block.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dantas Mazão
- Universidade Federal de Uberlânida - UFU, School of Dentistry, Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials Department, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Hordones Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de Uberlânida - UFU, School of Dentistry, Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials Department, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Stella Sueli Lourenço Braga
- Universidade Federal de Uberlânida - UFU, School of Dentistry, Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials Department, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Karla Zancopé
- Universidade Federal de Uberlânida - UFU, School of Dentistry, Department of Occlusion, Fixed Prosthodontic and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Richard Bengt Price
- Dalhousie University, Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Carlos José Soares
- Universidade Federal de Uberlânida - UFU, School of Dentistry, Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials Department, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Antunes EVG, Basting RT, do Amaral FLB, França FMG, Turssi CP, Kantovitz KR, Bronze-Uhle ES, Filho PNL, Basting RT. Titanium dioxide nanotubes in a hydrogen peroxide-based bleaching agent: physicochemical properties and effectiveness of dental bleaching under the influence of a poliwave led light activation. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 27:1745-1755. [PMID: 36441269 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of different concentrations of titanium dioxide (TiO2) into 40% hydrogen peroxide (HP) were evaluated as regards the effectiveness of dental color change either associated with activation by polywave LED light or not. MATERIALS AND METHODS TiO2 (0, 1, 5, or 10%) was incorporated into HP to be applied during in-office bleaching (3 sessions/40 min each). Polywave LED light (Valo Corded/Ultradent) was applied or not in activation cycles of 15 s (total time of 2 min). The color of 80 third molars separated into groups according to TiO2 concentration and light activation (n = 10) was evaluated at baseline and at time intervals after the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd bleaching sessions. RESULTS WID value was significantly higher when using HP with 5% TiO2 in the 2nd session than the values in the other groups (p < 0.05). After the 2nd and 3rd sessions, the ΔEab value was significantly higher when activated with light (p < 0.05) for all agents containing TiO2 or not. Zeta potential and pH of the agents were not modified by incorporating TiO2 at the different concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The 5% TiO2 in the bleaching agent could enhance tooth bleaching, even without light application. Association with polywave LED light potentiated the color change, irrespective of the presence of TiO2 in the bleaching gel. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE HP with 5% TiO2 could lead to a greater tooth bleaching response in the 2nd clinical session, as well as the polywave light can enhance color change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosanna Tarkany Basting
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Rua José Rocha Junqueira 13, Bairro Swift, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP: 13045-755, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cecilia Pedroso Turssi
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Rua José Rocha Junqueira 13, Bairro Swift, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP: 13045-755, Brazil
| | - Kamila Rosamilia Kantovitz
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Rua José Rocha Junqueira 13, Bairro Swift, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP: 13045-755, Brazil
| | - Erika Soares Bronze-Uhle
- School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Eng. Luís Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 2085, Nucleo Res. Pres. Geisel, Bauru, São Paulo, CEP: 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Paulo Noronha Lisboa Filho
- School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Eng. Luís Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 2085, Nucleo Res. Pres. Geisel, Bauru, São Paulo, CEP: 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Roberta Tarkany Basting
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Rua José Rocha Junqueira 13, Bairro Swift, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP: 13045-755, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Braga S, Schettini A, Carvalho E, Shimokawa C, Price RB, Soares CJ. Effect of the Sample Preparation and Light-curing Unit on the Microhardness and Degree of Conversion of Bulk-fill Resin-based Composite Restorations. Oper Dent 2022; 47:163-172. [PMID: 35604828 DOI: 10.2341/20-043-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the sample preparation and light-curing units (LCUs) on the Knoop hardness (KH, N/mm2) and degree of conversion (DC, %) of bulk-fill resin-based composite restorations. METHODS Two molds were made using human molar teeth embedded in acrylic resin. One was a conventional tooth mold where the molar received a mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) preparation. In the other, the tooth was sectioned in three slices (buccal, middle, and lingual). The center slice received a MOD preparation similar to the conventional mold. Both tooth molds were placed in the second mandibular molar position in a Dentoform with a 44-mm interincisal opening. Restorations were made using Opus Bulk Fill (FGM) high viscosity bulk-fill resin-based composite (RBC) and light cured using two different lights: VALO Cordless (Ultradent) and Bluephase G2 (Ivoclar Vivadent). The RBC was placed in one increment that was light-cured for a total of 80 seconds (40 seconds at the occluso-mesial and occluso-distal locations). The RBC specimens were then prepared as follows: EmbPol - tooth mold specimen was embedded in polystyrene resin and polished before testing; Pol - tooth mold specimen was not embedded, but was polished before testing; NotPol - sectioned tooth mold, specimen not embedded nor polished before testing. The KH was measured in different depths and regions of the specimens, and the DC was measured using Raman spectroscopy. RESULTS The results were analyzed using a 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or repeated measures followed by the Tukey posthoc test (α=0.05). The preparation method (p<0.001), depth of restoration (p<0.001), and the interaction between method and depth (p=0.003) all influenced the KH values. Preparation method (p<0.001), tooth region (p<0.001), and the interaction between method and tooth region (p=0.002) all influenced DC values. The KH values were reduced significantly from the top to the bottom of the restorations and also at the proximal box when compared with the occlusal region. This outcome was most significant in the proximal boxes. The NotPol method was the most effective method to detect the effect of differences in KH or DC within the restoration. A lower DC and KH were found at the gingival regions of the proximal boxes of the restorations. When the KH and DC values were compared, there were no significant differences between the LCUs (KH p=0.4 and DC p=0.317). CONCLUSION Preparation methods that embedded the samples in polystyrene resin and polished the specimens reduced the differences between the KH and DC values obtained by different preparation techniques. The NotPol method was better able to detect differences produced by light activation in deeper areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ssl Braga
- Stella Sueli Lourenço Braga, DDS, MSc, PhD, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, Dental School, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Act Schettini
- Ana Cecília Teodoro Schettini, DDS, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, Dental School, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elo Carvalho
- Everton Luiz Oliveira Carvalho, DDS, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, Dental School, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cak Shimokawa
- Carlos Alberto Kenji Shimokawa, DDS, MSc, PhD, professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R B Price
- Richard Bengt Price, DDS, MSc, PhD, professor, Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - C J Soares
- *Carlos José Soares, DDS, MSc, PhD, Professor and Chair at Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, Dental School, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|