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Subaşı İÖ, Gür V. Recreational Skiing- and Snowboarding-Related Extremity Injuries: A Five-Year Tertiary Trauma Center Cohort. Cureus 2023; 15:e42688. [PMID: 37649954 PMCID: PMC10464917 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skiing and snowboarding are widely recognized winter sports with a notable risk of sports-related injuries. Comprehensive knowledge of the injuries sustained during skiing and snowboarding is imperative for preventative strategies and for understanding the injury patterns and epidemiological characteristics from surgeons' standpoint, particularly orthopedic surgeons, given that all anatomical regions and systems are susceptible to harm when engaging in these activities. OBJECTIVE Our research aims to investigate the injury patterns and epidemiological characteristics of individuals seeking medical attention at Erzincan University Faculty of Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Erzincan, Turkey, after experiencing recreational skiing or snowboarding injuries. METHODS During the period spanning from 2018 to 2023, a retrospective analysis was conducted on patients aged between 18 to 65 years who had sustained isolated extremity injuries while participating in recreational winter sports at the Ergan Mountain Ski Center. The causes of injuries were categorized into two types (skiing and snowboarding) based on the subjective description of the injury scene. The study employed the χ2 test for categorical variables and Student's t-test for continuous variables to conduct subgroup comparisons. RESULTS The study results revealed that most patients, precisely 53.2%, sustained injuries in their lower extremities, whereas 46.8% sustained injuries in their upper extremities. The most frequently injured area of the patients presenting with skiing injury was the region around the knee (31.2%), followed by around the shoulder (21.6%) and the foot and ankle (14.9%). The anatomical region most injured among patients who sustained snowboarding injuries was the hand and wrist, accounting for 23.9% of cases. CONCLUSION Skiing and snowboarding injuries vary anatomically. While individuals with limited experience are at a higher risk of sustaining injuries, no statistically significant disparity was observed regarding the specific body parts affected among individuals of varying skill levels. Recognizing these sports-related injuries, which are growing in young people, will encourage the use of personal protective equipment to avoid injuries, assure ski resorts' environmental safety, and reduce sports-related morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- İzzet Özay Subaşı
- Orthopedics and Traumatology, Erzincan University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, TUR
| | - Volkan Gür
- Orthopedics and Traumatology, Erzincan University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, TUR
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Ma X, Li JY, Andd SG, Ao YF, Yang YP. Comparison and analysis of skiing injuries at ski resorts in Chongli, China and Japan. Chin J Traumatol 2023; 26:63-67. [PMID: 36180308 PMCID: PMC10071314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The rapid development of winter sports requires investigation on injuries in Chongli district, Zhangjiakou city, one of the ski sites of the 2022 Winter Olympics. Careful evaluation is required to observe which injuries are caused under what circumstances, and then we can make corresponding preventive measures and recommendations based on the results. METHODS In this retrospective study, the data of injury cases at ski resorts in China (Chongli district) and Japan were analyzed to provide a reference for the ongoing injury prevention at ski resorts. We collected data on injuries at Wanlong and Fulong ski resorts in Chongli district during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 ski seasons. We referred to the skiing injury report issued in February 2020 of a nationwide ski safety statistical service - Japan Ski Safety Association. The causes of injury and specific injured body parts were analyzed based on the data of Chinese and Japanese ski resorts. Statistical significance has been calculated using the Chi-square test. RESULTS During the 2019-2020 ski season in Japanese ski resorts, the number of reported injuries per 10,000 skiers was 0.93, of which 457 (17.3%) were over 50 years old, accounting for a large proportion of injuries, meanwhile in Chongli ski resort, the injury rate of skiers aged 50 and over was 7.1%. The knee joint (23.7% at Wanlong ski resort and 28.4% in Japanese ski resorts) was the most injured body part among Chongli and Japanese skiers. Among snowboarders, shoulder joint injury (17.7% in Japanese ski resorts) was the most common, and injury on hands and fingers (16.3% in Wanlong ski resorts) was the most common. Head injury rates are similar in Chongli, China and Japanese ski resorts (8.2% and 8.7%, respectively). CONCLUSION Our analysis demonstrated that injury data recorded among young skiers was higher in Chinese ski resorts (Chongli district) than that in Japanese ski resorts, and elderly skiers made up a larger proportion of skiing injuries in Japanese resorts. Thus, according to our research, the protection of knee joints, shoulder joints, and hands and fingers should be taken seriously. It should pay attention to the teaching of ski poles (for finger protection), and use protective devices such as knee pads, helmets, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiong-Yuan Li
- School of China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shi Geru Andd
- Zhangjiakou Chongli Great Wall Ice-Snow Tourism Development and Management Co., Ltd., Chongli District, Zhangjiakou, 076350, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ying-Fang Ao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yu-Ping Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, 100191, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital-Chongli, Zhangjiakou, 076350, Hebei Province, China.
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Protections in the Recreational Practice of Ski and Snowboard-An Age and Gender Discussion? A Case Study in Spain. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6040084. [PMID: 34698237 PMCID: PMC8544293 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate the protections taken by ski and snowboard recreational athletes of the winter stations Sierra Nevada and Alto Campoo (Spain), regarding gender, age, and practiced sport. A total of 520 users participated, Sierra Nevada (n = 306 (58.8%)); Alto Campoo (n = 214 (42.2%)), 257 of them were men (49.4%) and 263 (50.6%) were women, from 6 to 64 years old, classified by 4 stages of development (Childhood (n = 106 (20.4%)); Teenagers (n = 110 (21.2%)); Youth (n = 101 (19.4%)); Adults (n = 203 (39.0%))). For the data collection, an Ad Hoc questionnaire was used (Socio-demographic data, use/no use of protection). The data revealed that 23.5% of the participants did not use any protection. Regarding the development stage, 1% of the children did not use any protection, neither did 3.1% of the teenagers, 6.7% of the youth, or 12.7% of the adults (p < 0.001). Regarding gender, a total of 17.1% of men did not use protection, and regarding women, 6.3% of them did not use it (p < 0.001). In relation to the practiced sport, 15.8% of the skiers did not use it against 7.7% of the snowboarders (p = 0.006). The use of protection for the practice in winter sports is not enough to reduce the injury risk in these sports and, in the worst cases, fatal accidents.
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Chen N, Yang Y, Jiang Y, Ao Y. Injury patterns in a large-scale ski resort in the host city of 2022 Winter Olympic Games: a retrospective cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e037834. [PMID: 33234619 PMCID: PMC7684805 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of the study are to describe the injury patterns among recreational skiers and snowboarders in China and to provide primary data to guide the reconstruction of regional healthcare facilities to deal with the increasing number of participants in snow sports. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS A retrospective study was performed in Wanlong Ski Resort in Chongli, China. Data of all injured skiers and snowboarders treated in the resort clinic during the 2018-2019 season were collected. Patients' information, including sex, age, equipment, skill level and injured body part, was analysed. RESULTS A total of 753 sports injuries were recorded. The estimated incidence of injury was 1.98 per 1000 skier days. 453 cases (60.2%) were associated with skiing. The mean age of skiers was older than snowboarders (35.1±14.5 vs 29.0±8.9, p<0.01). Injury not involving others constituted 67.9% of all injuries. The most common injured body part among skiers was lower extremity, contrary to injury in the upper extremity among snowboarders. Head and cervical injury was identified in 13.7% of skiers and 13.6% of snowboarders. CONCLUSION The incidence of skiing/snowboarding injury in China was similar to other countries. Injury pattern differed among different sports and causes of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayun Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingfang Ao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
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Maat SC, Luppino FS, Schipper IB, Krijnen P, Bartlema KA. Injury patterns after skiing and snowboarding sports accidents. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 60:119-124. [PMID: 31640310 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpine sports are associated with risk of serious injuries. To gain insight into factors that may help reduce injury severity, accident characteristics and injury patterns were analyzed in a cohort of injured skiers and snowboarders. METHODS All patients with Alpine sports-related injuries, reporting the injury to a leading medical assistance organization in the Netherlands in the period of 2013-2016, were contacted. Medical data were collected from the patients' files. Only ski and snowboard incidents were included. Injuries were classified according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and Injury Severity Scale (ISS). Data on the accident conditions, i.e. risk factors, were collected using retrospective patient-reported questionnaires. Risk factors for injuries with ISS≥9 were analysed by multivariate modelling. RESULTS Of the 1588 included patients, 421 patients filled out the questionnaire. Skiers (N.=1370) had more knee injuries (20.4% vs. 7.4%, P<0.001), femur fractures (5.3% vs. 0.5%, P=0.002) and lower leg fractures (27.5% vs. 11.5%, P<0.001) compared to snowboarders (N.=218). Skiers were also more seriously injured (ISS>9) (P=0.01). Injured snowboarders sustained more brain concussions (8.8% vs. 15.7%, P=0.003) and lower arm fractures (5.4% vs. 16.1%, P<0.001). Only 'a higher skills level' was borderline significant for predicting serious injury (OR: 4.0 95% CI: 0.86-18.50; P=0.08). No additional risk factors were identified. CONCLUSIONS Injury patterns after skiing and snowboarding accidents differ, injury severity differed not. Preventive measures should therefore aim to protect specific body parts depending on the type of Alpine sport. Experienced skiers and snowboarders may be more at risk for serious injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne C Maat
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands -
| | | | - Inger B Schipper
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pieta Krijnen
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kornelis A Bartlema
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Pierpoint LA, Kerr ZY, Grunwald G, Khodaee M, Crume T, Comstock RD. Effect of environmental conditions on injury rates at a Colorado ski resort. Inj Prev 2019; 26:324-329. [PMID: 31324655 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of daily environmental conditions on skiing and snowboarding-related injury rates. METHODS Injury information was collected from a mountainside clinic at a large Colorado ski resort for the 2012/2013 through 2016/2017 seasons. Daily environmental conditions including snowfall, snow base depth, temperature, open terrain and participant visits were obtained from historical resort records. Snowpack and visibility information were obtained for the 2013/2014 through 2014/2015 seasons and included in a subanalysis. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate injury rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS The overall injury rate among skiers and snowboarders was 1.37 per 1000 participant visits during 2012/2013 through 2016/2017. After adjustment for other environmental covariates, injury rates were 22% higher (IRR=1.22, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.29) on days with <2.5 compared with ≥2.5 cm of snowfall, and 14% higher on days with average temperature in the highest quartile (≥-3.1°C) compared with the lowest (<-10.6°C; IRR=1.14, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.26). Rates decreased by 8% for every 25 cm increase in snow base depth (IRR=0.92, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.95). In a subanalysis of the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons including the same covariates plus snowpack and visibility, only snowpack remained significantly associated with injury rates. Rates were 71% higher on hardpack compared with powder days (IRR=1.71, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.49) and 36% higher on packed powder compared with powder days (IRR 1.36, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.64). CONCLUSIONS Environmental conditions, particularly snowfall and snowpack, have a significant impact on injury rates. Injury prevention efforts should consider environmental factors to decrease injury rates in skiers and snowboarders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Pierpoint
- Epidemiology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gary Grunwald
- Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Morteza Khodaee
- Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Tessa Crume
- Epidemiology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - R Dawn Comstock
- Epidemiology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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